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    γ€ŽΠžΡ‚Ρ‡Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅γ€μ™€ γ€ŽDespair』 비ꡐ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : λ…Έμ–΄λ…Έλ¬Έν•™κ³Ό 노문학전곡, 2015. 8. λ°•ν˜„μ„­.λ³Έ 논문은 1936년에 λ‹¨ν–‰λ³ΈμœΌλ‘œ μΆœκ°„λœ γ€Žμ ˆλ§(ΠžΡ‚Ρ‡Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅)』과 30λ…„ 뒀인 1966년에 λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„κ°€ 직접 λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜μ—¬ μΆœκ°„λœ μ˜μ—­λ³Έ γ€Žμ ˆλ§(Despair)』을 λΉ„κ΅ν•œλ‹€. μž‘κ°€κ°€ 직접 μž‘μ—…ν•œ 두 판본의 비ꡐλ₯Ό 톡해 λ²ˆμ—­κ³Όμ •μ„ κ±°μΉ˜λ©΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μƒκ²ΌλŠ”μ§€ 그리고 κ·Έ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 무엇인지 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„κ°€ μž‘ν’ˆ ν™œλ™λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  열정을 μŸμ•˜λ˜ μž‘μ—…μ΄ λ°”λ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ 포함해 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ¬Έν•™μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ–΄μ™€ μ˜μ–΄, λΆˆμ–΄λ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ Šμ€ λ‚ λΆ€ν„° κΎΈμ€€νžˆ λ²ˆμ—­μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•΄μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν™•κ³ ν•œ 원칙듀을 μ„Έμš°κ²Œ λœλ‹€. κ·Έκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μž‘κ°€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•  λ•Œ μΆ”κ΅¬ν–ˆλ˜ 것은 κΈ€μž κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ μΆ•μžμ  λ²ˆμ—­μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μ›μž‘μ˜ μ‹œμ  아름닀움을 살리기 μœ„ν•œ, ν˜Ήμ€ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ’€ 더 λ§€λ„λŸ½κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ˜μ—­μ€ λ²ˆμ—­μ΄λΌκ³  보지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 그것은 κ·Έμ € μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 ν’€μ–΄μ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ 것에 μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ—„κ²©ν•œ λ²ˆμ—­ 원칙을 κ³ μˆ˜ν–ˆλ˜ λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” κ°œμž‘μ— κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μˆ˜μ •μ„ κ°ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μˆ˜μ •μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ λ°μ—λŠ” 자기 μžμ‹ μ΄ μž‘κ°€μ΄μž λ²ˆμ—­κ°€μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ μž‘κ°€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λ²ˆμ—­κ°€μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ 색깔이 μžμ œλ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ²ˆμ—­κ°€μ™€ μž‘κ°€κ°€ 동일인물이라면 그런 μ œμ•½μ΄ 사라진닀. 그렇기에 κ·Έκ°€ 직접 λ²ˆμ—­ν•œ 그의 μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ€ 같은 μž‘ν’ˆμž„μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ›μž‘κ³Ό 큰 차이λ₯Ό 보이기도 ν•œλ‹€. γ€Žμ ˆλ§(ΠžΡ‚Ρ‡Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅)』과 γ€Žμ ˆλ§(Despair)』 μ—­μ‹œ λ²ˆμ—­μ„ 톡해 λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” 변화듀을 κ²ͺ은 μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ΄λ‹€. 본격적인 두 판본의 비ꡐ에 μ•žμ„œ μ™œ λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„κ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. κ·Έκ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ κ°€μž₯ ν™œλ°œν•˜κ²Œ λ²ˆμ—­ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” γ€Žλ‘€λ¦¬νƒ€(Lolita)γ€λ‘œ 큰 성곡을 κ±°λ‘” ν›„ 이닀. κΈˆμ „μ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ—¬μœ κ°€ 생긴 μ‹œμ ˆμ΄μ—ˆκ³  μž‘κ°€λ‘œμ„œ λͺ…성도 얻은 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ κ·Έκ°€ ꡳ이 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜› λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ λ§ˆμŒλ¨Ήμ€ 것은 γ€Žλ‘€λ¦¬νƒ€(Lolita)γ€μ˜ 성곡 이후 그에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생긴 