38 research outputs found
A Study on the Legislation of the Recognized Organization Code
"RO" means a Recognized Organization(here in after "RO") or other private body carrying out surveys and issuing or endorsing Statutory Certificates of ships on behalf of a flag State.
The inspection and survey of ships shall be carried out by officers of the State whose flag the ship is registered, provided that the Government of each country may entrust the inspection and survey either to surveyors nominated for the purpose or to organizations recognized by it.
The administration apply the existing IMO regulations for RO in order to meet their responsibilities in recognizing, authorizing and monitoring their RO. But these requirements are presently scattered in different IMO instruments, some of which are mandatory, whereas others remain recommendatory and at present no audit scheme exists to verify that these requirements are effectively and uniformly implemented.
Accordingly, MSC 84 had considered a proposal submitted by Austria et al.(MSC 84/22/13) to develop a Code for RO and agreed to include a high-priority item on "Development of a Code for RO" in the work programme of the FSI Sub-Committee, and instructed the Sub-Committee to include the item in the provisional agenda for FSI 17.
Development of a Code for RO suggested by Austria et al.(MSC 84/22/13) should have the objective to assist administrations for meeting their responsibilities in recognizing, authorizing and monitoring their RO, gather all the applicable RO requirements in a single IMO mandatory instrument and amend the existing and applicable legal framework to ensure that the ROs are correctly audited by qualified and independent auditors with respect to the Code.
FSI 17 and 18 considered opinions on "Development of a Code for RO" submitted by many delegations. But many of them are expressed concerns relate to the legal framework for audit that will remove the power of Administrations to audit their ROs.
This study is to arrange the background of discussion, progress of discussion and the necessity of legislation of RO Code.
And this is to understand the requirements for RO based on the IMO instruments to identify areas that are not or not adequately covered by the existing requirements and recommendations of IMO instruments regarding RO.
And this is to describe the administration and RO's rights, duties, responsibilities and settlements of a dispute when legislating the RO code.
Finally this is to identify a suggestion for further developments of RO code expressed by IMO member states and to present methods to securing the effectiveness of the RO Code through the audit scheme.Abstract
์ 1์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
์ 2์ฅ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋
ผ์ ๋ฐ ํ์์ฑ 5
์ 1์ ๋
ผ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5
์ 2์ ๋
ผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ 11
1. ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์๊ฒฌ 11
2. ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ํ ์๊ฒฌ 14
์ 3์ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋์ ์ ์ ํ์์ฑ 18
์ 3์ฅ IMO ๊ท์ ์์์ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ฑด 19
์ 1์ IMO ํ์ฝ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋์ ๊ท์ ๋ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ฑด 19
1. ํด์์ธ๋ช
์์ ํ์ฝ 19
2. ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์ค์ผ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ์ฝ 22
3. ๊ตญ์ ๋ง์ฌํ์์ ํ์ฝ 25
4. ์ ๋ฐ์ ํค์์ธก์ ์ ๊ดํ ํ์ฝ 25
5. ์ ๋ฐ์ ํด๋ฐฉ์ค์์คํ
์ ๊ท์ ์ ๊ดํ ํ์ฝ 26
6. ๊ธฐํ ์ฝ๋ 27
์ 2์ IMO ๊ฒฐ์์์ ๊ท์ ๋ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ฑด 33
1. ์ฃผ๊ด์ฒญ์ ๋ํํ๋ ๋จ์ฒด์ ์์๊ณผ ๊ฒ์ฌ・์ฆ์๋ฐ๊ธ์ ์ํ ์ง์นจ 33
2. IMO ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฝ ์ดํ ์ฝ๋ 35
์ 3์ IMO ํ๋๋ฌธ์์ ๊ท์ ๋ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ฑด 36
์ 4์ฅ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ ์
๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ ์ธ 38
์ 1์ ํ์ฝ ๋น์ฌ๊ตญ์ ๊ถํ, ์๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ํด๊ฒฐ 38
1. ๊ถํ 38
2. ์๋ฌด 40
3. ๋ถ์ํด๊ฒฐ 41
์ 2์ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๊ถํ, ์๋ฌด, ๋ถ์ํด๊ฒฐ 42
1. ๊ถํ 42
2. ์๋ฌด 43
3. ๋ถ์ํด๊ฒฐ 44
์ 5์ฅ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋์ ํฅํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ 49
์ 1์ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฝ๋์ ํฅํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์๊ฒฌ 49
์ 2์ ์๋ฐ์ IMO ํ์๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋ 53
์ 3์ ํด๊ธฐํ์งํ๊ฐ์ ๋ 56
์ 4์ ํ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํ ์คํจ์ฑ ํ๋ณด 60
์ 6์ฅ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 64
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 6
ํ๊ตญ ํตํ์ ์ฑ ๊ณผ ์์ฅ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ณํ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ๋ฐ์์ .๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ ํตํ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์์ฅ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ์ ๋์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ํด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ํนํ ํ์ฅ์ ํตํ์ ์ฑ
