6 research outputs found

    Association between Fibrinogen and Carotid Atherosclerosis According to Smoking Status in a Korean Male Population

    Get PDF
    PURPOSE: Although inconsistent, reports have shown fibrinogen levels to be associated with atherosclerosis. Accordingly, since cigarette smoking is associated with increased levels of fibrinogen and atherosclerosis, it may also affect the association between fibrinogen and atherosclerosis. We investigated the associations between fibrinogen and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) according to smoking status in a Korean male population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma fibrinogen levels were measured in 277 men aged 40-87 years without a history of myocardial infarction or stroke. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was used to examine the common carotid arteries. IMT level was analyzed both as a continuous (IMT-max, maximum value; IMT-tpm, 3-point mean value) and categorical variable (higher IMT; presence of plaque). Serial linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between fibrinogen and IMT according to smoking status. RESULTS: Fibrinogen levels were positively associated with IMT-max (standardized ฮฒ=0.25, p=0.021) and IMT-tpm (standardized ฮฒ=0.21, p=0.038), even after adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in current smokers (n=75). No significant association between fibrinogen and IMT, however, was noted in former smokers (n=80) or nonsmokers (n=122). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for having plaque per one standard deviation higher fibrinogen level were 2.06 (1.09-3.89) for current smokers, 0.68 (0.43-1.10) for former smokers, and 1.06 (0.60-1.87) for nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that cigarette smoking may modify the association between fibrinogen and carotid atherosclerosis. Further studies are required to confirm this finding in different populations.ope

    Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Insulin Resistance in Apparently Healthy Adolescents

    Get PDF
    PURPOSE: Vitamin D deficiency is a common condition that is associated with diabetes and insulin resistance. However, the association between vitamin D and insulin resistance has not been fully studied, especially in the general adolescent population. Therefore, we assessed the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and insulin resistance among apparently healthy Korean adolescents. METHODS: A total of 260 (135 male and 125 female) adolescents in a rural high school were assessed for serum 25(OH)D, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin. All of the participants were aged 15 to 16 years old, and without known hypertension or diabetes. Serum 25(OH)D was analyzed both as a continuous and categorical variable in association with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Increased insulin resistance was operationally defined as a HOMA-IR value higher than the sex-specific 75th percentile. RESULTS: In male adolescents, every 10 ng/ml decrease in 25(OH)D level was associated with a 0.25 unit increase in HOMA-IR (pโ€Š=โ€Š0.003) after adjusting for age and BMI. Compared to those in the highest quartile, male adolescents in the lowest 25(OH)D quartile were at significantly higher risk for insulin resistance: unadjusted odds ratio 4.06 (95% CI, 1.26 to 13.07); age and BMI adjusted odds ratio 3.59 (95% CI, 1.03 to 12.57). However, 25(OH)D level, either in continuous or categorical measure, was not significantly associated with insulin resistance among female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that serum 25(OH)D level may be inversely associated with insulin resistance in healthy male adolescents.ope

    A Study on the Third Sector Social Housing Provision Policy and Its Performance in Seoul