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ˜€ν•΄μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„λŠ” κ·Έ μ˜€ν•΄λ₯Ό 풀어쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ°”λ‘œ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ–΄ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ μ†Œκ°œν•˜μ—¬ μ˜μ–΄κΆŒ λ…μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λ°©λŒ€ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ΄ λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„μ— μ˜ν•΄, ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ²ˆμ—­κ°€λ“€κ³Ό κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. γ€Žμ ˆλ§(ΠžΡ‚Ρ‡Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅)』과 γ€Žμ ˆλ§(Despair)』을 비ꡐ해보면 ν”Œλ‘― μƒμ˜ 큰 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ μ˜μ–΄λ³Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 보닀 μžμ„Έν•œ λ””ν…ŒμΌλ“€μ΄ μΆ”κ°€λœλ‹€. λ”μš± μ„ λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ μΈλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ„±ν–₯이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λ©°, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„λ“€κ³Ό μ•”μ‹œλ“€μ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ μž‘ν’ˆ 절망의 κΉŠμ€ 이해λ₯Ό λ„μšΈ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ λœλ‹€.μ„œλ‘  1 1. λ‚˜λ³΄μ½”ν”„μ˜ λ²ˆμ—­κ΄€ 7 2.γ€ŽDespair』에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” μ‹¬ν™”λœ λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„λ“€ 10 2.1. madman λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„와 성적 λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„ 11 2.2. Stickκ³Ό Brooch λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„ 21 3.γ€ŽDespairγ€μ—μ„œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚œ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€ ν…Œλ§ˆ 26 3.1. μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€ μ•„λ₯΄λ‹¬λ¦¬μ˜¨μ˜ ν˜•μƒκ³Ό μ–Έμ–΄μœ ν¬λ₯Ό 톡해 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚œ 게λ₯΄λ§Œμ˜ 예술적 μ‹€νŒ¨ 26 3.2. μ˜ν™”μ™€ νƒν—˜κΈ°, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 예술 μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ μ‹œλ„ 35 4. νŒ¨λŸ¬λ””μ™€ ν‘ΈμŠˆν‚¨ 44 4.1. ν‘ΈμŠˆν‚¨μ˜ μ‹œ 44 4.2. ν‘ΈμŠˆν‚¨μ—μ„œ μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄λ‘œ 50 5.γ€ŽLaughter in the Dark』 그리고 γ€ŽDespair』 55 κ²°λ‘  62 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 66 뢀둝 69 РСзюмС 104Maste

    μ• κ΅­μ†Œλ…„λ‘  : '일본적 μ„±μž₯μ†Œμ„€' μ²œν™© μ„œμ‚¬μ˜ ꡬ쑰

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    이 κΈ€μ˜ 원문은 μΌλ³Έμ–΄λ‘œ μž‘μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° ν•œμ •μ„ (ν•œμ–‘λŒ€ν•™κ΅ 강사·박사 ν›„ 연ꡬ원)이 λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.μ²œν™©κ³Ό 문학을 λ…Όν•˜κΈ°μ— μ•žμ„œ, 일본이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œμ„œ 확인 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ°€μž₯ 였래된 μ„œμ‚¬μ˜ ν•œ κ΅¬μ ˆμ„ μΈμš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 글을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ 보렀고 ν•œλ‹€. 그러자 μ΄μžλ‚˜κΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λ‚˜μ™€ 당신이 천의 κΈ°λ‘₯ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λŒμ•„ λ§Œλ‚˜μ„œ, μΉ¨μ†Œμ—μ„œ ꡐ합을 ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.라고 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ…¨λ‹€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ³§λ°”λ‘œ 당신은 였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ„œ λ‚˜μ™€ λ§Œλ‚˜μ„Έμš”. λ‚˜λŠ” μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ„œ 당신을 λ§Œλ‚˜κ² μ†Œ.라고 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ…¨λ‹€. 약속을 ν•˜κ³  κΈ°λ‘₯을 λŒμ•„ λ§Œλ‚¬μ„ λ•Œ, λ¨Όμ € μ΄μžλ‚˜λ―Έκ°€ μ•„, 참으둜 멋진 λ‚­κ΅°μ΄μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.