기업지배구조 문제를 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 법학전문대학원 법학과, 2023. 2. 정준혁.스타트업에 대한 관심은 국내, 해외 가릴 것 없이 급격하게 늘어나고 있다. 많은 민간자본이 벤처투자로 흘러가고 있으며, 대기업 중심의 경제구조를 개편하고자 하는 정부도 스타트업에 많은 관심을 두고 있다. 특히 우리 정부는 2017년 중소벤처기업부를 신설하고, 2020년 「벤처투자 촉진에 관한 법률」을 제정하는 등 스타트업 육성에 적극적인 움직임을 보여왔으며, 벤처투자를 촉진하고 스타트업의 상장을 유도하기 위한 스타트업 지원 정책을 추진하고 있다. 그러나 스타트업 기업지배구조의 특성을 무시한 일방적인 지원 정책은 바람직하다고 보기 어렵다. 스타트업의 경우, 기업지배구조를 구성하는 각 구성원과 그들의 행동양식이 일반기업과 다르다. 일반 기업에서는 주주, 이사, 대표이사 등 경영진이 기업지배구조를 형성하며, 이들 사이에 주인-대리인 문제가 기업지배구조의 핵심이라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 스타트업 기업지배구조는 창업자와 투자자의 투자계약을 통해 형성된다. 창업자와 투자자는 서로 이해가 충돌하기도 하지만 궁극적으로는 새로운 투자를 유치하고 엑시트를 통한 자금회수를 최우선 목표로 한다. 이로 인해 일반 기업에 비해 창업자를 비롯한 경영진에 대한 감독 및 견제 기능이 약화된 기업지배구조를 갖게 된다. 스타트업 창업자에 대한 감독 및 견제의 약화는 창업자가 투자자 등 주주의 압력에서 벗어나 자유롭게 혁신을 추구하며 기업가치를 높일 수도 있다는 점에서 긍정적인 요소로 여겨지기도 한다. 그러나 창업자, 경영진에 대한 감독 및 견제가 약화된 기업지배구조는 긍정적인 면만 있는 것이 아니다. 창업자의 사익추구나 위법, 부적절한 경영을 방지하기 어려워지기 때문이다. 이로 인해 투자자, 직원, 거래처, 소수주주 등 여러 이해관계자에게 피해를 안길 수도 있으며, 상장한 스타트업과 같이 일반 투자자가 유입된 경우 그 피해가 일반 투자자에게까지 이어질 가능성이 크다. 본 논문은 WeWork, Theranos, Nikola, Zenefits, 그리고 옐로모바일이라는 5개 스타트업의 사례를 분석한다. 이를 통해 창업자에 대한 감독 및 견제 기능이 약화된 스타트업의 기업지배구조 문제와 이로 인해 발생하는 개별적, 사회적 손실을 살펴봄으로써, 현재 우리나라에서 추진하고 있는 스타트업 지원 정책을 비판적으로 검토하고자 한다. 간략히 정리하자면, 공적자금을 투입하여 벤처투자를 지원한다면 그 지원을 받는 스타트업의 창업자에 대한 적절한 감독, 통제가 이루어지고 있는지 사후적인 감독이 필요하다. 벤처투자자의 자금회수를 위해 중간회수시장을 활성화하려면 비상장기업에 대한 정보가 부족한 일반 투자자에 대한 피해로 이어질 수 있음을 인지하고 이를 방지할 방법을 마련해야 한다. 스타트업에 대한 상장요건을 완화한다면 일반 투자자 보호를 위한 적절한 대책도 함께 고민해야 한다. 즉. 스타트업 지원 정책 수립에는 스타트업 기업지배구조의 취약성에 대한 고려가 필요하며, 창업자에 대한 감독과 통제의 결여가 가져올 문제와 그에 대한 적절한 보완책에 대한 검토를 수반해야 한다.Interest in startups is rapidly increasing regardless of domestic or overseas. As private capital investment on startup increases, Government who wants to reorganize the economic structure is also investing public funds on startup. Korean government has been active on supporting startup by establishing Ministry of SMEs and Startups in 2017, enacting Act on the Promotion of Venture Investment in 2020. However, it is also necessary to look at the behind-the-scenes of various policies that support startups. In the case of startups, members of corporate governance structure and their behavior are different from general companies. In general companies, shareholders, directors and CEO