์ดํ์ ์๊ธ์ํฉ์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ฅ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋์์ ธ ๋น์ ๋์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ง์ด ์์นํ์ฌ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ฃผ์๊ณผ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋์ ์ฃผ์์ ์์ต๋ฅ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ค์ ํ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์์ ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์๋ก ํ๊ท ์์ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋๊ณ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋์์๋ก ๋ฎ์ ํ๊ท ์์ต๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ฅ์ ํตํ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์์ฅ์ ์ ๋์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์๋ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋ถ์์์๋ ํธํฉ์ผ ๋ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ง๋ง ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์
๋ณ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 15๊ฐ ์ฐ์
์ค ์ด์์
, ๊ธ์ต ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ์
, ๋๋งค ๋ฐ ์๋งค์
์์๋ง ํ์ฅ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ดํ ํด๋น ์ฐ์
์ฃผ์์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๊ณ , ์ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฐ์
์ ์ด์์
๊ณผ ๋๋งค ๋ฐ ์๋งค์
๋ฟ์ด์๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์์ 1
์ 2 ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 6
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๋ณ์ ์ค๋ช
7
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๋ฃ 7
์ 2 ์ ์ ๋์ฑ ๊ด๋ จ์งํ 8
์ 3 ์ ํตํ ์ ์ฑ
๊ด๋ จ์งํ 9
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ค์ฆ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 11
์ 1 ์ ์ ๋์ฑ-๋ถ๋ฅ ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์์ต๋ฅ ๋ถ์ 11
์ 2 ์ ํตํ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์์ฅ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋น์ ๋์ฑ 12
์ 3 ์ ํตํ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋น์ ๋์ฑ 14
์ 4 ์ ํตํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ ์์ต๋ฅ ๋ถ์ 16
์ 5 ์ ์์ฅ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ/์ฐ์
๋ณ ๋น์ ๋์ฑ ๋ฐ ์์ต๋ฅ ๋ถ์ 18
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 24
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 38
Abstract 40Maste
Conditions for Successful Environmental Policy Making in Globalized Metropolitan Areas: Understanding Los Angeles County Air Pollution Policies
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ ์น์ธ๊ตํ๋ถ(์ธ๊ตํ์ ๊ณต), 2013. 8. Stefan Niederhafner.45ํผ์ผํธ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌผ์ง ๋ฐ ์ด์ํํ์๊ฐ ๋์์์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋๋ฏ๋ก ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์ ์ ํ ํนํ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋์์ ๋์ ๋ณตํฉ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ํ์ ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค์์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฒญ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ค์ผ์์ ๋์ํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ์ ํนํ ์ฒญ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์น ๋ถ์ผ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ดํด ์์ธํ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ์ต์์ ๊ดํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์๋ค์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌํญ์ ํ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฑ
์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ์์์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ NGO(๋น์ ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ) ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ญํ ๊ณผ ์ํฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋ถ์์ ์ค์ฆ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์น์ฃผ ๊ท์ 5.90์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ท์น 1143์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค์์ ์ ์น ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ์ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ํ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ์