라고 λ§ν–ˆκ³ , 이어 μ΄μžλ‚˜κΈ°κ°€ μ•„, 참으둜 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λ‚­μžλ‘œλ‹€.라고 ν–ˆλ‹€. 각각 말이 λλ‚œ 후에 μ΄μžλ‚˜κΈ°κ°€ μ—¬λ™μƒμ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ—¬μž μͺ½μ—μ„œ λ¨Όμ € λ§ν•œ 것은 쒋지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€.라고 ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 말은 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 일을 치러 낳은 아이가 νžˆλ£¨μ½”μ˜€λ‹€. 이 아이λ₯Ό κ°ˆλŒ€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  배에 νƒœμ›Œ ν˜λ €λ³΄λƒˆλ‹€[γ€Žκ³ μ‚¬κΈ°γ€(ε€δΊ‹θ¨˜), μ΄μ™€λ‚˜λ―Έμ„œμ (岩泒書店)]. 1963년에 편찬된 γ€Žκ³ μ‚¬κΈ°γ€ μ„œλ‘ 뢀뢄에 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 이야기이닀. κ·€ν•œ μ‹ λΆ„μ˜ 남녀가 금기λ₯Ό κΉ¨κ³ (여성이 남성을 μœ ν˜Ήν•œ 것) 관계λ₯Ό ν•œ 탓에 남듀과 λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 아이가 νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬κ³ , κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λŠ” μž‘μ€ 배에 μ‹€λ € λ²„λ €μ‘Œλ‹€. 일찍이 ν”„λ‘œμ΄λ“œνŒŒ μ˜€ν†  λž­ν¬λŠ” 이런 λ„μž…λΆ€λ₯Ό 가진 신화듀을 μ˜μ›… 탄생 신화라고 λΆˆλ €λ‹€

    Kobayashi Yoshinori and Caricaturing Japanese Populism

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    이 논문은 ν˜„λŒ€ μΌλ³Έμ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 우읡 λŒ€μ€‘μ£Όμ˜μ˜ 미학을 κ³ λ°”μ•Όμ‹œ μš”μ‹œλ…Έλ¦¬μ˜ γ€Žμ „μŸλ‘ γ€μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ³ λ°”μ•Όμ‹œλŠ” λ§Œν™”λΌλŠ” 맀체λ₯Ό 적극 ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 우읡 사상을 μž¬κ΅¬μ„± 및 κ°€μ‹œν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히 1990λ…„λŒ€μ— λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ κ³ λ°”μ•Όμ‹œλŠ” γ€Žμ‹ μ˜€λ§Œμ£Όμ˜μ„ μ–Έγ€μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ , μ—­μ‚¬λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό λŒ€λ™μ•„μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ 호λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μ„ ν–ˆλ‹€. γ€Žμ „μŸλ‘ γ€μœΌλ‘œ κ·€κ²°λœ 이 μž‘μ—…μ€ μΌλ³Έλ‚΄μ—μ„œ 60만 λΆ€κ°€ νŒ”λ¦¬λŠ” λ² μŠ€νŠΈμ…€λŸ¬κ°€ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그의 μž‘μ—…μ„ μ–Έμ„€κ³Ό 이미지 λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ κ³ μ°°ν•  λ•Œ, 그의 μ–Έμ„€ μ „λž΅μ€ λ°˜κΈ°μ„±μ„Έλ ₯적, μƒμ‹μ£Όμ˜μ , 그리고 κ΅­κ°€κ·€μ†μ μ΄λΌλŠ” μ„Έ 가지 νŠΉμ§•μ„ 보이고 있으며, μ–Έμ„€μ˜ κ°€μ‹œν™” μ „λž΅μ€ κΈ°ν˜•ν™”, κΈ°ν˜Έν™”, 그리고 ν‰λ©΄ν™”λ‘œ 압좕될 수 μžˆλ‹€.This paper explores the strategies and workings of Japanese populism by focusing on the caricatures of Kobayashi Yoshinori. Kobayashi is a well-known cartoonist and his works have been influential in shaping popular opinions on various issues of contemporary Japanese society. In this paper, I limit the scope of analysis on the piece entitled Sensōron, since this is the piece that has been widely received by people in and outside of Japan and has made him a popular social pundit. In analyzing Kobayashis strategies of narrating history issues and of visualizing such narratives, I identify three strategies respectively for the narrative and the visualization. As for the narrative strategies, they are 1) anti-establishment, 2) common-sense centrism, and 3) nation centrism. As for the visualization strategies, they are 1) deformation, 2)symbolization, and 3) complanation

    Arrogant Nation, Anxious Empire: A Search for New National and Imperial Identity in Taishō Japan, 1912~1926