forms a corporate governance structure and the owner-agent issue is the core of the governance. But in startup, the corporate governance is formed by investment contract between founders and investors. In most cases, Founders and investors have same purpose, successful exit through M&A or IPO. It weakens investors supervision on founders management. The weakening of supervision can be considered as a positive factor in startup because it makes founder freely pursue innovation and increase corporate value. But it also has negative side. The corporate governance which doesnt have enough supervision on the founders malpractice may damage lots of stakeholders such as venture investors, employees, clients and even general investors. This paper analyzes the case of five startups: WeWork, Theranos, Nikola, Zenefits, and Yellow Mobile. Through this, we can critically review the governments startup policies by looking at the corporate governance problems and the individual and social losses cause by them. Startup support policy with public funds needs considering how to monitor and supervise the founders malpractice. Activating early-exit market policy needs recognizing that it can lead to damage to general investors who lack enough information on governance problem of unlisted startups. Relaxing listing requirements policy needs the way to protect general investors who only depend on the expected corporate value. In conclusion, the government needs to consider the vulnerabilities of startup governance in startup support policies and prepare remedial measures to supplement the policies.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 연구내용 및 방법 3 제 2 장 스타트업의 기업지배구조 5 제 1 절 스타트업 5 제 2 절 스타트업과 벤처투자 7 1. 벤처투자 7 2. 벤처투자계약 8 3. 벤처투자와 기업지배구조 11 제 3 절 스타트업 기업지배구조의 특징 12 1. 주식회사의 기업지배구조 12 2. 스타트업의 경우 13 3. 소결 18 제 3 장 스타트업 기업지배구조의 문제점 20 제 1 절 사례 분석 20 1. WeWork 20 2. Theranos 23 3. Nikola 27 4. Zenefits 31 5. 옐로모바일 35 제 2 절 원인 분석 40 1. 창업자 측면 40 2. 투자자 측면 44 제 3 절 기업지배구조 문제로 인한 피해 49 1. 개요 49 2. 개별적 손실 50 3. 사회적 손실 54 제 4 절 소결 55 제 4 장 스타트업 관련 법제 및 정책 검토 57 제 1 절 자금지원 정책 57 1. 개요 57 2. 정책 현황 57 3. 해외 사례 65 4. 검토 70 제 2 절 중간회수시장 활성화 정책 72 1. 개요 72 2. 정책 현황 72 3. 해외 사례 74 4. 검토 75 제 3 절 상장요건 완화 정책 75 1. 개요 75 2. 정책 현황 76 3. 해외 사례 80 4. 검토 83 제 5 장 결론 85 참고문헌 87 Abstract 95석