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ดํฌ์—ฐ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ๋ฏผ๊ด€ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ(the third sector) ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ยท์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ต์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผํƒ์กฐํ•ฉยท๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์ด ์†Œ์œ ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์€ 2012๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์กฐ์ง ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •ยท์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์ด ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์กฐ์ง์— ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ž„๋Œ€, ์šด์˜ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ฃผํƒ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•๋„ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผํƒ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋ถ„์–‘์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด์ตยท์‹œ์„ธ์ฐจ์ต์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยท์žฌ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ†ต์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”, ์„ธ์ œ ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€, ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์ค€๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ ์ทจ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ „์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ˆ˜์š”์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต๊ณผ ์ค‘ํ•˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๊ฒฉ ์†Œ๋“๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ์ฑ…์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ €์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธํกํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ž„์ฐจ ํ›„ ์ „๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋…ธํ›„์ฃผํƒ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ์ทจ์ง€์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋…ธํ›„์ฃผํƒ ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ณ ์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ธฐํšยท์šด์˜์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„์ž…๊ณ„์ธต, ๋…ธ์ธ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ยท์ฐฝ์ž‘์ž, ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๊ฒธํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ, ์…ฐ์–ดํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์ด ์ฃผํƒ ๋งค์ž…ยท๊ฑด์„ค์— ์žฌ์ •์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋…ธํ›„์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ์ •๋น„ ๋“ฑ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ† ์ง€๋งค์ž…๋น„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์› ์ƒํ•œ์„  ๋“ฑ์ด ์กฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ž„์ฐจยท์ „๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์›์ฒœ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฏธ๋น„์ ์ด ๋ณด์™„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์ž„๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์‹œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Recently, due to the need of private-public partnership in providing public rental housing, the notion of third sector social housing of the West is being introduced in Korea. The third sector implies the realm which lies in between the public services provided by the government and the profit generating private sector. Social housing in the West includes affordable housing which is owned and managed by housing associations and not-for-profit organizations, and also public housing policy implementations in order to ensure a better housing environment. This is characteristic of third sector housing in that it is neither solely private nor provided and managed by the public sector. In Korea, Seoul was the first city to implement third sector social housing policies in 2012. Housing providers such as social economy organizations are responsible for providing finance and services regarding the housing, while the public sector shares the financial burden. In 2016, the central government initiated a social housing program which enabled social economy organizations to lease, operate, and manage housing, and related legislation was also pursued. This study aims to analyze social housing provision related policies and its achievements based in Seoul. This study examines the nature of Western social housing and the process of changes in social housing policies, and also derives the impacts of social housing within the overall housing policy environment. Furthermore, it analyzes the outcomes of social housing provision by identifying how the expected impacts are manifested. In order to do this, the study conducted in-depth interviews with social housing providers. First, the study investigated the provisioning system of public rental housing by the private sector. The study discovered that the private sector involvement in public rental housing was limited in merely ensuring public rental housing stock, and was conflicted by the distribution methods arising from differences in developing costs and profit margin. Also, providing housing through redevelopment and reconstruction incentives caused several issues such as relaxation of housing regulations, problems of partiality due to tax benefits and being consistent with urban planning, and the lack of effectiveness of the program. The semi-public rental housing system which was introduced to enhance the publicness of private rental housing, in result, defied its original purpose by relaxing regulations such as the initial rent regulation in the process of promoting private rental sector participation. The impacts of social housing, which is expected to overcome prior limitations and respond better to the changing policy environment, is as follows. First, the social housing provider, based on its social responsibilities will continuously provide affordable housing. Second, such provision method would be more suitable for small-scale housing development in existing residential areas. Third, this will satisfy a wide-ranging housing demand and contribute towards forming a stable housing community. The results of the analysis were as follows. First, social housing targets low and lower-middle-income households by respecting the initial rent regulation. However, due to the higher rent standards compared to public rental housing, this does not suffice in satisfying housing needs of the lowest income strata. The provisioning system which allows the housing provider to sublease after the initial private rental housing lease may not ensure long-term provision that exceeds ten years. Second, social housing responds to utilizing old housing and small-scale housing development. Also, since many providers feel strongly about linking housing provision with community activities, the revitalization of the residential area can be expected. However, from the suppliers side, there are problems of selecting and renovating old housing, lack of profitability due to the small scale development and also the lack of capabilities in planning and running community programs. Third, social housing has positive impacts on customized housing provision and community revitalization. Social housing targets one-person households, especially those entering the job market, senior citizens, artists and creators, and the disabled. It also exists in various types such as housing with office and shared house, offering a new housing environment standard. Housing is maintained relatively well based on the shared principles and amiable relations between tenants. The policy implications based on the analysis were as follows. First, in order to supply social housing on lower rent, a public sector role is required. It is possible to consider improving current provision models or investing in housing purchase and construction. Second, the appropriate scale of development needs to be considered in order to achieve local effectiveness such as improving deteriorated residential areas. In addition, based on such appropriate scale developments, the land purchase cost standards and subsidy support ceilings need to be adjusted. Third, the fundamental limits and systematic deficiencies of private rental housing lease and sub-lease need to be improved. Jointly owning and retaining housing by both public and social housing provider can be considered as in the case of land-leasehold social housing, and incentives can be given to private rental leasing companies for long-term lease. Last, understanding the nature of the third sector characteristics of social housing, various provision models which effectively share roles between the public sector and housing provider need to be planned and diverse methods of provision need to be pursued.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1) ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •์˜ 7 2) ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 3) ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 11 4) ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 19 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 25 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 2) ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์ฃผํƒ ๋„์ž…์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 27 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ 31 1. ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 31 1) ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ •์˜ 31 2) ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 33 2. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 35 1) ๋ถ„์–‘์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 37 2) ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยท์žฌ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 42 3) ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ 46 3. ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋„์ž… 52 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์œก์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… 52 2) ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌยท์ž์กฐ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 54 3) ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ํ™” 58 4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 63 1) ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง€์† 63 2) ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 64 3) ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” 66 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 68 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 68 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ฐœ์š” 68 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 77 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 81 1) ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 81 2) ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 85 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  104 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  104 2. ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 107 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 109 Abstract 116Maste

    ํก์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ์›๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋™๋งฅ ๋‚ด์ค‘๋ง‰ ๋‘๊ป˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ

    No full text
    Dept. of Public Health/์„์‚ฌFibrinogen may be associated with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). But some studies did not show the significant association between fibrinogen and CIMT. Smoking is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis and also related with increasing the level of fibrinogen. Thus, our hypothesis is that the association between fibrinogen and CIMT can be modified by smoking status.Fibrinogen was measured in 277 men who were aged 40-87 years, without history of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular diseases. Maximum and three point mean values (defined as IMTmax and IMTtpm, respectively) of CIMT measured by ultrasonography were used as continuous variables. Plaque was defined when IMTmax > 1.0 mm or an area of focal wall thickening was 100% greater than the neighboring sites. Independent association between fibrinogen and CIMT by smoking status was assessed by linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis.Fibrinogen was positively associated with CIMT even after adjustment for potential confounders such as age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in current smokers (Standardized รŸ for IMTmax = 0.25, p = 0.021; Standardized รŸ for IMTtpm = 0.21, p = 0.038). But there is no significant association between fibrinogen and CIMT in former (Standardized รŸ for IMTmax = -0.07, p = 0.421; Standardized รŸ for IMTtpm = -0.04, p = 0.605) and never smokers (Standardized รŸ for IMTmax = -0.01, p = 0.955; Standardized รŸ for IMTtpm = -0.04, p = 0.692). Odds ratio for having plaque that increased per 1 standard deviation of fibrinogen was 2.04 (95% CI, 1.08 - 3.85) in current smokers when adjusted for potential confounders, but not significant in former smokers (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.42-1.09), or never smokers (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.55-1.77). Our findings suggest that cigarette smoking may role as an effect modifier to the association between fibrinogen and CIMT.ope
    corecore