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    λ³Έ 논문은 닀이쇼 μ‹œλŒ€ 일본의 ꡭ가정체성 변화와 λŒ€μ™Έμ •μ±… 양상을 일본의 쀑ꡭ정책을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μ΄μ‡Όμ‹œλŒ€μ— λ“€μ–΄μ„œλ©΄μ„œ 일본의 λŒ€μ™Έμ •μ±…μ€ ν˜‘μ‘°μ£Όμ˜μ™€ νŒ¨λ„μ£Όμ˜ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λͺ¨μƒ‰λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”데, μ΄λŠ” μ •λΆ€μ˜ ν˜„μƒμœ μ§€μ  ν˜„μ‹€μ£Όμ˜ μ •μ±…κ³Ό λ―Όκ°„μ˜ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ£Όμ˜μ  ν˜„μ‹€μ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ„œλ‘œκ²½μŸ, ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이와 같은 일본의 λŒ€μ™Έμ •μ±…μ— λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¨ μš”μΈμ€ ꡭ제적, 지역적, 그리고 κ΅­λ‚΄μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 찾을 수 μžˆλ‹€. κ΅­μ œμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ λ°œλ°œν•œ 제1μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „μ΄ μ•„μ‹œμ•„ λ‚΄ 힘의 곡백을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ 것이고, μ§€μ—­μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‹ ν•΄ν˜λͺ…을 κ³„κΈ°λ‘œ κ°€μ†ν™”λœ μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ 뢄열이닀. 힘의 곡백과 뢄열을 일본이 적극적으둜 ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μ‹ ν₯ κ°•κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€μƒν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μžκ΅­μ— λŒ€ν•œ μžλΆ€μ‹¬ λ˜λŠ” μ˜€λ§Œν•¨μ΄ μ™Έκ΅μ •μ±…μ˜ μ €λ₯˜λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡭ내적 μš”μΈμ€ μ‹ ν₯ κ°•κ΅­μ΄λ©΄μ„œλ„ ν™©ν™”λ‘ , 일본인 이민배척과 같은 μ„œκ΅¬μ˜ μΈμ’…μ£Όμ˜μ™€ μ§λ©΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μΌλ³Έμ‚¬νšŒ μ „λ°˜μ— 일본제ꡭ의 ꡭ제적 μœ„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ λΆˆμ•ˆκ°μ΄ 고쑰된 것을 λ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 이와 같은 μ˜€λ§Œν•¨κ³Ό λΆˆμ•ˆν•¨μ΄ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 일본 μ •λΆ€μ˜ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅­μ •μ±…μ˜ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ£Όμ˜μ  νŒ¨λ„μ£Όμ˜ μ„±ν–₯이 κ°•ν™”λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅­μ •μ±…μ΄ μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ 반제ꡭ주의 λ―Όμ‘±μ£Όμ˜μ™€ μΆ©λŒν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 일본 μ œκ΅­μ€ λΆ•κ΄΄μ˜ 길을 걷게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.This paper explores the changing national identities and foreign policies of Taishō Japan by focusing on its attitudes and policies toward China. During the Taishō era, Japanese foreign policies toward China oscillated between cooperative and unilateral policies. I argue that the forces that shaped such oscillation were the competition and collaboration between the Japanese mainstream foreign policy of status-quo-oriented realism and the Pan-Asianist policy of unilateralism. In examining the forces of changing Taishō Japans national identities, it also points out the emotional factors like arrogance and anxiety.이 논문은 κ³ λ €λŒ€ν•™κ΅ νŠΉλ³„μ—°κ΅¬λΉ„μ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŒ

    κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ 냉전, μ•„μ‹œμ•„, 그리고 전후일본, 1945~1972

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    (The) antagonism effects of neostigmine on vecuronium -induced neuromuscular blockade in the renal failure patients

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] ν•­μ½œλ¦°μ—μŠ€ν…Œλ ˆμ΄μŠ€μ œμ œλ“€μ€ κ°„μ—μ„œ 주둜 λŒ€μ‚¬λ˜λ‚˜, κ·Έ 배섀에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” μ‹ μž₯에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•œλ‹€. Cronnellyλ“±(1980λ…„)κ³Ό Morrisλ“±(1981λ…„)은 μ •μƒμΈμ—μ„œλŠ” pyridostigmine, edrophonium 및 neostigmine이 각각 75.70 및 50%κ°€ μ‹ μž₯을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ λ°°μ„€λœλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ 신뢀전이 있으면 neostigmineκ³Ό pyridostigmine의 ν˜ˆμ€‘ 제거율이 κ°μ†Œλ˜κ³  λ°°μ„€ λ°˜κ°κΈ°κ°€ μ§€μ—°λœλ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ•½λ™ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 이미 λ°ν˜€μ§„ μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄λ‚˜ (Cronnellyλ“±, 1979 및 1980) 이것이 μ•½λ ₯ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λŠ 정도 증감 효과λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€λŠ”μ§€λŠ” λ°ν˜€μ§„ λ°” μ—†λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” neostigmine의 κΈΈν•­νš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό 규λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, μ‹ κΈ°λŠ₯이 정상인 μ •ν˜•μ™Έκ³Όμ  수술 ν˜Ήμ€ μ‹ κΈ°λŠ₯ 뢀전이 μžˆμ–΄ μ‹ μž₯μ΄μ‹μˆ μ„ λ°›κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ „μ‹ λ§ˆμ·¨κ°€ μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” 성인 남녀 ν™˜μž 각각 18λͺ…씩을 β…  및 β…‘κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ vecuronium의 지속적 μ μ μ£Όμž…ν•˜μ— 척골신경 μ£Όν–‰ ν‘œν”Όμ— supramximal (??)λ₯Ό κ°€ν•˜κ³  flexor carpi ulnaris electromyographyλ₯Ό μ–»μŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨ neostigmine의 μš©λŸ‰ - λ°˜μ‘ 곑선, λ°œν˜„ μ‹œκ°„, μž‘μš© 지속 μ‹œκ°„ 및 κΈΈν•­ 효과 정도λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. Neostigmineνˆ¬μ—¬ μ „ 15%λ‚΄μ™Έμ˜ μ—°μΆ•(twitch height)을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ vecuronium의 점적 μ£Όμž… μ†λ„λŠ” μ–‘κ΅°κ°„μ—λ‚˜ neostigmine μš©λŸ‰κ°„μ— μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 2. 세가지 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ neostigmine μš©λŸ‰μ„ νˆ¬μ—¬ν•˜κΈ° 직전, μ—°μΆ•μ˜ ν‰κ· μΉ˜λŠ” 11.7μ—μ„œ 13.7%μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 3. Neostigmine μ •μ£Όν›„μ˜ μž‘μš© λ°œν˜„ μ‹œκ°„, μ΅œλŒ€ μ—°μΆ• λ°˜μ‘ 및 μ΅œλŒ€ κ°€μ—­ νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” 양ꡰ간에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 4. Neostigmine의 μž‘μš© 지속 μ‹œκ°„μ€ ED^^20의 1/2μš©λŸ‰μ—μ„œλ§Œ Ⅰꡰ에 λΉ„ν•΄ β…‘κ΅°μ—μ„œ 의의있게 μ—°μž₯λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ‹€λ₯Έ μš©λŸ‰μ—μ„œλŠ” μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μ΄μƒμ˜ 결과둜 보아 vecuronium의 근이완 μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ neostigmine의 κΈΈν•­νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ‹ λΆ€μ „ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ μ—°μž₯될 κ°€λŠ₯성이 있으며, μ΄λŠ” κ·Όμ΄μ™„μ œ 배섀에 μ œν•œμ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ‹ λΆ€μ „ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ vecuronium μ‚¬μš©ν›„ κ°€μ—­μ‹œ 이점이 λ μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€. The Antagonism Effects of Neostigmine on Vecuronium -induced Neuromuscular Blockade in the Renal Failure Patients Jeong Seon Han Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Kwang Won Park, M.D.) The elimination of most anticholinesterases depends on the kidney, even if the main organ for their metabolism is the liver. Renal excretion of pyridostigmine, edrophonium and neostigmine accounts for 75%, 70% and 50%, respectively. (Cronnelly et al, 1980: Morris et al. 1981) In the absence of renal function, the serum half-life of neostigmine is prolonged, its plasma clearance is decreased (Cronnelly et al, 1979 & 1980). However, the pharmacodynamics of neostigmine have not been determined in renal failure. This study was designed to compare the neostigmine dynamics in 18 patients with normal renal function to that in 18 patients with renal failure(Group β…  & β…‘, respectively). Using the flexor carpi ulnaris EMG via ulnar nerve stimulation with Train-Of-Four(TOF) under the constant infusion of vecuronium to produce about 85% - twitch depression, the responses of neostigmine with three different doses were obtained. The results are follows; 1. The constant infusion rates of vecuronium to maintain about 15%-twitch height prior to the administration of neostigmine showed no significant difference between two groups. 2. Immediately prior to each dose of neostigmine, the mean values of twitch heights were 11.7 to 13.7%. 3. There was no significant difference in the onset time, maximum twitch responses and antagonism effects between trio groups in respect to each same dose of neostigmine. 