서울시 다문화가정 맞춤형 구강건강증진 모형 개발

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 치의학대학원 치의학과 예방치학전공, 2016. 2. 진보형.본 연구는 수도권 지역에서 비교적 다문화가정이 많이 밀집되어있는 서울시 광진구를 조사대상 지역으로 선정하여, 거주하는 다문화가정을 대상으로 PRECEDE-PROCEED 모형을 이용하여 효율적인 다문화가정 구강건강증진사업 및 관리 모형을 개발할 목적으로 연구를 시행하였다. 이번 연구는 다문화가정의 구강건강상태에 대한 문헌 조사 후 서울시 광진구에 등록된 전체 다문화 가구원의 약 6.4%인 280명을 조사 가능 집단으로 선정하였고, 이 중 조사에 성실히 응답한 외국인 이주 배우자 152명을 최종 분석 대상으로 구강건강실태 검사와 구강건강행동에 관한 설문을 조사 하였으며, 맞춤형구강건강관리프로그램을 시행한 후, 이를 분석 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 성향요인과 실현요인에 따른 구강건강행동은 구강건강을 중요하게 인식하고 구강보건지식 점수가 높을수록 이닦기횟수가 유의하게 늘어나는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 2) 행위요인과 환경요인에 따른 구강건강상태는 한국어사용장애와 주관적구강건강인식도에서 유의하게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 한국어사용장애가 적을 수록 구강건강상태가 양호하였다. 3) 구강건강관련 삶의 질에 대한 영향요인은 지역사회치주가료필요지수, 구강건강장애인식, 구강건강민감성인식 순으로 구강건강관련 삶의 질에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다(p<0.05). 4) 프로그램 실시 후 대상자들의 성향요인 중 문화적신념은 증가하였고, 민감성인식은 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 실현요인 중 구강보건지식이 증가하였고 장애인식은 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 주관적구강건강인식이 유의한 수준으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 이번 연구 결과를 바탕으로 고안된 구강건강증진 모형을 활용하여 다문화가정의 지속적 구강건강관리를 시행한다면 더 향상된 구강건강상태와 삶의 질 향상을 도모할 수 있을 것이다.Purpose of this study was to develop customized oral health promotion model which was providing oral health education, dental treatment and reassement based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model for multiculture family in Seoul. Multicultural family oral health, 152 immigrant foreign spouses (3.5% number of whole multicultural family number (4,383) registered in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul) were providing oral health educating and dental treatment based on oral examination and survey following re-assessment during 6 months. The results were as follows. 1) There was significant relationship between perceived salience and tooth brushing frequency (p<0.05), and higher oral health knowledge score showed increased the number of tooth brushing frequency. 2) Oral health behavior and environment factors, relationship between subjective oral health awareness and barrier of Korean language ability was significant (p<0.05). Being the condition of lack of recognizing barrier of Korean language lead to perceive oral health status good. 3) Community periodontal index of treatment needs, perceived barrier of oral health belief, perceived susceptibility of oral health belief were significant affecting factors of quality of life related oral health (p<0.05). 4) Cultural belief score, oral health knowledge score and subjective oral health awareness were significantly increased after providing oral health promotion program (p<0.05), but perceived barrier of oral health belief and perceived susceptibility of oral health belief scores were significantly decreased (p<0.05). This study showed that it is recommended to provide oral health education and treatment programs of oral disease lead to maintain oral health and improving quality of life for multicultural families.I. 서 론 1 II. 연구배경 3 1. 다문화가정의 전반적인 현황 3 2. 다문화가정의 의료 이용 실태 6 3. 다문화가정의 구강건강신념과 문화적신념 10 4. PRECEDE-PROCEED 관리 모형 12 5. 선행연구 14 III. 연구 개념틀 15 1. 연구 개념적 기본틀 15 2. 연구 모형 제시 과정별 모형 단계 16 3. PRECEDE-PROCEED 모형을 적용한 분석 및 평가 과정 17 IV. 연구대상 및 방법 21 1. 연구대상 21 2. 연구방법 23 V. 연구성적 39 1. 치아건강상태 39 2. 성향요인, 실현요인에 따른 구강건강행동 40 3. 행위요인, 환경요인에 따른 구강건강상태 44 4. 구강건강관련 삶의 질 분석 49 5. 구강건강관련 삶의 질 관련요인 분석 50 6. 구강건강관련 삶의 질 영향요인 다중회귀 분석 57 7. 프로그램 평가 59 8. 대상자들의 요구도 및 참여도 61 VI. 고 안 63 Ⅶ. 결 론 72 참 고 문 헌 73 영 문 초 록 82Docto

