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    ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ข…์–‘์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ํ™ฉ์„ฑํ˜„.์ข…์–‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋‹น์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ƒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๋™์ผ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…์–‘ ์•…์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ข…์–‘ ์•…์„ฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ ์•…์„ฑ ์ค‘ํ”ผ์ข… ์„ธํฌ์— Metformin์„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์‹œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž์ธ multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰, ํ•ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) ๊ณผ๋ถ„๊ทน์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, MMPํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน ์œ ๋„์ œ์ธ Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์‹œ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด MDR1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, metformin ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ MDR1์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ค‘ํ”ผ์ข… ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ metformin ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ ์•…์„ฑ ์ค‘ํ”ผ์ข… ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” MDR1์ด metformin ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ, ์ฆ์‹, ์ „์ด๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์•…์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋น„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ 6๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ œํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ๋’ค, ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋™์ผ ์—ฐ๋ น์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ํ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ด์งˆ์ ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ, transforming growth factor-ฮฒ (TGF-ฮฒ) signaling์™€ mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ TGF-ฮฒ signaling์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ์นผ์Š˜์–‘์ด ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œTGF-ฮฒ signaling์–ต์ œ๋Š” MCU์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ์นผ์Š˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์นผ์Š˜์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ATP ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ATP ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์นผ์Š˜์€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์•…์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ oleic acid (OA) ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ OA๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ SCD๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ฮฒ-oxidation๊ณผ ์•กํ‹ด ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ yes-associated protein ๋ฅผ ํ•ต ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ํ์•” ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , SCD ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ์ ‘์ข… ์‹œ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐ SCD knock out์„ธํฌ ์ ‘์ข… ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ SCD ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ OA์€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ CD4+ ์ข…์–‘ ์นจ์œค ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ SCD์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ SCD์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉฐ Th1 ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋งˆ์ปค์ธ T-bet, interleukin-2, interferon-ฮณ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, SCD ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํฌํ™” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ธ palmitic acid์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด mitochondrial superoxide๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ regulatory T cell ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋งˆ์ปค์ธ Foxp3, TGF-ฮฒ, CD25์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  SCD์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ CD4+ T cell๋Š” CXCL11๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” CD8+ T cell์˜ C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ข…์–‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ CXCR3-CD8+ T cell์˜ ์ ‘์ข…์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์ด ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, ์ ๋Œ€์  ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์ด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ, ๋น„ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „ ์ดํ•ด์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฐํ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์•…์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Within a hostile tumor microenvironment, irregular vasculature and aerobic glycolysis induce a glucose deficiency. Tumor mass is constituted with cancerous and non-cancerous cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Compared to normal counterparts, those cells are acquired different phenotypes and metabolism, and their crosstalk enforces the tumor progression. However, the comprehensive impact of glucose deficiency in cancer cells, CAFs and TILs have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated that glucose deficiency renders metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, CAFs and TILs compared to complete condition and promote tumor progression. The effect of glucose deficiency on phenotype of human malignant mesothelioma (HMM) cells remains unclear. Our data demonstrated that survived HMM cells by glucose deficiency enhanced the resistance to metformin treatment with upregulation of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) expression in mitochondria. Adapted HMM cells to glucose deficiency showed an irregular mitochondrial metabolic status with elongated morphology and dysfunction including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) hyperpolarization. Intriguingly, increased MDR1 expression in the cells was suppressed by treatment of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP), an inducer for MMP depolarization. In MDR1-knockout (KO) cells, sensitivity to metformin was dramatically