4. The duration of neostigmine with the half of ED^^20 only in Group β…‘ was significantly longer than that in Group β… , even if the durations with the other doses in Group β…‘ were not significantly longer than these in Group β… . These results suggest that the reversal effect of neostigmine to vecuronium-induced blockade may be outlasted in patients with renal failure and the prolongation of neostigmine effect may render saute benefits to reverse the relaxants which have the limitation of its elimination in this patients. [영문] The elimination of most anticholinesterases depends on the kidney, even if the main organ for their metabolism is the liver. Renal excretion of pyridostigmine, edrophonium and neostigmine accounts for 75%, 70% and 50%, respectively. (Cronnelly et al, 1980: Morris et al. 1981) In the absence of renal function, the serum half-life of neostigmine is prolonged, its plasma clearance is decreased (Cronnelly et al, 1979 & 1980). However, the pharmacodynamics of neostigmine have not been determined in renal failure. This study was designed to compare the neostigmine dynamics in 18 patients with normal renal function to that in 18 patients with renal failure(Group β…  & β…‘, respectively). Using the flexor carpi ulnaris EMG via ulnar nerve stimulation with Train-Of-Four(TOF) under the constant infusion of vecuronium to produce about 85% - twitch depression, the responses of neostigmine with three different doses were obtained. The results are follows; 1. The constant infusion rates of vecuronium to maintain about 15%-twitch height prior to the administration of neostigmine showed no significant difference between two groups. 2. Immediately prior to each dose of neostigmine, the mean values of twitch heights were 11.7 to 13.7%. 3. There was no significant difference in the onset time, maximum twitch responses and antagonism effects between trio groups in respect to each same dose of neostigmine. 4. The duration of neostigmine with the half of ED^^20 only in Group β…‘ was significantly longer than that in Group β… , even if the durations with the other doses in Group β…‘ were not significantly longer than these in Group β… . These results suggest that the reversal effect of neostigmine to vecuronium-induced blockade may be outlasted in patients with renal failure and the prolongation of neostigmine effect may render saute benefits to reverse the relaxants which have the limitation of its elimination in this patients.restrictio

    Re-Reading Postwar History on Lesbians in Japan : Focusing on the Lack of Sexual Desire as an Analytical Perspective

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    이 κΈ€μ˜ 원문은 μΌλ³Έμ–΄λ‘œ μž‘μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° ν•œμ •μ„ (ν•œμ–‘λŒ€ν•™κ΅ 일본언어문화학과 강사)이 λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.κ·ΌλŒ€ 이후 μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ μ—¬μ„± κ°„μ˜ μΉœλ°€μ„±μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λŠ”κ°€. 이 글은 κ·Έ μ „κ°œλ₯Ό κ³ μ°°ν•œ 기쑴의 역사 기술이 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ„ΉμŠˆμ–Όλ¦¬ν‹°μ˜ 역사인 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 점에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κ³ , 특히 1970λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ν›„μ˜ λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έ μš΄λ™μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μž¬κ³ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μ£Όμž₯ν•œ 것이닀. 