ํ๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ ํจํ ์ฒญ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํตํด ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ์ ๋์ํ ์ ์์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ NGO ๋ฐ ํญ๋์ ๋์ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ๋์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฌธํ, ๋ฒ์์ ๊ดํ ๊ถ ๋ฐ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฒญ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํด ์์ฃผ ์ค์ํจ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ณ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ํ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ณตํํ ์ ์๋์ง๋ ์ ์ํ๋ค.Environmental degradation, particularly in air pollution, is posing a serious threat for cities and urban agglomerations around the world since 45 percent of global air pollutants and CO2 emissions stem from cities. By way of investigating the cases of successful clean air policies in the city of Los Angeles, this paper will elaborate on the conditions for successful environmental issues, specifically in clean air politics, in addition to contributing to a global challenge of counteracting against its local origins. The main goal in this study is to identify institutional and procedural specifics that can be transferred in the sense of the best practice model to other global cities dealing with the same problem. By applying a new-institutional concept combined with a policy cycle analysis, this will allow not only an analysis of the decision-making process of air pollution control in the local government, but also to examine the role and the influence of NGOs and public opinion. The empirical basis of the analysis is an in-depth study of two policies, County Code Chapter 5.90 and Rule 1143. Studying these two cases will explain how the political system of Los Angeles was able to identify air pollution as a local threat and to react with effective and efficient clean air policies. As a result, this study argues that three major conditions, institutional diversification and specialization, court jurisdiction and access points for contributions of NGOs and the wider public are crucial for successful clean air policies. Moreover, this study presents how the Los Angeles County can contribute to counteracting global environment and health threats.Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Globalized Cities
1.2 Purpose and Case Selection
1.3 Literature Review
1.4 Theoretical Framework
1.5 Operationalization
Chapter 2 Political Background and History of Air Pollution
2.1 Demographic and Economy
2.2 Political Structure
2.3 Causes of Air Pollution
2.4 Effects from Air Pollution
Chapter 3 Agenda-Setting in Clean Air Policies
3.1 Board of Supervisors and Chapter 5 of the Los Angeles County Code
3.2 AQMD and Rule 1143
3.3 Coalition for Clean Air
3.4 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Policy Formation in Clean Air Policies
4.1 Board of Supervisors and Chapter 5 of the Los Angeles County Code
4.2 AQMD and Rule 1143
4.3 Conclusion
Chapter 5 Decision-Making and Implementation in Clean Air Policies
5.1 Board of Supervisors and Chapter 5 of the Los Angeles County Code
5.2 AQMD and Rule 1143
5.3 Conclusion
Chapter 6 Evaluation in Clean Air Policies
6.1 Board of Supervisors and Chapter 5 of the Los Angeles County Code
6.2 AQMD and Rule 1143
6.3 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Conclusion
Bibliography
AppendixMaste
์ดยท์คยท๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์์์ ๊ธ์ต์๋น์๊ต์ก๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ : ์ 7์ฐจ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์๋น์ํ๊ณผ,2004.Maste
๋ค์ฑ๋ถ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ๋๋ ธ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ฐํธํ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ์ด
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ : ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๋ถ, 2016. 8. ๋ฐ์์ฒ .Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit unique physical and chemical properties that are highly dependent on their size, shape, and chemical composition. During the last few decades, intensive research has been focused on the development of various synthetic methods for producing uniform nanoparticles and the precise control of their size and shape. Recently, multi-component metallic nanomaterials have attracted much attention for their great potential application in catalysis, sensor, and biomedical application. These nanomaterials can have not only the individual characteristics of the different components, but also new and unexpected properties arising from the synergistic effect between them. In this dissertation, facile and structure-controllable synthesis of multi-component metallic nanomaterials were studied.
Firstly, Ag-Cu core-shell and alloy bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a solventless mix-bake-wash method. The simple one-step heating process was assisted by salt powder as a template, obtaining small bimetallic nanomaterials. The particle structure could be controlled by tuning the annealing temperature to generate hetero-structured core-shell NPs or homogeneous alloys. Whereas the as-synthesized Ag@Cu core-shell NPs consist of a core of face-centered cubic (fcc) polycrystalline Ag NPs and a shell of fcc Cu including trace amounts of copper oxides, the AgCu nanoalloy was found to comprise a single-phase NP with the same crystal structure as that of Ag, without the copper oxide species. Cyclic voltammetric measurements confirmed the chemical identification of the surface species and their stability to oxidation.