augmented compared to parental cells with upregulation of apoptosis and autophagy. CAFs are major components in non-cancerous stromal cells in tumor microenvironment and protecting cancer cells. However, compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs), distinctive characteristics of CAFs under glucose-deficient conditions are rarely studied. Irregular vasculature induces the heterogeneous response in tumor mass. To determine the heterogeneous response in CAFs, we dissected a tumor mass as 6 pieces and isolated CAFs from each piece. The ATP production and proliferation were enhanced in CAFs under glucose-deficient condition, but not in NFs. Moreover, their patterns were consistent in whole CAFs, but the degree was heterogeneous. In contrast to NFs, transforming growth factor-ฮฒ (TGF-ฮฒ) signaling and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) expression was higher in CAFs and more enhanced under glucose-deficient condition, but these phenotypes were suppressed by inhibition of TGF-ฮฒ signaling. Intriguingly, treatment of Ru360, a selective MCU inhibitor also mitigated the TGF-ฮฒ signaling in CAFs. The influx of calcium into mitochondria enhanced the ATP production in CAFs by activation of ATP synthase. However, treatment of ATP synthase inhibitor enhanced the apoptosis by excessive calcium influx into mitochondria via inactivation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. CAFs reinforces the cancer cell malignancy via direct- and soluble-factor mediated communication. Here, we demonstrated that CAFs-derived lipids especially oleic acid (OA) were transition into H460 cells via lipid transporter and enhanced stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) expression under glucose-deficient conditions. Expression of SCD augmented autophagic response in CAF-supernatant treated H460 cells under glucose-deficient condition and promoted stemness, but their phenotypes were suppressed by treatment of CAY10566, a selective SCD inhibitor. SCD-overexpressing cells exhibited enhancement of stemness with nuclear localization of YAP through actin-polymerization compared to parental and SCD-KO cells. Furthermore, a larger size of tumor was observed in SCD-overexpressing cells injected mice than parental cells, whereas SCD-KO cells resulted in smaller tumors. Additionally, SCD was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. CAFs-derived OA was also transferred in CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and augmented SCD expression under glucose-deficient condition. In CD4+ TILs, SCD enhanced the phenotype of Th1 cell including IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-ฮฑ, T-bet and interferon-ฮณ expression, whereas regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype including CD25, Foxp3 and TGF-ฮฒ were suppressed. However, it was reversed by treatment of CAY10566. SCD biosynthesized unsaturated fatty acid from saturated fatty acids. Amounts of OA, unsaturated fatty acids, was increased in SCD overexpressed T cells and upregulated the phenotype of Th1 cell. However, enrichment of palmitic acid (PA) among saturated fatty acids in SCD-KO cells enhanced Treg cell phenotype. Moreover, a robust secretion of C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) from SCD-upregulated CD4+ T cells activated CXC-chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) signaling in CD8+ T cells, improving cancer-killing effect in 4T1 mouse model. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that glucose deficiency is impacted on the cancer cell malignancy and induces metabolic reprogramming in CAFs and TIL. For a better understanding of the effects of glucose deficiency, our data provide a detailed mechanism and phenotypes in cancer cells, CAFs and TIL. These features aimed approach could enhance anticancer therapeutics.LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Glucose deficiency in tumor microenvironment 1 The role of CAFs in tumor microenvironment 8 Lipid metabolism in tumor malignancy 13 Escape of immunosurveillance in tumor immune microenvironment 17 Summary 22 CHAPTER I. Glucose deficiency enhanced the drug resistance by upregulation of mitochondrial MDR 1 23 Abstract 24 Introduction 25 Materials and Methods 28 Results 36 Discussion 54 CHAPTER II. Cancer-associated fibroblasts survived under glucose-deficient conditions with excessive calcium influx into mitochondria 59 Abstract 60 Introduction 61 Materials and Methods 63 Results 69 Discussion 91 CHAPTER III. Oleic acid from CAF promoted stemness in H460 cells through YAP nuclear translocation under glucose-deficient condition 95 Abstract 96 Introduction 97 Materials and Methods 100 Results 107 Discussion 139 CHAPTER IV. Crosstalk between CAF-derived oleic acid and CD4+ T cells enhanced the phenotype of Th1 cells under glucose-deficient condition 143 Abstract 144 Introduction 145 Materials and Methods 148 Results 157 Discussion 201 GENERAL CONCLUSION 206 REFERENCES 207 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 239๋ฐ•

    Study on SCS RF MEMS switch for High Power Application

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๊น€์šฉ๊ถŒ.๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ RF ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๊ณ ์ง‘์ ํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ(Transceiver Receiver Module, TRM) ์ง‘์ ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ง‘์ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํƒ€์ผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์ง‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฒด์ ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์จํ˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์†Œ์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‘์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ RF ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด 10 W ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 10์–ต ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1 mN ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 50 V ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 25 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋„์™€ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋Š” comsol ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 10 W ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ด์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ๊ณต๋™์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ m๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚ค๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ ‘์ด‰ ํ›„ ์ „๊ทน๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 10 mN์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ ‘์ด‰๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์—ด์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  softening point๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฃจํ…Œ๋Š„์„ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ `1 ฮฉ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ณต์ •๊ณผ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„ ์–‘๊ทน ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์† ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ํ›„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ง“๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋„๊ธˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์† ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๊ณต๋™์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ SiO2 ๋กœ ํ‹€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  CMP ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰ํƒ„ํ™” ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์›จ์ดํผ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋†’์ด์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์† ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ทน ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ํ›„ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๊ฐ ํ›„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฃจํ…Œ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์„ ๋Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํ…Œ๋Š„๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์†์— ์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นœํ•ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ EKC 265 ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์†ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด ๋ฃจํ…Œ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ SEM์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ ์น˜์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์ด ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ •์ „ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ RF ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ์‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ’€์ธ ์ „์••(ํ’€์ธ voltage)๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „์••(Actuation voltage)์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 41.6 V์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ซํžˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์•ฝ 50 V ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 0.4 ฮฉ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” 18 GHz์—์„œ 0.4 dB ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  25 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„์™€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ RF ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค, RF ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” 10 W์˜ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋“œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ(cold-switching) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 12์–ต ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ 10 W์˜ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ์‘์šฉ ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ 4 1.3 ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 9 1.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  14 1.5 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 16 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 18 2.1 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์„ค๊ณ„ 18 2.1.1 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 18 2.1.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 20 2.1.3 ๊ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„ 28 2.2 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ 34 2.2.1 ์ ‘์ด‰๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 34 2.2.2 ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด ํ•ด์„ 35 2.2.3 ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 40 2.3 ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์†Œ์ž์˜ RF ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 52 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ 54 3.1 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • 54 3.1.1 ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • 54 3.1.2 ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • 61 3.1.3 ๊ธฐํŒ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 70 3.1.4 ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์„ธ์ฒ™ 72 3.2 ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 78 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ 10 W ๊ธ‰ RF MEMS switch์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 82 4.1 ์ •์ „ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 82 4.2 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ RF ํŠน์„ฑ 85 4.3 ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์‹œํ—˜ 89 4.4 ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” 92 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์‹ค์žฅ 94 5.1 Glass frit์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์žฅ ๊ฐœ์š” 95 5.2 Glass frit์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์žฅ ๊ณผ์ • 96 5.3 ์‹ค์žฅ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 99 5.4 ์‹ค์žฅ ํ›„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ RF ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 102 5.5 ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ RF MEMS ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต 105 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  106 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 109 Abstract 115Docto

    (The) risk factors of the ectopic pregnancy subsequent to tubal sterilization

