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    ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ „์œ„๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ: ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์ •ํ•ด๋ช….Seismic anisotropy observed in the mantle wedge and subducting slab may be largely influenced by lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine and amphibole. LPO of the minerals can be developed in dislocation creep and, therefore, it is important to understand dislocation microstructure and dominant slip system of the minerals. In this thesis, LPOs of olivine and tremolite and dislocation microstructures of olivine in the amphibole peridotites in ร…heim, Norway, were analyzed to understand deformation condition and microstructural evolution of amphibole peridotites during the orogenic event and their implications for seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge. In addition, microstructures of experimentally deformed amphibole (glaucophane) in blueschists were studied to understand the dislocation slip system of amphibole and to understand fault zone properties at the top of a subducting slab. LPO of the mineral was determined by an electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis and the slip system of dislocation was determined by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). ร…heim amphibole peridotites showed a porphyroclastic texture with abundant subgrain boundaries and some samples contained many hydrous minerals such as tremolite. Detailed microstructural analysis on the ร…heim peridotites revealed the evidence of multiple stages of deformation. The coarse-grained olivine showed A-type LPO of olivine, which can be interpreted as the initial stage of deformation. The spinel-bearing samples showed a mixture of B-type and C-type LPO of olivine, which is considered to represent the 2nd stage of deformation under water-rich conditions. The recrystallized fine-grained olivine displays B-type LPO, which can be interpreted as the third stage of deformation under water-rich conditions. The observation of the B-type LPO of olivine is important for an interpretation of trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge. The calculated seismic anisotropy of the tremolite showed that tremolite can contribute to the trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge. The EBSD mapping and the TEM observation of olivine were conducted for the ร…heim amphibole peridotites showing both A- and B-type LPO of olivine. The dominant slip system of olivine which was determined by subgrain boundaries was (001)[100] for both samples, and these subgrain boundaries might have resulted from the deformation under moderate water content in olivine or low strain deformation. TEM observation of olivine dislocation with the thickness-fringe method revealed that the free dislocations with (010)[100] slip system of olivine were dominant for both samples. These results suggest that the subgrain boundaries and free dislocations in the olivines represent the later stage deformation associated with the exhumation process. EBSD mapping of the tremolite-rich layer revealed intracrystalline plasticity in the amphibole which can be interpreted as activation of (100)[001] slip system in the tremolite. The LPO of tremolite coincided with the slip system, suggesting that the LPO of tremolite was significantly influenced by the dislocation creep. To understand the fault-triggering mechanism in the subducting slab and the deformation mechanism of the glaucophane, both lawsonite and epidote blueschist which were deformed experimentally in simple shear were studied. Amorphous material and nanocrystals of glaucophane were found in the fault gouge by TEM observation, which can enable the initiation of the instability by reducing the frictional coefficient of the blueschist. Detailed TEM observation of glaucophane in the epidote blueschist revealed abundant dislocations, which can be evidence of the activation of the dislocation creep.๋งจํ‹€ ์›จ์ง€์™€ ์„ญ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šฌ๋žฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์ „์œ„ ํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ -ํ™”ํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ „์œ„์˜ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ์˜คํ•˜์ž„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์นธ๋””์•ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์šด๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ์••๊ณ ์˜จ ์•”์„๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ์ „์œ„ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‹จ์ธต ๊ฐ€์šฐ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๊ฒฉ์žํ›„๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ฒ•(EBSD)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „์œ„ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(TEM)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜คํ•˜์ž„ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์€ ๊ฑฐ์ •์งˆ์„ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ž…์ž๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์ด ํ”ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜คํ•˜์ž„ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” A-ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋„ฌ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” B-ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ C-ํƒ€์ž…์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ • ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” B-ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ B-ํƒ€์ž… ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์€ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ตฌ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. EBSD ๋งคํ•‘๊ณผ TEM ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ์•„์ž…์ž๋ฉด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์œ„ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋Š” (001)[100]์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ์•„์ž…์ž๋ฉด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. TEM์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์œ„์˜ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด (010)[100] ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„์˜ ์•„์ž…์ž๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์˜ ์œต๊ธฐ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ EBSD ๋งคํ•‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํˆฌ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์—์„œ (100)[001] ์ „์œ„ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„ญ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šฌ๋žฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„(๋‚จ์„ฌ์„)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ „๋‹จ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ํŽธ์•” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ํŽธ์•”์˜ TEM ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚จ์„ฌ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋Š๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‹จ์ธต ๊ฐ€์šฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ํŽธ์•”์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฌ์„์—์„œ ์ „์œ„๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚จ์„์„์˜ ์ „์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์Šค ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋Š” [001]๋กœ ๊ฐ์„ฌ์„์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” LPO์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2. Microstructural evolution of amphibole peridotites in heim, Norway, and the implications for seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge 8 Abstract 9 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Geological setting and sample description 12 2.3. Experimental methods 15 2.3.1. The chemical composition of minerals 15 2.3.2. Measurement of LPO and seismic anisotropy 15 2.3.3. Measurement of water content in olivine 16 2.3.4. Dislocation microstructure 17 2.4. Result 18 2.4.1. Microstructure 18 2.4.2. Chemical compositions of minerals 23 2.4.3. LPO of minerals 25 2.4.4. Seismic velocity and anisotropy 31 2.4.5. Water content of olivine 38 2.4.6. Dislocation microstructure of olivine 41 2.5. Discussion 43 2.5.1. Development of LPO of olivine 43 2.5.2. The deformation history of heim peridotite 45 2.5.3. Implications for the seismic anisotropy in the SW Norway 47 2.5.4. Implications for the seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge 49 2.6. Summary 54 CHAPTER 3. Deformation mechanism of olivine and amphibole in amphibole peridotite from the heim, Norway 57 Abstract 58 3.1. Introduction 59 3.2. Geological setting and sample description 61 3.3. Experimental methods 65 3.3.1. EBSD data acquisition and processing 65 3.3.2. Dislocation microstructure observation 67 3.4. Result 68 3.4.1. EBSD mapping 68 3.4.2. Dislocation microstructure of olivine 73 3.5. Discussion 79 3.5.1. Deformation mechanism of the olivine 79 3.5.2. Deformation mechanism of the amphibole 80 3.5.3. Microstructural evolution of the heim amphibole peridotite 82 3.6. Summary 85 CHAPTER 4. Deformation mechanism of olivine and amphibole in amphibole peridotite from the heim, Norway 87 Abstract 88 4.1. Introduction 89 4.2. Experimental methods 90 4.2.1. Starting material 91 4.2.2. Shear deformation experiments 93 4.2.3. TEM foil preparation 96 4.2.4. TEM observation 98 4.3. Result 98 4.3.1. Amorphous material and nanocrystal 98 4.3.2. Dislocation microstructure of glaucophane 101 4.4. Discussion 104 4.4.1. Microstructure of the fault plane 104 4.4.2. Slip system of glaucophane 104 4.5. Summary and future work 105 CHAPTER 5. Conclusion 107 REFERENCE 110 ABSTRACT (in Korean) 132Docto

