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    Comparative Analysis of On-board Methane and Methanol Reforming Systems combined with HT-PEM Fuel Cell for Hydrogen Fueled Ship Application

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    The International Maritime Organization (IMO) assessed that international shipping accounted for about 2.2% of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2012, which is approximately 796 million tonnes of CO2, and forecasted that this amount will increase between 50% and 250% in the period to 2050 under a business-as-usual scenario. As an efforts to reduce harmful emissions from shipping industry, in April 2018, the International Maritime Organization adopted an initial strategy to reduce the total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. Several alternatives to reduce GHG was proposed which include using carbon neutral fuel such as hydrogen, ammonia etc., increasing energy efficiency of engines, adopting waste heat recovery systems and other energy converters such as fuel cell. In this study, fuel cell as an alternative energy converter for marine application was investigated. The advantage of fuel cells for maritime applications is the reduction of noise, vibrations, and infra-red signatures, along with their modular and flexible design, water generation, etc., although they may be application specific. However, there are significant huddle which fuel cell has to overcome, and that is how to store fuels onboard safely. Both compressed hydrogen and liquefied hydrogen have disadvantages such as low volumetric energy density, high pressure(250~300bar for compressed H2) and cryogenic temperature(-253โ„ƒ for liquefied H2). Therefore in this study, fuel cell system using LNG or methanol as primary fuel, which both are being used as marine fuel, was considered. Steam methane reforming system fed by LNG and steam methanol reforming system fed by methanol, which both are combined with HT-PEMFC system for use in hydrogen-fueled ships was modeled in Aspen HYSYS environment. Exergy and energy analysis were implemented for comparison of systems. The required space for the primary fuel and the fuel cost have also been investigated to find the more advantageous system for ship application. All the simulations have been conducted at a fixed net electricity (Wnet,electrical : 475kW) to meet the average shaft power of the reference ship. Results show that at the base condition, the electrical efficiency of the methanol-based system are 9.37% higher than those of the methane-based system. The cogeneration efficiency of the methane-based system is 4.23% higher than that of the methanol-based system. The comparison of space for fuel reveals that the methanol-based system requires a space 1.07 times larger than that of the methane-based system for the total voyage time, although the methanol-based system has higher electrical efficiency. In addition, the methanol-based system has a fuel cost 1.07 times higher than that of the methane-based system to generate 475kW net of electricity for the total voyage time.๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(IMO)๋Š” ์ œ3์ฐจ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ 2012๋…„ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ธฐ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 2.2%์ธ 2์–ต 7,800๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด๋ฉฐ, 2050๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด ๋น„์œจ์ด ์•ฝ 50%์—์„œ 250%๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, 2018๋…„ 4์›”, ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค(GHG) ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 2008๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค(GHG) ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ์†Œ 50%๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์—”์ง„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ์—ด ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์†Œ์Œ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋“ฑ์ด ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์••์ถ•์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ๋ฐ•์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, -253โ„ƒ์˜ ๊ทน์ €์˜จ, ์••์ถ•์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 250~350bar์˜ ๊ณ ์••์ €์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ œ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„ ๋ฐ• ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” LNG ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ 1์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์˜จํ˜• ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ, LNG๋ฅผ 1์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ-๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ฐœ์งˆ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ 1์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ-๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ฐœ์งˆ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ Aspen HYSYS์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—‘์„œ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ ์šฉ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ •์ „๋ ฅ (Wnet : 475kW)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค 9.37% ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ด๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ด๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค 4.23% ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ €์žฅ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ด ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.07๋ฐฐ ๋” ํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 475kW์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.07๋ฐฐ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Fuel Cells as Alternative Solutions 3 1.3 Objective and Scope 4 2. Overview of Fuel Cell and Steam Reforming System 6 2.1 Fuel Cell Technologies 6 2.1.1 LT-PEMFC 9 2.1.2 HT-PEMFC 10 2.2 Steam Reforming Technologies 12 2.2.1 General 12 2.2.2 Steam Reforming Reaction 14 3. Literature Reviews 16 3.1 Steam Methane Reforming System and HT-PEM Fuel Cell 16 3.2 Steam Methanol Reforming System and HT-PEM Fuel Cell 17 4. System Descriptions 20 4.1 Reference Ship Description 20 4.2 Description of Steam Methane Reforming-Based System 21 4.3 Description of Steam Methanol Reforming-Based System 25 5. System Simulation and Assumptions 29 6. Methodology for Performance Evaluation 32 6.1 Energy Analysis of the Integrated Systems 32 6.2 Exergy Analysis of the Integrated Systems 34 7. Results and Discussion 36 7.1 Energy and Exergy Analysis 36 7.1.1 Effect of Varying Reforming Temperature 41 7.1.2 Effect of Varying Reforming Temperature 44 7.2 Space and Operational Cost 46 8. Conclusions 48 References 50Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ „์˜ํ•œ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์  ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด 4๋…„์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ 169๊ฐœ๊ต๋กœ, ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ 9๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ •์ ์ธ(+) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ(-) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์š”์ธ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์ •์ ์ธ(+) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ „์ž„๊ต์›๊ณผ ๋น„์ „์ž„๊ต์› ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์–‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ(-) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์› ์ธ์‚ฌ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ œ๋„๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.The objective of this thesis is to identify the factors affecting employment of lecturers in university, and to discover whether public-private distinction controls the effect. This study examined the employment of lecturer in university with technical factor, usually related to economic efficiency, and with institutional factor, often involving responding to regulatory constraints or social legitimacy. 169 universities in Republic of Korea have been analyzed, and the span of the data covers 2011-2019, when social discourse regarding job instability of lecturers in university had been on debate, with the revision of higher education act and with the advent of university basic competence assessment. The result shows lecture fee has positive effect, and the result of university basic competence assessment has negative effect on the employment of lecturers in university. Also, the effect of technical and institutional factor indicated to be controled by public-private distinction. The result suggests as follows: First, unlike previous research regarding temporary workers, the regression analysis indicated that lecture fee has positive effect on the employment of lecturers in university. This indicates that the cost aspect of both full-time and part-time lecturer should be considered. Second, the result of university basic competence assessment and its surrounding institutional environment needs further research in the view of sociological institutionalism. Third, the public-private distinction and other attributes of university, such as colleges with specialized majors, could account for the employment of lecturers in university.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 14 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 24 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 28 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 29 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ 34 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 45 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 54์„

    ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์  ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด 4๋…„์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ 169๊ฐœ๊ต๋กœ, ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ 9๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ •์ ์ธ(+) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ(-) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์š”์ธ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์ •์ ์ธ(+) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ „์ž„๊ต์›๊ณผ ๋น„์ „์ž„๊ต์› ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์–‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ(-) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์› ์ธ์‚ฌ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ œ๋„๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.The objective of this thesis is to identify the factors affecting employment of lecturers in university, and to discover whether public-private distinction controls the effect. This study examined the employment of lecturer in university with technical factor, usually related to economic efficiency, and with institutional factor, often involving responding to regulatory constraints or social legitimacy. 169 universities in Republic of Korea have been analyzed, and the span of the data covers 2011-2019, when social discourse regarding job instability of lecturers in university had been on debate, with the revision of higher education act and with the advent of university basic competence assessment. The result shows lecture fee has positive effect, and the result of university basic competence assessment has negative effect on the employment of lecturers in university. Also, the effect of technical and institutional factor indicated to be controled by public-private distinction. The result suggests as follows: First, unlike previous research regarding temporary workers, the regression analysis indicated that lecture fee has positive effect on the employment of lecturers in university. This indicates that the cost aspect of both full-time and part-time lecturer should be considered. Second, the result of university basic competence assessment and its surrounding institutional environment needs further research in the view of sociological institutionalism. Third, the public-private distinction and other attributes of university, such as colleges with specialized majors, could account for the employment of lecturers in university.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 14 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 24 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 28 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 29 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ 34 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 45 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 54์„

    Magnetic Properties of Disordered Electron Systems

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    DoctorStrongly correlated electron systems show a rich variety of astonishingphysical phenomena. The strong interactions make the theoretical descriptionof these systems a highly non-trivial tast, and even it becomesmore involved if disorder is introduced in the system.This study aims to address the interplay of strong correlations anddisorder in the rst part of this work. It begins with a theoreticalreview of the local moment formation and its quantum uctuationleading the Kondo problem using a mean eld analysis and perturbativescaling theory. A numerical method, or the kernel polynomialmethod (KPM), is introduced to analyze the disorder eect on theKondo eect. It is shown by direct comparisons that KPM resultsgives an excellent agreement with previous numerical and analyticalresults. Remarkably, it strongly supports the recent multifractal analysisof Kondo eect [KMVS12]. KPM is also implemented to study theRKKY interaction in disordered electron systems, after a theoreticalreview of RKKY interaction. Fascinating features of RKKY interactionon disordered graphene are intensively discussed. Semiclassicaldescription of RKKY interaction is presented to give an intuitive understandingand to explain the disorder eect on it. In order to addressthe competition between the Kondo eect and RKKY interaction, thefull distribution of the so-called Doniach criteria, i.e. the ratio betweenthe Kondo temperature and RKKY interaction, is numericallyderived and analyzed. It shows a sharp cuto which allows us to determinethe critical density below which Kondo wins at all positionsin a disordered sample. Based on the analysis of the critical magneticimpurity density, Doniach phase diagram is derived as function of thelocal exchange coupling and intensively discussed.In the second part, analytical study of the optical conductivity and thedensity of states of Kondo lattice systems immersed in massless Diracfermion bath is presented using a slave-boson mean eld theory. Afterthe hybridization, the pseudo-gapt at the center of Dirac fermion bathis shifted into both the upper and the lower quasiparticle band. It isfound that, due to the linear dispersion and the particle-hole symmetryof the Dira fermion, the Kondo insulator gap is observable in the directinterband transition in the optical conductivity. This is in contrast tothe conventional Kondo lattice system
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