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    ์„ญ์‹ RNAi๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฝƒ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ์ด์‹œํ˜.Thrips, including Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella intonsa, is one of the polyphagous pest damaging flowers and leaves of horticultural and agricultural crops. Due to its rapid development of insecticide resistance, conventional insecticides are not effective to thrips control, thus requiring an alternative control method. RNA interference (RNAi)-based control strategy has been developed to control various phytophagous chewing pests. However, no successful case of RNAi-based control was reported for sucking pests including thrips. In this study, the ingested amount of nuclei and plastids following time course in the two thrips (F. occidentalis and F. intonsa) along with two reference sucking pests (Tetranychus urticae, a cell feeder, and Nilaparvara, a cap feeder) were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The ingested amount of plastids was significantly greater than those of nuclei in the thrips and mites species. However, substantially lower and greater ratio between ingestion amount of nuclei and plastids than those in intact kidney bean leaves was identified in the two thrips and mite species, respectively, suggesting that thrips and mite has different preference for nuclei and plastids. In contrast, no plant subcellular fractions were detected in brown planthopper. These findings provide the first proof-of-concept that hairpin RNA expressed in the nucleus can be delivered to mesophyll sucking feeders such as thrips and mites. With this in mind, a total of 57 candidate genes were selected from the transcriptome data of F. occidentalis, and the double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA), targeting each candidate gene, were delivered to a susceptible strain of F. occidentalis via the leaf disc-feeding method. The dsRNA of toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), apolipophorin (apoLp), coatomer protein subunit epsilon (COPE), and sorting and assembly machinery component 50 (SAM50) resulted in the highest mortality in both insecticide-susceptible strain and -resistant strain. The dsRNA-fed thrips showed 46%, 47%, 37%, and 22% reduced transcription levels of TLR6, apoLp, COPE and SAM50 in insecticide-susceptible strain and 71%, 36%, 27%, and 50% in -resistant strain, respectively. This result demonstrates that the observed mortality following dsRNA ingestion was due to RNAi. The efficacy of ingestion RNAi of the lethal genes was also confirmed against an insecticide-resistant strain of F. occidentalis, indicating that RNAi-based control would be effective against both susceptible and resistant populations of F. occidentalis. Development of transgenic tomato plants expressing dsRNA targeting these lethal genes is currently in progress as a practical tool to control thrips in the field.๊ฝƒ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ชฉ์€ ์›์˜ˆ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ด์ถฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ œ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํก์ฆ™์„ฑ ํ•ด์ถฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ดRNA interference (RNAi)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํก์ฆ™์„ฑ ํ•ด์ถฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ RNAi ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ํก์ฆ™์„ฑ ํ•ด์ถฉ (Tetranychus urticae, ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• , ์„ธํฌ์„ญ์‹ํ•ด์ถฉ ๋ฐ Nilaparvara lugens, ๋ฒผ๋ฉธ๊ตฌ, ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ญ์‹ํ•ด์ถฉ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ (F. occidentalis ๋ฐ F. intonsa)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ์„ญ์‹ ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ต ๋ฐ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ qPCR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒผ๋ฉธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ•๋‚ญ์ฝฉ ์žŽ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ต์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ต์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋‚ญ์ฝฉ ์žŽ์˜ ํ•ต ๋ฐ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•ต์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ hairpin RNA๊ฐ€ ์—ฝ์œก์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ถฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฝƒ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด 57 ๊ฐœ์˜ RNAiํ›„๋ณด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)๋ฅผ ์—ฝ์ ˆํŽธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฝƒ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), apolipophorin (apoLp), COPE (coatomer protein subunit epsilon) ๋ฐ SAM50 (sorting and assembly machinery component 50)์˜ dsRNA๋Š” ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. dsRNA๋ฅผ ์„ญ์‹ํ•œ ๊ฝƒ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ TLR6, apoLp, COPE ๋ฐ SAM50์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 46%, 47%, 37% ๋ฐ 22% ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 71%, 36%, 27% ๋ฐ 50% ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, dsRNA ์„ญ์ทจ ํ›„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ์ด RNAi์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋“ฏ์ด ์น˜์‚ฌ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ญ์‹ dsRNA์˜ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ ฅ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ์น˜์‚ฌ์œ ์ „์ž dsRNA๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œRNAi ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹ค์ œ ๋†๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.CONTENTS ABSTRACT i LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1. Ingestion amount and time course of plant subcellular fractions by two thrips species and two reference sucking pests 1 Abstract 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Materials and methods 7 2.1. Insects and mites 7 2.2. Host plant feeding 7 2.3. Genome DNA extraction 8 2.4. Quantification of ingested amounts of nuclei and plastids 9 3. Results 10 3.1. Relative levels of the plant subcellular fractions ingested by F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, T. urticae and N. lugens. 10 3.2. Feeding ratio between nuclei and plastids ingested by F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. urticae 13 4. Discussion 16 CHAPTER 2. Selection of lethal genes for ingestion RNA interference against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, via leaf disc-mediated dsRNA delivery 20 Abstract 21 1. Introduction 23 2. Materials and methods 26 2.1. Insect rearing 26 2.2. Analysis of F. occidentalis transcriptome 26 2.3. dsRNA synthesis 28 2.4. Validation of dsRNA delivery 40 2.5. Ingestion RNAi bioassay 41 2.6. Statistical analysis 46 3. Results 47 3.1. dsRNA delivery to leaf discs and F. occidentalis 47 3.2. Target gene selection 50 3.3. Target gene screening using a bioassay chamber 53 3.4. Target gene double knockdown 56 3.5. Validation of target gene lethality against insecticide-resistant F. occidentalis 56 4. Discussion 61 LITERATURE CITED 67 KOREAN ABSTRACT 74Maste