    A case of dermatomyositis associated with scrub typhus

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    A broad range of infectious agents can cause myopathy. However, the relationship between infectious agents and chronic inflammatory myositis is less clear; in addition, whether infectious agents cause polymyositis, dermatomyositis or inclusion body myositis is unknown. Scurb typhus is characterized by fever, rash, eschar, pneumonitis, meningitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation that leads to severe multiorgan failure. However, there are few case reports of scurb typhus associated with inflammatory myopathy. Here we report a case of scurb typhus associated with dermatomyositis and review the medical literatureope

    A Case of Candida Parapsilosis Infectious Arthritis in a Patient with Enteropathic Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis

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    Infectious arthritis is an important medical emergency with high morbidity. The most frequent causative organism of infectious arthritis is Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida is an uncommon pathogen. Candida arthritis has been reported to occur in seriously ill or immunocompromised patients and neonates. We report the first case of C. parapsilosis arthritis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. A 52-year-old woman was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis 1 year previously and took balsalazide. Pain and swelling in the right knee joint developed 6 months after diagnosis. She was diagnosed with enteropathic arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis and took methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and prednisolone for 3 months, but the symptoms did not improve. We finally diagnosed her with infectious C. parapsilosis arthritis by culturing the synovial fluid. The patient received amphotericin B for 6 weeks and underwent arthroscopic synovectomy. She finally experienced improvement of inflammation in the right knee jointope

    Retroperitoneal fibrosis in 27 Korean patients: single center experience

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    Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disease with unclear etiology, which is characterized by chronic non-specific inflammation of the retroperitoneum. This study was performed to investigate the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiologic findings, treatment and outcome in Korean patients with RPF. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 27 RPF patients who were admitted to Yonsei University Medical Center between 1998 and 2009. Twenty-two patients (81%) were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 yr. Nine patients had identifiable risk factors of RPF and three patients had combined autoimmune diseases. Acute phase reactants were elevated in most patients. Rheumatoid factor was positive in 3 of 16 patients (19%) and antinuclear antibody in 4 of 17 (24%). Five of 6 patients who were taken positron-emission tomography showed positive uptake. Glucocorticoids were used in 16 patients (59%) and four of them received combination therapy with azathioprine. After immunosuppressive treatment, the levels of acute phase reactants dropped, and the size of mass also decreased in most patients. In conclusion, the clinical characteristics of RPF in Korean patients are similar with other series except for higher proportion of male. Some patients with RPF have autoimmune features. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on RPF is good.ope

    The role of 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the assessment of disease activity in patients with takayasu arteritis

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    OBJECTIVE: The assessment of disease activity in Takayasu arteritis (TA) is difficult in clinical situations because clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters do not always reflect the actual inflammation of the arterial wall. We undertook this study to comprehensively investigate the role of (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the assessment of disease activity in patients with TA. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 53 FDG-PET scans in 38 patients with TA. We measured (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18) F-FDG) accumulation in the vascular wall of the large vessel using semiquantitative (visual grade) and quantitative (standard uptake value intensity) analyses. Clinical disease activity was evaluated based on the National Institutes of Health criteria for active TA, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured. RESULTS: At baseline, active vascular (18) F-FDG uptake (visual grade โ‰ฅ2) was observed in 18 of 24 patients with active disease and in 5 of 14 patients with inactive disease. There was a significant association between clinical disease activity and disease activity judged by FDG-PET (P = 0.008). Visual grade, standard uptake value intensity, and the number of vascular lesions with active (18) F-FDG uptake were significantly higher in patients with active disease and correlated well with the ESR and CRP levels. In 15 followup FDG-PET scans, the changes in visual grade, areas of active vascular (18) F-FDG uptake, and standard uptake value intensity reflected changes in clinical disease activity. CONCLUSION: (18) F-FDG uptake was associated with clinical disease activity and markers of inflammation, and FDG-PET reflected changes in clinical disease activity in patients with TA. FDG-PET may be a useful tool for aiding in the assessment of disease activity in patients with TA. Copyright ยฉ 2012 by the American College of Rheumatology.ope

    A Case of Successful Treatments of Venous Leg Ulcers in Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome

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    Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis, and pregnancy loss. A 57-year-old woman was admitted for aggravation of both leg ulcers. Venogram showed chronic venous obstructions at both lower extremities, and chest x-ray and computed tomography revealed serositis in pericardium and pleura. The laboratory tests revealed pancytopenia, and positive tests for antinuclear antibody, anti-dsDNA antibody, lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibody, which led to a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematous. After medical treatments by anticoagulation and immunosuppression, and surgical managements including subtotal skin graft and local flap surgery, leg ulcers had been successfully treated without recurrence. Recognition of antiphospholipid syndrome as a cause of venous ulcer and the treatment plans including anticoagulation and surgical management is important in proper managementsope

    ่˜‡่ปพ ้ฃฎ้ฃŸ่ฉฉ ็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ค‘์–ด์ค‘๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2006.Maste

    ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์ ํ‘œํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€(๊ณต์˜ˆ ์ „๊ณต), 2016. 2. ๋ฐฑ๊ฒฝ์ฐฌ.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ํ™”ํ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ ์ด์ž ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ, ์‚ฐ์—…์  ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ๋„์™€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๋งˆ์ˆ ์  ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์œ„, ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋งค์Šค์ปด๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์›ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒ์—… ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ด‘์ฑ„ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ˆ์ˆ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ, ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐํ˜•์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ธํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ˜•๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ’์ž์˜ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ˜•์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜ป์น ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์›์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ ์˜ป์น ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์›์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜น์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›์ฃ„์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์š•๋ง์€ ํƒ€์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์„๋‚œ์ง‘์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์€์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ˜•๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์Šนํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… .์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชฉ์  3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 โ…ก.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ 7 1.1.๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ 7 1.2.๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 9 1.3.ํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 10 1.4.๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 12 2.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ 15 2.1.์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์  ํž˜ 17 2.2.์‹ ๋ถ„, ๊ถŒ์œ„, ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ์ง• 21 2.3.๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์˜ ์ƒ์ง• 25 2.4.๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์˜ ์ƒ์ง• 31 3.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ํ™œ์šฉ 34 3.1.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 34 3.2.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ 40 3.3.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ 46 โ…ข.ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ˆ์ˆ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ 55 1.๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ณ  56 2.๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐํ˜•์  ํ™œ์šฉ 67 3.์š•๋ง๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ’์ž 75 โ…ฃ.์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 82 1.์˜ป์น ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์›์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 82 1.1.์˜ป์น ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ 83 1.2.์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 84 85 89 2.์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜น์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 94 2.1.์‚ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜๋ฏธ 95 2.2.์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 98 98 101 105 3.๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œ์ง‘๊ณผ ์š•๋ง์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 111 3.1.์กฐํ˜•์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณด์„๋‚œ์ง‘ 112 116 120 124 3.2.์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 128 130 134 140 โ…ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก  158 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 161 Abstract 170Docto

    The Study on Blood Revenge of the North Caucasus Minority: Focusing on the Dialectic Categories of Forgiveness and Reconciliation

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    ๋ถ์นดํ”„์นด์Šค ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜(blood revenge)๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–ธ๋œป ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ์นดํ”„์นด์Šค ๋ฏผ์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ํ•จ์˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์šฉ์„œ์™€ ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ์นดํ”„์นด์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตณ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ์นดํ”„์นด์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—๋Š” ์‚ด์ธํ•œ ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์นœ์กฑ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ ๋ช… ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง•๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ข…์ข… ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ, ์ด์—๋Š” ์ด ์‹์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ ์‚ด์ธํ•œ ์ž์™€ ํ™”ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋Œ€์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ๋“  ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ™”ํ•ด๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๊ณ ์˜ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ์นดํ”„์นด์Šค ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์„œ์™€ ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ๋ณ€์ฆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Most of the studies on the closer partnership between Russia and Iran in Syrian civil war have argued that it is a temporary partnership or a cooperation of necessity and limited and situational. Studies standing on the opposite side have criticized that the prevailing interpretations have ignored the two countries shared geopolitical interest in the Middle East including Syrian affairs, a conservative position on modern international norms, and complementary economic ties between themselves. On the analyses of Moscows and Tehrans intentions in military intervention in Syrian civil war, this paper argues that differently from the previous experiences, Russia-Iran relations are unlikely to worsen in line with Moscows improvement or intention of improvement in relations with the West, and expects the strategic alignment of Russia and Iran is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. The main driving forces are the two nations geo-strategic calculations in global and regional politics and particularly their geopolitical interest on al-Assads regime in Syria have been similar, and they have mostly shared values (authoritarianism and the conservative perspective on the main interstate norms) and non-Western identity.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2016S1A5A2A01022264)

    ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์•„ํฌ์˜ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค์Šค ๋‚˜ํŽ˜์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋žŒ์•”์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ž์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2011.8. ์ •ํ•ด๋ช….Maste
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