Secondly, rattle-structured nanomaterials composed of a gold nanorod in a mesoporous silica nanocapsule (AuNR@mSiO2) were prepared by a novel solution-based consecutive process. Uniform-sized gold NRs were encapsulated inside a silver nanoshell, followed by SiO2 coating through the sol-gel technique. After selectively etching away the silver inner layer, a rattle-structured nanomaterial was obtained. The AuNR@mSiO2 rattle-shaped nanostructures were highly uniform in morphology, and the inner hollow space and the thickness of the mesoporous silica layer were easily controlled by adjusting the amount of each chemical agent. The drug-loading properties of the nanomaterial and the regrowth control of the core nanoparticles were also studied.Chapter 1. Introduction: Various Synthetic Approaches of Multi-component Metallic Nanomaterials and Dissertation Overview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Multi-component Metallic Nanomaterials 6
1.2.1 Various types of metal-metal and metal-silica nanostructures 6
1.2.2 Structure control of multi-component metallic nanomaterials 10
1.3 Synthesis of Multi-component Metallic Nanomaterials 14
1.3.1 Synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles 14
1.3.2 Synthesis of rattle-structured metal-silica nanomaterials 21
1.4 Characterization of Multi-component Metallic Nanomaterials 29
1.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 29
1.4.2 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) 30
1.4.3 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) 31
1.4.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 35
1.4.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 36
1.5 Dissertation Overview 41
References 44
Chapter 2. Synthesis of Ag-Cu Core-Shell and Alloy Nanoparticles via a Solventless Mix-Bake-Wash Approach 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Experimental Section 52
2.2.1 Chemicals 52
2.2.2 Synthesis of Ag@Cu core-shell NPs 52
2.2.3 Synthesis of AgCu alloy NPs 53
2.2.4 Physicochemical characterization 53
2.2.5 Electrochemical characterization 54
2.3 Results and Discussion 55
2.3.1 Controlled synthesis of Ag-Cu core-shell and alloy bimetallic nanoparticles 55
2.3.2 Structural and chemical characterization 64
2.3.3 Investigation of the effect of salt powder on the synthesis of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles 71
2.3.4 Electrochemical analysis of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles 74
2.4 Conclusion 76
References 78
Chapter 3. Rattle Structured Nanomaterials of Gold Nanorod Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica Nanocapsule for Drug Delivery and Nanoscaled Reaction 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Experimental Section 87
3.2.1 Chemicals 87
3.2.2 Preparation of Au nanorods 87
3.2.3 Synthesis of AuNR@Ag core/shell nanoparticles 88
3.2.4 Synthesis of AuNR@Ag@mSiO2 core/shell/shell nanoparticles 88
3.2.5 Synthesis of rattle-structured AuNR@mSiO2 core/void/shell nanoparticles 89
3.2.6 Loading of DOX 89
3.2.7 Regrowth of gold within rattle-structured AuNR@mSiO2 90
3.2.8 Characterization 91
3.3 Results and Discussion 92
3.3.1 Fabrication and characterization of rattle-structured AuNR@mSiO2 nanoparticles 92
3.3.2 Surface plasmon resonance properties 109
3.3.3 Drug loading on rattle-structured AuNR@mSiO2 nanoparticles 113
3.3.4 Chemical reactions in the void space 116
3.4 Conclusion 120
References 121
Chapter 4. Concluding Remarks 125
4.1 Conclusion 125
4.2 Future Aspects 128
Bibliography 130
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 139Docto
Factors related to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
๊ฐํธํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ ํ๋น์กฐ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ๋ค์ Coxโs Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๋ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ ๋น๋จ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ์ ์๋๋ ํก๋จ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค.์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์์ธ ๋ด์ ๋๊ธฐ(์๊ธฐ ํจ๋ฅ๊ฐ), ์ธ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ(๋น๋จ ์ง์), ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์(์คํธ๋ ์ค), ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๋์์๊ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ(์๋ฃ์ง๊ณผ ๋์์๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ง), ์น๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ดํ(์ ์ฒดํ๋๊ณผ ์์ต๊ด ๋ฑ)์ ๋ํด ์ง๋ฌธ์ง ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฉด๋ด์ ๋ณํํ data triangulation ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค.์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋์์๋ ์์ธ์ Y๋ํ๋ณ์๊ณผ ๋ถ์ฐ์ M์ข
ํฉ๋ณ์์ ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์ ์ด 215๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ น์ด 65์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋นํํ์์ ์์น 7%, ์ฐ๋ น์ด 65์ธ ์ด์์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋นํํ์์ ์์น 8% ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ 118๋ช
, ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ 97๋ช
์ด์๊ณ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฉด๋ด ๋์์๋ ์ด 16๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋น๋จ ์ ๋ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 5๋