    ๊ต์œก์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ •์ƒํ™”์™€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „: ๊ณต์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ฒด์ œ

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    I. ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— 8์–ต์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ฌธํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ฝค ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์œ ๋„ค์Šค์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ EFA๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ(EFA Global Monitoring Report)๋Š” ๊ต์œก๋ฐœ์ „์ง€์ˆ˜(EDI) ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ฎ์€ EDI๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ EDI๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๋†’์€ EDI๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋†’์€ EDI๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์†ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ฟ ์ด๋‹ค(UNESCO, 2007). OECD๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๋ ฅ๋น„๊ตํ‰๊ฐ€(PISA)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ทจํ•™๋ฅ ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€, ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ฒด์ œ๋Š”, ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์„ ๋“œ๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ •์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ต์œก๋ฐœ์ „์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋Œ€๋กœ, OECD์˜ PISA ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ต์ง€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€์ณ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž…ํ•™ ํ›„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์‹œ์— ๋ชฐ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ, ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ, ์ทจ์—…์ค€๋น„์— ๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์‘ ์—†์ด ์ ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ทจ์—… ํ›„ ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ํ‡ด์—ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œก์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜์š•์„ ์ง‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์„ธํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์„ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค

    ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •(earnings management)๊ณผ ์žฅยท๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์žฌ๋ฌด/ํšŒ๊ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 8. ๊ถŒ์ผ์›….๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •(earnings management)์ด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์žฅยท๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์ ์ธ(myopic) ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๋žต์ด ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๋žต์€ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ก  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต(true short-term earnings)์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •(accrual earnings management: AEM)๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •(real earnings management: REM)์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ์—…ํšŒ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€(GAAP)์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์€ ํšŒ๊ณ„์žฅ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์šด์˜๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฌผ์šด์˜๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์— ๋” ๊ฐ•์กฐ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ Roychowdhury(2006)์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ๊ฐœ๋… ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์†ก(signaling)์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ(Panel Fixed Effect)๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋ฌด/ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๊ฐ€์„ค 2). ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” R&D์ง€์ถœ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํŒ๋งค๋น„์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํ›„์ƒ๋ณต์ง€๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋น„ ์‚ญ๊ฐ, ๊ต์œก๋น„์™€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ •์› ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์šด์˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ๋งŒ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ž์ด์ž ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ด ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด๋ก (principal-agent theory)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ฃผ์ธ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์ด์ž ๊ฐ๋…๋ถ€์ฒ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ž„๊ฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด์ž ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ธ์ธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ž„๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฒŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์€ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ(risk-taking) ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋…๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉด ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์š”์ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ(agent)์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ์ •์น˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์ด ํ‡ด์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—…, ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํƒ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์žฌ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์žฌ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ด์™ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋น„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด์ œํ‘œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฌด/ํšŒ๊ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์ ์ธ(myopic) ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๋žต์ด ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ R&D์ง€์ถœ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํŒ๋งค๋น„์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํ›„์ƒ๋ณต์ง€๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋น„์™€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์‚ญ๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„๋กœ ์ž์‚ฐ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์˜์—…ํ˜„๊ธˆํ๋ฆ„, ์ œ์กฐ์›๊ฐ€, ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ถœ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ž”์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ผ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‚ด์— ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”์ •์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ์™€ ํ‡ด์ง ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์˜ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋‚ฎ์Œ)์€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ด ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง๋ฌด์— ์ž„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด/ํšŒ๊ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ธ์ธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์˜ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ์™€ ์งํ›„๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์žฌ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •ํ–‰์œ„, ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‡ด์ง ์ดํ›„์— ์ •์น˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(ex. ์ •์น˜์ธ), ์ •์น˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์š”์ง์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์šด์˜ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์•ผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์œ ์ธ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ์ž„๋ช…๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ํ‡ด์ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ค‘ ๋น„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์€ ๋น„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ C๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ง€ํ‘œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  6 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 10 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 13 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 13 1. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์œ ํ˜• 13 2. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์›์ธ 16 3. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 27 1. ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด๋ก  27 2. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ์ธก์ •์˜ค์ฐจ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 32 ์ œ3์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 36 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐยท์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ 36 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์•ก ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • 37 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ 40 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์š”์ธ 42 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ํŠน์„ฑ ์š”์ธ 46 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 56 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 56 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 56 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 61 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 68 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 70 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 74 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 79 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 82 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 82 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ์ธก์ •์น˜์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 86 1. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ์ธก์ •์น˜ ๋ถ„์„ 86 2. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 89 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 96 1. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 96 2. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ 106 3. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์š”์ธ 116 4. ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์š”์ธ 123 ์ œ6์žฅ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„: ์ด์ต์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ 127 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 127 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 132 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 132 2. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 140 3. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 144 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 146 ์ œ7์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ยท์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 148 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 148 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 151 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ 156 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 156 2. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 157 ๋ถ€๋ก 163 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 176 Abstract 187Docto