An Analysis on the Determinants of Labor Demand in Korean Construction Industry

A lot of articles has pointed that recent polarization in Korean society is mainly attributed to wage discrepancy in labor market which contributes to income discrepancy between laborers and that it is quite related with segmentation of labor market. This kind of phenomenon has been expanded since Korean economic crisis which happened in 1998. Under this social background, this thesis aims to empirically analyze the determinants of labor demand in Korean construction industry, based on the human capital theory and the segmented labor market theory. First it was examined whether the labor market in Korean construction industry is substantially segmented. It is founded that due to the unique labor market structure of construction industry, such as subcontracting system in working, complexity of products, space-centered working system, the tendency of segmentation in labor market of the industry is more reinforced than that in other manufacturing industry, in terms of institution and market structure through the date issued by the National Statistical Office, Korea Construction Association. Second, based on these findings, I set up the model which is designed to make analysis of how and by which factors labor demands is determined in each segmented labor market. To do this, three factor-Cobb-Douglas production function which consists of capital, labor I(low-educated labor, unskilled labor and labor II, , is used. Labor I means labor demand from external labor market while labor II means that from internal labor market. The estimation equations which can make it possible to estimate the determinants of labor demand in each segmented labor market were derived by applying cost-minimizing principle to this production function, with the results that the labor demands in each labor market are determined by relative production factor price between three factors, the quantity of production and technical progress. The derived estimation equations are as follows. Based on the above estimation equations, in terms of estimation method was SUR(seemingly unrelated regression) method used, because ORS(ordinary least square) that assumes independent and identical disturbance terms cannot cover the simultaneous equation system with auto-correlated disturbance term. The purport of the estimation results are as follows. First, the labor demand of low-educated laborer in the whole labor market is not affected by the relative price of any production factor, while the quantity of production and technical progress have a positive effect on labor demand. But the substitutive relation between male and female laborers was founded Second, the labor demand of high-educated laborer in the whole labor market was increased only when technical progress takes place. Male laborers with high education year increase with increment of production quantity and technical progress while female laborers with high-education year increase when the relative price of capital() in terms of the price of high-educated labor rise. The labor demand of unskilled laborers increases when the relative price of the skilled laborer()rises. The rise of relative skilled laborer and technical progress increases labor demand of male unskilled laborer while female laborers are not affected by any factors. Fourth, only technical progress increases employment of skilled laborers. The same results appear in case of male and female laborers. But it has a larger effect on female skilled laborers than male skilled ones. Fifth, technical progress decreases the labor demand of irregular laborers Sixth, technical progress increases the labor demand of regular laborers and technical employees. Seventh, the relative price of capital() increases female labor demand. The labor demand of high-educated female laborers are the same case, while that of low-educated female labores are not affected by any factors. Eighth, technical progress increases labor demand of male labores. The labor demand of high-educated male laborers are the same case, while that of low-educated male labores are increased by increment of production quantity. Based on these findings, two things can be shown as implication of policy. First, the clearest result is that technical progress causes the unemployment of irregular laborers. Second, it is found that there are generally the substitutive relation between two labors and the complimentary relation between physical capital and two labors. Therefore, government should prepare the labor policy considering this point.Abstract ⅷ 제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 연구의 범위와 방법 4 2. 1 연구방법 4 2. 2 연구범위 5 제 3 절 연구의 구성 6 제 2 장 노동시장의 이론적 검토 9 제 1 절 노동시장구조 이론 9 1. 1 경쟁노동시장론 9 1. 2 분절노동시장론 12 1. 3 소 결 18 제 3 장 한국 건설산업의 노동시장 구조 19 제 1 절 건설산업의 현황 20 1. 1 건설산업의 발전과 의의 20 1.1.1 건설산업의 비중 23 1.1.2 건설산업의 파급효과 30 1. 2 건설산업의 특징 31 제 2 절 건설산업의 노동시장현황 36 2. 1 건설산업의 노동형태 36 2. 2 건설산업의 임금구조 38 2.2.1 건설산업의 임금 결정 메카니즘 39 2.2.2 건설산업 임금현황 40 (1) 명목임금 41 (2) 실질임금 43 (3) 학력별 임금격차 46 1) 학력별 임금조정 46 2) 전체 노동자 학력별 임금 47 3) 남자 노동자 학력별 임금 49 4) 여자 노동자 학력별 임금 51 (4) 숙련별 임금 54 1) 숙련과 미숙련 구분 54 2) 숙련과 미숙련 노동 임금현황 55 (5) 직종별 임금 58 (6) 성별 임금격차 62 2.2.3 고용현황 65 (1) 고용구조의 특징 65 (2) 학력별 고용 65 1) 전체학력별 노동자수 65 2) 남자학력별 노동자수 67 3) 여자학력별 노동자수 69 (3) 숙련별 고용 72 (4) 직종별 고용 74 (5) 성별 고용 76 제 4 장 실증분석 모형 설정 78 제 1 절 추정모형 설정 78 제 2 절 통계자료 80 2. 1 건설산업 종사자의 임금 및 노동자수 80 2. 2 학력별 노동수요와 임금 80 2. 3 직종별 임금 및 노동자수 81 2. 4 시장이자율과 금융비용 82 2. 5 매출액 82 2. 6 소비자 물가지수 83 제 3 절 변수관련 설명 83 3. 1 종속변수 83 3. 2 독립변수 85 3.2.1 상대 자본가격 86 3.2.2 상대 임금가격 86 3.2.3 매출액과 부가가치액 87 3.2.4 기술진보 88 제 4 절 통계분석 방법 88 4. 1 단위근 검정(Unit Root Test) 88 4. 2 공적분 검정(Cointegration Test) 89 4. 3 추정방법:SUR(Seemingly Unrelated Regression) 추정법 90 제 5 장 추정결과 및 해석 92 제 1 절 추정결과 92 5. 1 단위근 검정결과 92 1) 학력별 단위근 검정결과 92 2) 숙련도별 단위근 검정결과 93 3) 직종별 단위근 검정결과 94 4) 성별 단위근 검정결과 95 5. 2 공적분 검증결과 97 1) 학력별 공적분 검증결과 97 2) 숙련도별 공적분 검증결과 98 3) 직종별 공적분 검증결과 99 4) 성별 공적분 검증결과 100 5. 3 SUR(Seemingly Unrelated Regression) 추정 결과 100 1) 학력별 SUR 추정결과 101 2) 숙련도별 SUR 추정결과 109 3) 직종별 SUR 추정결과 112 4) 성별 SUR 추정결과 116 가. 남녀 학력별 SUR 추정결과 116 나. 남녀 숙련도별 SUR 추정결과 120 제 6 장 요약 및 결론 123 참 고 문 헌 130 단위근 검정 결과표 138 공적분 검정 결과표 142Docto

