25 research outputs found

    Arthroscopic treatment of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ† ์ด๋“œ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฒฝ์  ํ™œ์•ก๋ง‰ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข์•„์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฒฝ์  ํ™œ์•ก๋ง‰ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์‘์ฆ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด 1993๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์š”์ˆ˜๊ทผ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ทผ ๊ด€์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฒฝ์  ํ™œ์•ก๋ง‰ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 18๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 18๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ค‘ ์–‘์ธก์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 19๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท  ์ถ”์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 58๊ฐœ์›”(33๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 118๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€)์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3๋ช…์€ ์—ฌ์ž 15๋ช…์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 36์„ธ(16์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 66์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€)์˜€๋‹ค. Modified Mayo wrist score์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ 44.41์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 66.47๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.(p<0.05) Modified Mayo wrist score์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒํ‰๊ฐ€์ƒ excellent๊ฐ€ 5๋ก€(26.3%), good์ด 3๋ก€(15.7%), fair๊ฐ€ 4๋ก€(21.0%) poor๊ฐ€ 7๋ก€(36.8%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… grip strength์™€ ์šด๋™์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ฆ(p<0.05)๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p<0.05)์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. JSN score์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด 3์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 10๋ก€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Modified Mayo wrist score์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž„์ƒํ‰๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ 29.5์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 54.5๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.(p<0.05) Modified Mayo wrist score์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒํ‰๊ฐ€์ƒ excellent๊ฐ€ 1๋ก€(10%), good ์ด 2๋ก€(20%),fair ๊ฐ€ 4 ๋ก€(40%), poor๊ฐ€ 3 ๋ก€(30%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณค grip strength, ์šด๋™, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. (p<0.05) ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฒฝ์  ํ™œ์•ก๋ง‰ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ grip strength, ์šด๋™์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข์•„์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study is to evaluate arthroscopic synovectomy of wrist for the treatment of rhematoid arthritis and analyse the relationship between clinical score and joint space narrowing. This is a retrospective review of the experience of a single surgeon using arthroscopic synovectomy of radiocarpal joint and midcarpal joint between 1993 and 2000. 19 wrists were opearated. 18 patients (3 male, 15 female, in one case on both wrist, average age 36 years, range 16 to 66 years) reexamined clinically and radiologically after an average follow-up of 58 months (range 33 to 118 months). The mayo modified wrist scores (pain, function, motion, and grip strength related to contralateral side) improved significantly from an average of 44.41 points preoperatively to 66.47 points postoperatively (p<0.05). The wrist scores revealed 26.3% excellent (5 of 19), 15.7% good (3 of 19), 21.0% fair (4 of 19), 36.8% poor (7 of 19) results postoperatively. No statistical difference could be identified between grip strength and motion, except for pain (p<0.05) and function (p<0.05). Joint space narrowing score were based upon the Sharp with Genant modification method for Radiocarpal joint. 10 patients with joint space narrowing were reexamined. The wrist scores improved significantly from an average of 29.5 points preoperatively to 54.5 points postoperatively (p<0.05).The wrist score revealed 10% excellent, 20% good, 40% fair, 30% poor results postoperatively. No statistical difference could be identified between grip strength, funcion and motion, except for pain (p<0.05). We concluded that arthroscopic synovectomy of wrist reduce pain and improves function, but dose not improve grip strength and motion. Our experience revealed that patient acceptance of the arthroscopic synovectomy of rtheumatoid wrist with joint space narrowing is high due to reduced pain and improved overall function.ope

    A study on Efficient Customs Valuation Method for Transfer Prices of Multinational Corporations

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ด€์„ธ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ด€์„ธ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ์„ธํšŒํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์„ธํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์„œ์ , ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€, ๋‹จํ–‰๋ณธ, ์ •๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ด€์„ธ์ฒญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, ์šฉ์—ญ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 5์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ณผ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ •์˜, ์ ์šฉ์›์น™ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ๊ด€์„ธํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ5์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2 1.3 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ 4 2.1 ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 4 1) ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 2) ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2.2 ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ •์ฑ… 6 1) ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ •์˜ 6 2) ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์š”์ธ 7 3) ๊ด€์„ธํ‰๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜์˜ 9 2.3 ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์›์น™ 10 1) OECD ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ง€์นจ 10 2) WTO ๊ด€์„ธํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘์ • ์›์น™ 13 2.4 ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์กฐ์„ธํšŒํ”ผ 16 1) ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์กฐ์„ธํšŒํ”ผ ์œ ํ˜• 17 2) ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 23 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ด€์„ธ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 26 3.1 ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 26 1) ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ฐ„ ์กฐํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 26 2) ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์  27 3.2 ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 28 1) ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 28 2) ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 30 3) ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 33 4) ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ • ์•ฝ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 38 5) ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  43 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์„ธํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 45 4.1 ์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 45 1) ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ • ๊ฐœ์š” 45 2) ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„ 46 4.2 ์ œ1ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 48 1) ์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 48 2) ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ˆœ์ด์ต๋ฅ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 53 4.3 ์ œ2ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 57 1) ์ œ2~3ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 57 2) ์ œ4ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 61 3) ์ œ5ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 65 4) ์ œ6ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 67 5) ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  69 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  70 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 7

    Modulation of calcium channels by gensenosides in pelvic ganglion neurons innervating the urogenital system.