    Thyroid Isthmus Length and Iodine Turnover as Predictors of Successful Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Graves' Disease

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    Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is an effective treatment option for Graves' disease. However, predicting treatment failures after RAI therapy remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the success rate of RAI therapy for treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid functional outcome, pre-RAI ultrasonographic features, and clinical parameters were evaluated retrospectively in 98 patients followed up for at least 12 months after RAI (mean RAI dose was 11.7โ€‰ยฑโ€‰1.8โ€‰mCi). Hypothyroidism was achieved in 59 patients (60.2%), and euthyroidism in 16 patients (16.3%), while 23 patients (23.5%) remained hyperthyroid. Age, sex, body mass index, pre-RAI thyroid function, or thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels were not associated with treatment outcome. Length of thyroid isthmus (p = 0.028) and 2- to 24-hour iodine uptake ratios (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with treatment failure, which was defined as a persistent hyperthyroid status after RAI therapy. Patients with a longer isthmus had a higher risk of remaining hyperthyroid, with a threshold for isthmus length of 5.2โ€‰mm, with a sensitivity of 69.6% and specificity of 70.3% for treatment success. Measuring the length of the thyroid isthmus can be a simple and useful way to predict RAI treatment outcome.ope

    Localization of oncogenic osteomalacia by systemic venous sampling of fibroblast growth factor 23

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    PURPOSE: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is characterized by hypophosphatemia caused by a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor. While surgical resection of the tumor leads to a cure, identification of the responsible tumor is challenging. Recently, several studies showed that systemic sampling of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is helpful for localization of tumors. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of this method in Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients compatible with TIO who were admitted to our hospital between 2006 and 2015 were analyzed. Systemic venous sampling of FGF23 was performed to detect blind lesions or to confirm a suspicious lesion identified in previous imaging studies. RESULTS: Venous sampling helped confirming the tumor in five of the six patients. Three patients underwent surgery after sampling, and in two patients, the lesions were detected after 3 years by means of โถโธGa-DOTATOC positron emission tomography with computed tomography. In one patient, there was a local elevation of serum FGF23 without any related lesion on additional imaging. CONCLUSION: Our data strengthened the value of venous sampling of FGF23 in predicting the location of tumors and suggested that it can be more effective in the presence of the relevant lesion in subsequent imaging analyses.ope

    Untreated Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia with 17-ฮฑ Hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase Deficiency Presenting as Massive Adrenocortical Tumor

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    Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with 17ฮฑ-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is usually characterized by hypertension and primary amenorrhea, sexual infantilism in women, and pseudohermaphroditism in men. hypertension, and sexual infantilism in women and pseudohermaphroditism in men. In rare cases, a huge adrenal gland tumor can present as a clinical manifestation in untreated CAH. Adrenal cortical adenoma is an even more rare phenotype in CAH with 17ฮฑ-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. A 36-year-old female presented with hypertension and abdominal pain caused by a huge adrenal mass. Due to mass size and symptoms, left adrenalectomy was performed. After adrenalectomy, blood pressure remained high. Based on hormonal and genetic evaluation, the patient was diagnosed as CAH with 17ฮฑ-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. The possibility of a tumorous change in the adrenal gland due to untreated CAH should be considered. It is important that untreated CAH not be misdiagnosed as primary adrenal tumor as these conditions require different treatments. Adequate suppression of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in CAH is also important to treat and to prevent the tumorous changes in the adrenal gland. Herein, we report a case of untreated CAH with 17ฮฑ-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency presenting with large adrenal cortical adenoma and discuss the progression of adrenal gland hyperplasia due to inappropriate suppression of ACTH secretion.ope

    Hepatic Sarcoidosis in a Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

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    Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory granulomatous disease affecting multiple organs, including liver, spleen, heart, eyes, and skin. Liver involvement is reported in 11.5% of cases and many studies have reported on the association between hepatitis C virus infection and sarcoidosis. However, the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a trigger for sarcoidosis has never been reported. We describe a case of hepatic sarcoidosis in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection, with a possible link between the two. It is the first case report of a patient with interferon-ฮฑ-naรฏve chronic HBV infection presenting with hepatic sarcoidosis accompanied by portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis

    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ธฐํš ์ „๋‹ด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ, ์šด์˜(Operation of the economic planning board in the era of high economic growth in Korea)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 11-1051000-000426-0

    ๋‹ค๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ  DS-CDMA ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ถ„์„

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2000.Maste

    ์Šฌํ””์„ฑํ–ฅ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต,2003.Maste
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