이 κΈ€μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” μ„±μš•μ˜ κ΄€μ μ΄λž€, 닀이쇼기(倧正期)λΆ€ν„° ν˜„μž¬μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ 온 μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄ μ—¬μ„± κ°„μ˜ μΉœλ°€μ„±μ΄λ‚˜ 여성을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” 여성에 κ΄€ν•œ 언섀을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·œμ •ν•΄ μ™”λŠ”κ°€λΌλŠ” 문제λ₯Ό λ§ν•œλ‹€. μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έμ΄λΌλŠ” 말은 1960λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— λ³΄κΈ‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 1970λ…„λŒ€μ—λŠ” λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έμ— μ˜ν•΄ 정보가 λ°œμ‹ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έμ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό μ „ν›„μ‚¬λŠ” ν•„μžμ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 선행연ꡬ가 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έ(ν˜Ήμ€ μ—¬μ„±)의 μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜μ—­κ³Ό κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ°½μΆœν•˜λŠ” μ–Έμ„€λ‘œμ„œ λΆ„μ„λœ 적은 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 즉 λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–Έμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ„ΉμŠˆμ–Όλ¦¬ν‹°μ˜ 전후사가 μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 거의 μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  봐도 λ¬΄λ°©ν•˜λ‹€. 이 κΈ€μ—μ„œλŠ” μš°μ„  μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” 관념이 일본에 μœ μž…λœ 1910λ…„λŒ€λΆ€ν„° λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜κΈ° 전인 1960λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ, μ—¬μ„± κ°„μ˜ μΉœλ°€μ„±μ΄λ‚˜ 여성을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” 여성에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ·ΌλŒ€ 일본이 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 의미λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•΄μ™”λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°μˆ ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 1970λ…„λŒ€ 이후 μž‘μ§€ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ μ–Έμ„€ 상황과 λ ˆμ¦ˆλΉ„μ–΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κ°„λž΅ν•˜κ²Œ κ²€ν† ν•˜κ³ , 그것을 μ„±μš•μ΄λΌλŠ” κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μž¬κ³ ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ  의의λ₯Ό κ³ μ°°ν•œλ‹€.How has modern Japan presented the female intimacy? This paper sheds light on the existing historical descriptions and how its development does not necessarily reflect the history of sexuality, and argues that the history of lesbian movements after the 1970s must be recaptured from the perspective of sexual desire. In this paper, the perspective of sexual desire questions how the concept of sexual desire, which has been constructed in various ways since the Taisho period, had dealt with discourses on female intimacy and a woman who loves a woman. In Japan, the term lesbian spread widely in the late half of the 1960s, and in the 1970s a number of information on lesbianism was available through the media. A number of researches on the history of lesbians have been published, but none of them have analyzed it as a discourse that create both spheres and experiences of lesbians (and womens) sexual desires. In other words, it can be said that, in Japan, postwar history of sexuality on lesbians has not yet been written. This paper first deals with the period from the 1910s to the 1960s during which a concept of sexual desire was imported before the advent of lesbianism in Japan, and, from the perspective of sexual desire, analyzes how modern Japan attached meanings toward female intimacy and a woman who loves a woman. Second, the paper briefly touches upon the discourse on lesbianism found in the magazines after the 1970s, and examines the contemporary significance of adopting the perspective of sexual desire
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