์ด์์ธ ์๋ก ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ(HbA1c <7%)๊ณผ ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ(HbA1c โฅ9%) ๊ฐ๊ฐ 8๋ช
์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฃ ์์ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 2006๋
8์24์ผ๋ถํฐ 11์ 24์ผ๊น์ง์๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์์ SPSS/WIN version 12.0์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํต๊ณ, t-test, ฯ2-test ์ด์ฉํ์๊ณ ๋ฉด๋ด ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ, ํ์๋ฒ์ฃผ, ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์ง์ ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.1. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์์ ํ๊ท ๋นํํ์์ ์์น๋ 7.48ยฑ1.16%์๊ณ ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ ํ๊ท ๋นํํ์์ ์์น๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6.77ยฑ0.54%, 8.35ยฑ1.13%์๋ค.2. ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ ๋ณ์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์์ธ์์ ์ฐ๋ น, ๋๊ฑฐํํ์๊ณ ์ง๋ณ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ์์๋ ์น๋ฃํํ, ๋น๋จ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ง์, ํญ๊ณ ํ์์ ๋ณต์ฉ์ ๋ฌด, ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ๋ช
์, ๋ณธ์ธ ์ธ์ง ๋น๋จ ํฉ๋ณ์ฆ ์ ๋ฌด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์งํ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฒด ๊ณ์ธก์น์์๋ ๊ณต๋ณต์ ํ๋น, ์ํ 2์๊ฐํ๋น, HDL์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค๊ณผ ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น์๋ค. Cox ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ญ๋์ ๋ณ์์์๋ ๋น๋จ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ค ์ด๋ ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ธฐํจ๋ฅ๊ฐ, ๋น๋จ ๊ด๋ จ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์ค ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด๊ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์คํธ๋ ์ค์๊ณ , Cox ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๋์์๊ฐ ์ํธ ์์ฉ ์์์์๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ง์กฑ๋, ์๋ฃ์ง์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ /๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์์ธ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ดํ์์๋ ์ ์ฒดํ๋ ์ ๋(๊ฑท๊ธฐ, ์ฌ๊ฐ๊ด๋ จ, ์ง์
๊ด๋ จ ์ ์ฒดํ๋), ๊ฐ์๋น๋, ์ง๋ฐฉ์ง ์์ ์ญ์ทจ๋น๋, ์์ฃผ๋น๋๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.3. ๋ฉด๋ด ๋ด์ฉ ๋ถ์์์ ๋ด์ ๋๊ธฐ, ์ธ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์, ์น๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ดํ, ์๋ฃ์ง๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ด 5๊ฐ์ง ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ์์๋ ํ์๋ฒ์ฃผ 28๊ฐ, ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์ง์ 113๊ฐ๊ฐ, ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ์์๋ ํ์๋ฒ์ฃผ 26๊ฐ, ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์ง์ 100๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ถ์ถ๋์๋ค.4. ํ๋น ์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ์์ ๊ฐ, ์๊ธฐํต์ ๊ฐ, ์ธ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ์์๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ ์ , ์กฐ์ , ์ค์ค๋ก ๊นจ๋ซ๊ธฐ, ์ ๋ณด ์ถ๊ตฌ, ๊ธ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ ํ, ๋ด์ ์ฑ์, ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์์์๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ํ๋ถ๋์ฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ธ์ ์ , ํ๋ฌ, ๋ถ์, ์น๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ดํ์์๋ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ , ๊ท์น์ , ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ , ๋ชฉํ์งํฅ์ , ์ ์, ํ์ฉ ๋ฐ ์์ฉ, ์๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ, ์๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์, ์ ์ , ์ฒดํ์ ๊ณต์ , ์๋ฃ์ง๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ํ์กฐ์ , ์น๋ฐ๊ฐ, ์์ฌ์, ๋ฏธ์ํจ, ๋ง์กฑ๊ฐ, ์ง๋ฃ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ถฉ์ค์ฑ, ๊ฐ์ฌํจ์ ํ์๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ์๋ค. ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ์กฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ์์ ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ, ์์ ๊ฐ ์ ํ, ์ธ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ์์๋ ์
๋ฌด์ฐ์ ์ , ์ ํ, ๋น์์ฉ์ , ์ง์๋ถ์กฑ, ํํผ, ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์์์๋ ํํ, ์ข์ ๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋
ธ, ์๊ฐ๊ฐ์ , ๋ถ๋ด๊ฐ, ์ง์ง๋ถ์กฑ, ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ํฉ ์กด์ฌ, ์น๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ดํ์์๋ ์๊ธฐํฉ๋ฆฌํ, ์์์ฑ, ๋นํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ทผ, ๋ณด๋ฅํ๊ธฐ, ํ๋ฌ, ์ ์ , ์๋ฃ์ง๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ๋ถ์ , ๋น์ค์ฉ์ ์ค๋ช
, ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ง์, ๋ถ๋ง, ๋ฏธ์ํจ, ์ฐฝํผํจ์ ํ์๋ฒ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋์๋ค.5. ์์ ์๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํฉํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋น ์ํธ ์กฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ ๋์ , ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ , ํ์กฐ์ , ์๊ธฐํต์ ์ ์ด์๊ณ ํ๋น ๋น์ํธ ์กฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์์ง๋ถ์กฑ, ํํผ, ๊ณ ์ฐฉ ๋๋ ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ ์ ํ์ด ํ์ํ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋น๋จ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ค์ฌ ๋ณ์๋ก ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํด data triangulation ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก์ ์์๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์๋ค์ ํ๋น ์กฐ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๋น๋จ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ดํดํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์งํ ์ํ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฌ ์๋ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์์ ํ๋น ๊ด๋ฆฌ ํฅ์์ ์ด๋ฐ์งํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to identify glycemic control and compare experience of diabetes care between good and poor glycemic control groups with type 2 diabetic patients in the concept of Cox's Interactional Model Client Health Behavior.The research method of this study was a cross-sectional study based on the data triangulation in both qualitative data through semi-constructed interview and quantitative data through questionnaires on major variables of this study.The subjects for this study were total 215 with type 2 diabetes from Y university hospital in Seoul and M general hospital in Busan. The number of 118 were enrolled in good glycemic control group and that of 97 were enrolled in bad glycemic control group in accordance with their HbA1c level <7% or โค8% depends on age (less or more than 65 years). Among total 16 interviewees for semi-constructured interview, 8 were in the good glycemic control group (HbA1c level <7%) and the rest of 8 were in the bad glycemic control group (HbA1c level โฅ9%). The period of data collection was from August 24th to November 24th, 2006.The major findings of this study were described in below;1. The average HbA1c level of total patients was 7.48ยฑ1.16% and those of both good & bad glycemic control group were 6.77ยฑ0.54% and 8.35ยฑ1.13% respectively.2. The variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the bad glycemic control group were age, person who lives with, treatment type, number of diabetes medicine, (not) taking anti-hypertensive drug, family histories of diabetes, number of diabetes in families and perceived diabetes complications, FBG, PPG, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride level from background variables. In the dynamic variables from Cox's Model, they were exercise related self-efficacy and emotional burden related diabetic stress. In the client-professional interaction from Cox's Model, they were overall satisfaction with treatment, professional/technical competencies and health information. Finally in adherence to recommended care regimen which is the health outcome of Cox's Model, they were the level of physical activities (walking, activities related to leisure and work), the frequency of having between-meals, fatty food and drinking.3. In content analysis, total 5 categories such as intrinsic motivation, cognitive appraisal, affective response, adherence to recommended care regimen and the relationship between clients and medical staffs, 28 subcategories and 113 significant statements were derived from the good glycemic control group and 26 subcategories and 100 significant statements were from the bad glycemic control group.4. From the good glycemic control group, the intrinsic motivation drew self-confidence and self-controlled, the cognitive appraisal drew control-oriented, regulation, self-realization, information search, switching to positive thinking and intrinsic development, the affective response drew self-empowerment, positive, hardship and anxiety, the adherence to the recommended care regimen drew unconditional, regular, concrete, goal-oriented, adaptation, utilization and application, self-assertive, self-monitoring, restriction and sharing of experiences, and the relationship between clients and medical staffs drew cooperative, intimacy, wanting, regrettable, satisfaction, repletion of treatment and gratitude. In the bad glycemic control group, the intrinsic motivation drew lack of self-control and low self-confidence, the cognitive appraisal drew work-oriented, restriction, unacceptable, lack of knowledge and avoidance, the affective response drew regret, frustration, anger, ambivalence, burden, lack of support and existence of conflict situation, the adherence to the recommended care regimen drew self rationalization, optional, irrational approach, hesitation and hardship, and the relationship between clients and medical staffs drew disbelief, impractical explanation, one-way instructions, complaint, regrettable and humiliation.5. The integrated results from both quantitative and qualitative data have shown that the major characteristics of good glycemic control were shiftable, reasonable, cooperative and self-controlled and those of bad glycemic control were turned out to be lack of will, avoidance and sticking or disbelief.This study has the significance in a sense that it applied data triangulation to timely meet the need to change the direction on research of diabetes patients and intervention. The results of this study will be contributed to improve the diabetic management for type 2 diabetes patients by identifying factors related to glycemic control comprehensively, providing practical guidance through understanding of diabetic care experiences.ope
Urushiol and structurally similar compounds inhibit Myc-Max-DNA complex formation
Thesis (master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํํ๋ถ ์ํํ์ ๊ณต,2004.Maste