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‚œ๊ด€๋ถˆ์ž„์ˆ ํ›„ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1983๋…„๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ž„์‹œ์ˆ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์— ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋œ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  414์˜ˆ์™€ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ยท๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 479์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ธ์ด ๋†์ดŒ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.321๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์ด์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.924๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3๋ช…์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€์ธ์ด 2๋ช…์ดํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค 2.008๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ†ต ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ์ „๊ธฐ์†Œ์ž‘๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„์—, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ 5.756์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 95 % ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํžˆ ์‹œ์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” confounder ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€. ํ”ผ์ž„๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์†Œ์ž‘๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค 8.488๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ”ผ์ž„๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 6.439๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” ํ”ผ์ž„๊ฒฝํ—˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„ 7.560๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” ํ”ผ์ž„๊ฒฝํ—˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„ 7.560(5.756/7.560) 23.9%๋‚˜ ์ถ•์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๊ณต์œ ์‚ฐ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๊ธฐ์†Œ์ž‘๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์œ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์†Œ์ž‘๋ฒ•ํ›„ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 4.200๋ฐฐ, 1โˆผ2ํšŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 4.982๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 3ํšŒ์ด์ƒ ์ธ๊ณต์œ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 10.254๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์ „๊ธฐ์†Œ์ž‘๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 2๋ฐฐ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. The risk factors of the ectopic pregnancy subsequent to tubal sterilization Sung Hyun Hwang Graduate School of Health Science and Management Yonsei University (Directed by Prof. Taikeun Park M.D, MPH, PhD.) To identify the risk factors of ectopic Pregnancy following tubal sterilization, 414 cases of ectopic pregnancy afters tubal sterilization and 479 randomly selected controls were analyzed. The results were as fellows; 1. The relative risk of ectopic pregnancy were 1.3 among urban women as compared to rural women. The corresponding relative risks were 1.9 for the women with primary education or lower than the women with Secondary school education or higher, and 2.0 for the women who had two children or less. 2. A) The relative risk was significantly higher as 5.8 after tubal coagulation than after other methods. This association was confounded by the past experience of contraception, underestimating the adjusted risk by 23.9%. B) The relative risk was also confounded by the past experience of induced abortion. [์˜๋ฌธ] To identify the risk factors of ectopic Pregnancy following tubal sterilization, 414 cases of ectopic pregnancy afters tubal sterilization and 479 randomly selected controls were analyzed. The results were as fellows; 1. The relative risk of ectopic pregnancy were 1.3 among urban women as compared to rural women. The corresponding relative risks were 1.9 for the women with primary education or lower than the women with Secondary school education or higher, and 2.0 for the women who had two children or less. 2. A) The relative risk was significantly higher as 5.8 after tubal coagulation than after other methods. This association was confounded by the past experience of contraception, underestimating the adjusted risk by 23.9%. B) The relative risk was also confounded by the past experience of induced abortion.restrictio

    Synthetic Studies of Madeirolide A: Visible-Light-Induced Radical Cyclization Approach

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ด์ฒ ๋ฒ”.In this thesis, our synthetic efforts toward marine natural product mardeirolide A are described. Madeirolide A is a biologically active polyketide that belongs to a group of macrolides. Madeirolide A have three bicyclic ether units embedded within a stereochemically decorated macrolactone scaffold. The bioactivity and structural complexity make madeirolide A an attractive target for total synthesis. Our approach for the synthesis of madeirolide A is based on the assembly of four fragments โ€“ C1-C10 fragment (A ring), C13-C19 fragment (B ring), C20-C27 fragment (C ring), and cinerulose fragment. Constructions of three oxacycles have been carried out through radical cyclization using a visible-light-induced transformation rapidly developed area in the past decade. Chapter 1 contains the background about madeirolide A, biological activity and structure features. Also, presented briefly are all published synthetic studies. Chapter 2 discusses all of the efforts that have been carried out in the laboratory towards a total synthesis of madeirolde A.Chapter 1. Marine Macrolide Madeirolide A 1 1.1 Isolation, structure and biological activity 1 1.2 Synthesis of C1-C11 subunit of madeirolide A 3 1.2.1 Patersons approach 3 1.2.2 Carters approach 5 1.3 Reference 7 Chapter 2. Synthetic Studies Toward Madeirolide A 8 2.1 Synthetic plan 8 2.2 Synthesis of C1-C10 subunit, A ring 13 2.2.1 Retrosynthetic analysis 13 2.2.2 Construction of stereogenic centers of 2.31 14 2.2.3 Completion of C1-C10 subunit 17 2.3 Synthesis of C13-C19 subunit, B ring 21 2.3.1 Synthetic plan 21 2.3.2 Substrate synthesis 23 2.3.3 Visible-light-induced radical cyclization of B ring 25 2.3.4 Completion of C13-C19 subunit 27 2.4 Synthesis of C19-C27 subunit, C ring 29 2.4.1 Synthetic plan 29 2.4.2 Substrate synthesis 32 2.4.3 Visible-light-induced radical cyclization of C-ring 33 2.5 Fragments union, Synthesis of C13-C27 subunit 40 2.5.1 Substrate synthesis 40 2.5.2 Michael reaction approach 43 2.5.3 Decarboxylative NHK approach 44 2.5.4 Decarboxylative ketone synthesis 46 2.5.5 Completion of C13-C27 subunit 49 2.6 Conclusion 51 2.7 Reference 52 2.8 Experimental section 55Docto
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