Polymorphism of the ACE Gene in Dialysis Patients: Overexpression of DD Genotype in Type 2 Diabetic End-Stage Renal Failure Patients

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene DD homozygote has been suggested to be a significant risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. We analyzed clinical parameters and ACE genotype distribution between type 2 diabetic patients at the extremes of renal risk, i.e. an end-stage renal failure (ESRF) group (n = 103, group 1) who were on dialysis therapy due to progression of diabetic nephropathy, and a no progression group (n = 88, group 2) who had maintained normal renal function and normoalbuminuria for more than 15 years. There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, HbA1c level, or lipid profiles between the two groups (p > 0.05). Group 1 had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension [group 1: 82.5% (85/103) vs. group 2: 50.0% (44/88), p < 0.05] and diabetic retinopathy [group 1: 103/103 (100%) vs. group 2: 28/88 (31.8%), p < 0.05] than group 2. Daily urinary albumin excretion was also higher in group 1 than in group 2 [group 1: 2873 ± 2176 mg/day vs. 12 ± 7 g/day, p < 0.05]. The frequencies of the DD, ID, and II genotypes of the ACE gene in group 1 and group 2 were 26.2%, 47.6%, and 26.2%, and 7.9%, 57.9%, and 34.2%, respectively. The ACE genotype frequencies between the two groups were significantly different according to a chi-square test with Bonferroni's correction (p = 0.004). The presence of the DD genotype increased the risk of ESRF 4.286-fold compared to the II genotype [odds ratio 4.286, 95% CI 1.60-11.42, p = 0.005]. The frequency of the D-allele was higher in both male and female patients in group 1 compared to group 2, but reached statistical significance only in males [male, group 1: 50.8% vs. group 2: 35.0%, p = 0.018, female, group 1: 48.8% vs. group 2: 39.5%, p = 0.231]. This study, although limited by sample size, showed that type 2 diabetic ESRF patients more frequently expressed the DD genotype. These findings may substantiate the previously noted relationship between the ACE DD genotype and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Korean type 2 diabetic patients.ope

Reduced residual renal function is a risk of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Loss of residual renal function (RRF) contributes to anaemia, inflammation and malnutrition and is also a strong predictor of mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. However, the role of RRF on peritonitis is not yet clearly established. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RRF on the development of peritonitis. METHODS: Study subjects were 204 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who started PD from January 2000 to December 2005. Biochemical and clinical data within 1 month of PD commencement were considered as baseline. To determine risk factors for peritonitis, multivariate Cox regression was performed. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to examine the difference of peritonitis-free period according to the presence of diabetes and RRF. RESULTS: On univariate analysis based on baseline data in first peritonitis, diabetes was less prevalent and RRF (6.7+/-2.6 vs 4.0+/-2.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, P<0.01), haemoglobin (10.9+/-1.2 vs 10.6+/-1.2 g/dl, P<0.05) and serum albumin level (3.6+/-0.4 vs 3.4+/-0.4 g/dl, P<0.01) were significantly higher in the peritonitis-free group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that time to first PD peritonitis episode was significantly longer in the non-diabetic patients (P<0.001) and in patients with higher residual GFR (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes [hazard ratio(HR) 1.64, P<0.05] and RRF (per 1 ml/min/1.73 m2 increase, HR 0.81, P<0.01) were independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that RRF and diabetes were risk factors for peritonitis. These results suggest that preservation of RRF should be viewed as a protective strategy to reduce peritonitis.ope

The clinical usefulness of peritoneal dialysis fluids with neutral pH and low glucose degradation product concentration: an open randomized prospective trial

BACKGROUND: Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with the development of various structural and functional changes to the peritoneal membrane when bioincompatible conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) are used. In this study, we looked at patients that were treated with conventional PDFs and then changed to novel biocompatible PDFs with a neutral pH and a low concentration of glucose degradation products (GDPs) to investigate whether this change could result in the arrest or reversal of peritoneal membrane deterioration. METHODS: In an open label, randomized prospective trial, the clinical effects of conventional PDFs and biocompatible PDFs with neutral pH and very low concentration of GDPs were compared in 104 patients equally divided between both study PDFs. Blood and effluent dialysate samples, peritoneal equilibration tests, and adequacy evaluation were undertaken at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months. The target variables were the ratio of dialysate-to-plasma (D/P) creatinine, peritoneal ultrafiltration, residual renal function, dialysis adequacy indices, and effluent cancer antigen 125 (CA125). RESULTS: D/P creatinine values were not different in the two groups. Peritoneal ultrafiltration was significantly higher in the low-GDP PDF group than in the conventional PDF group at all follow-up times (4 months: 9.1 +/- 4.3 vs 6.0 +/- 3.0; 8 months: 8.3 +/- 3.4 vs 6.0 +/- 3.0; 12 months: 8.9 +/- 3.3 vs 6.1 +/- 3.3 mL/g dextrose/day; p < 0.05). Peritoneal Kt/V urea values and total weekly Kt/V urea values at 4 months were significantly higher in the low-GDP PDF group than in the conventional PDF group. Residual renal function was not statistically significant. Effluent CA125 levels were significantly higher in the low-GDP PDF group at all follow-up visits (4 months: 37.8 +/- 20.8 vs 22.0 +/- 9.5; 8 months: 41.2 +/- 20.3 vs 25.9 +/- 11.3; 12 months: 40.4 +/- 21.4 vs 28.6 +/- 13.0 U/mL; p < 0.05). Among anuric patients, peritoneal ultrafiltration at 4, 8, and 12 months, total weekly Kt/V at 4 and 8 months, and CA125 levels at all follow-up visits were significantly higher in patients treated with low-GDP PDF than those treated with conventional PDF. However, among anuric patients, D/P creatinine showed no significant differences between the low-GDP PDF group and the conventional PDF group. CONCLUSION: The use of biocompatible PDFs with neutral pH and low GDP concentration can contribute to improvement of peritoneal ultrafiltration and peritoneal effluent CA125 level, an indicator of peritoneal membrane integrity in PD patientsope

Differential Gene Expression According to the Size ofGlomeruli in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy

Purpose: Although a few gene-profiling studies with whole renal tissue have been described in experimental diabetic nephropathy, there is only one microarray study using diabetic glomeruli. Furthermore, hypertrophic glomeruli have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to elucidate gene expression profiles of hypertrophic glomeruli in early diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Forty-male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diluent (N=20) or streptozotocin intraperitoneally (DM, N=20) and were sacrificed at 6- and 12-week. Glomeruli were isolated by sieving technique. Glomeruli from 125 and 75 m sieves were classified into large (hypertrophic, DM-LG) and small glomeruli (DM-SG), respectively. After RNA extraction, hybridization was performed on the Rat cDNA 5K chip in triplicate, and slides were analyzed. The significant genes were selected using significant analysis of microarray. Results: At 6-week, hierarchical clustering revealed that gene expression profiles of DM-LG were different from those of DM-SG, whereas DM-SG and C glomeruli showed similar gene expression pattern. In contrast, gene expression profiles at 12-week were similar between DM-LG and DM-SG, whereas C glomeruli showed different gene expression pattern from DM glomeruli. At 6-week, a total of 207 genes showed greater than 1.5-fold differential expression. 149 genes were upregulated, whereas 58 were downregulated in DM-LG. On the other hand, differential gene expression greater than 1.4 - fold was observed in 37 genes at 12-week, upregulated in 26 and downregulated in 11. Conclusion: These results suggest that the gene expression profiles of DM-LG are different from DM-SG, and the gene expression patterns change with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.ope

Risk factors of gastrointestinal bleeding for end-stage renal disease patients

Background: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is not a rare complication in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis and the occurrence of GIB has also been associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. However, reasons for the high incidence of GIB are not clear. This retrospective study was undertaken not only to analyze the clinical features of GIB but also to elucidate the independent risk factors for GIB in Korean ESRD patients. Methods: One hundred thirty ESRD patients on dialysis at the Severance Hospital of Yonsei University College of Medicine from January 2000 to December 2005 were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: 65 patients with GIB (the GIB group) and 65 age-, sex-, and dialysis modality-matched patients without GIB (the C group). Clinical characteristics, medications, and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups. Results: Compared to the C group, congestive heart failure (40.0% vs. 21.5%, p<0.05), coronary arterial occlusive disease (CAOD) (32.3% vs. 4.6%, p<0.005), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use (18.4% vs. 1.5%, p<0.01) were significantly more common in the GIB group. The baseline serum albumin levels were significantly lower in the GIB group than in the C group (2.53±0.67 g/dL vs. 3.56±0.63 g/dL, p<0.005). Using logistic regression analysis, CAOD (OR=23.0), NSAID use (OR=12.5), and lower serum albumin levels (OR=2.9) were identified as independent risk factors for GIB (p<0.05). Conclusions: Careful attention must be paid to ESRD patients with CAOD, taking NSAIDs, or with low serum albumin levels in view of GIB.ope

칸트주의자로서의 푸코 : 윤리적 실천으로서의 자유의 옹호 이태희.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :외교학과,1998.Maste

Construction of an Integrated Interface for Design Optimization of a Combat Vehicle System Using Maple Symbolic Computation

고 충실도 모델을 사용하여 상용 통합최적설계 소프트웨어를 통한 상세설계 사례가 증가하고 있다. 하지만, 전투차량과 같이 복잡한 시스템을 설계하기 위해서는 언어 기반 모델을 사용한 체계 수준의 접근이 필요하다. 또한, 수치 연산을 이용한 상용 최적화 알고리즘을 통해 경사도 계산 시, 계산 비용이 증가하고 행렬 연산 과정에 의해 최적화 시간이 허비될 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 언어 기반 모델을 이용한 개념설계에 초점을 맞추어 통합 인터페이스를 구축하고, 기호 연산을 도입하여 효율적으로 최적화를 수행하였다. 통합 인터페이스와 기호 연산의 효용성을 보이기 위해 전투차량체계 최적설계를 수행하였으며, 기호 연산을 통해 최적화 시간이 매우 크게 감소하였다.The number of detail design cases via commercial process integration and design optimization software using high-fidelity models is increasing. However, a system-level approach using a language-based model is required to design more complex systems, such as combat vehicles. Additionally, calculation costs can increase when calculating gradient through a commercial optimization algorithm using numerical computation. Moreover, optimization time can be wasted by the matrix computation process. Therefore, this paper constructs an integrated interface that focuses on concept design using a language-based model, performing efficient optimization by implementing symbolic computation. Design optimization of a combat vehicle system is performed to show the effectiveness of the integrated interface and symbolic computation, and the optimization time is highly reduced via symbolic computation.본 연구는 방위사업청과 국방과학연구소의 지원으로 수행되었습니다. (계약번호: UC150014ID