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ , ์Œ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ์บก์Š๋‚ด์— ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๊ต๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ž์œจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ธ์‚ผ ์‚ฌํฌ๋‹Œ(์ง„์„ธ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ)์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท ์ฅ ์ฃผ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšจ์†Œ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ whole-cell patch clamp ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‚ผ ์ด ์‚ฌํฌ๋‹Œ(GTS, 0.3 mg/mL)์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋†’์€ ๋ง‰์ „์••์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š”(high-voltage activated, HVA) ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(43 5 %, n=12). GTS์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ protopanaxatriol(PT, 0.3 mg/mL)์€ HVA ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ(38 2 %, n=22)ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ protopanaxadiol(PD, 0.3 mg/mL)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„์„ธ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ต๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. PT์— ์˜ํ•œ HVA ์นผ์Š˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๋†๋„ ์˜์กด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์•• ์˜์กด์  ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” GDP S์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํˆฌ์„๊ณผ pertussis toxin(PTX, 500 ng/mL)์˜ ์ „ ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PT์˜ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์  N-ํ˜• ์นผ์Š˜ํ†ต๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์ธ ฯ‰-conotoxin GVIA์„ ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PT๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ FPL64176์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” L-ํ˜• tail ์ „๋ฅ˜(40 5 %, n=7)์™€ nimodipine๊ณผ ฯ‰-conotoxin GVIA์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ non-L /non-Nํ˜• ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(26ยฑ4 %, n=4). PT๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ง‰์ „์••์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” T-ํ˜• ์นผ์Š˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PT์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ค‘์—์„œ Rg2๊ฐ€ HVA ๋ฐ T-ํ˜• ์นผ์Š˜์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‚ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ์ง„์„ธ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ฃผ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ์„ธํฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” HVA ๋ฐ T-ํ˜• ์นผ์Š˜ํ†ต๋กœ๋“ค์„ PTX ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ Gi/o protein์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธ์‚ผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Pelvic ganglia, the autonomic ganglia innervating various urogenital organs including the urinary bladder, the prostate, and the penis, play physiologically important roles in autonomic reflexes such as micturition and penile erection. Rat major pelvic ganglia (MPG) are unique among autonomic ganglia in that a single ganglion capsule contains two functionally distinct populations, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. The purposes of the present study were โ…ฐ) to investigate whether ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) was capable of modulating Ca2+ currents in male rat MPG neurons and โ…ฑ) to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying modulation of Ca2+ currents. In this regard, Ca2+ currents were measured using the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp technique in enzymatically dissociated MPG neurons. Bath application of ginseng total saponin (GTS, 0.3 mg/mL) significantly inhibited high-voltage activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents (43 5 %, n=10). Of the two main GTS fractions, protopanaxatriol (PT, 0.3 mg/mL) inhibited HVA Ca2+ currents (38 2 %, n=22), whereas protopanaxadiol (PD, 0.3 mg/mL) exerted negligible effects (n=12). There was no significant difference in the effects of PT on HVA Ca2+ currents between sympathetic and parasympathetic MPG neurons. The PT-induced Ca2+ current inhibition was concentration- and voltage-dependent. Modulation of Ca2+ currents by PT was almost completely abolished when MPG neurons were dialyzed with GDPฮฒS (2mM, n=5) or pretreated overnight with pertussis toxin (PTX) (500 ng/mL, n=4). Compared with controls, the inhibitory effects of PT on Ca2+ currents were decreased after application of -conotoxin GVIA ( -CgTx GVIA), a selective N-type Ca2+ channel blocker (from 42 6 to 28 4 %, n=4). Furthermore, PT inhibited FPL64176-induced L-type tail currents (40 5 %, n=7) as well as nimodipine and -CgTxGVIA-insensitive non-L/non-N type currents (26 4 %, n=4). In sympathetic MPG neurons, PT also inhibited T-type Ca2+ currents activated at low-voltages (49 5 %, n=5). Among various fractions of the PT, the Rg2 was an active component in modulating both HVA and T-type Ca2+ currents. Taken together these data suggest that ginsenosides modulate Ca2+ currents via voltage-dependent and PTX-sensitive pathways in male rat MPG neurons. These results may provide fundamental basis for understanding action mechanisms of ginsenosides at cellular and molecular levels.ope

    The Effect of Mandatory Retirement from Main Job on Health

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ด์ฒ ํฌ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •๋ณด์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”ํŒจ๋„(KLoSA)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ •๋…„์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ง์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์€ํ‡ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด์™€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋…„ํ‡ด์ง๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ด ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” BMI, CES-D, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •๋…„์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ง์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์ , ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์€ํ‡ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ๋…„ ํŒจ๋„์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ(data set)๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ ํ‘œ๋ณธํŽธ์˜(sample selection)๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•(iv-fixed effect)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜•(pooled iv-regression)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋…„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์žฅ์— ๊ทผ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ •๋…„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทผ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ง์—…, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์€ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ(negative) ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ น์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ์ •๋…„ํ‡ด์ง๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ์€ํ‡ด, ์ •๋…„ํ‡ด์ง, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„, ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ, ์žฌ์ทจ์—… ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ: 2013-22861์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ 9 3.1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜ 9 3.2. ํ‡ด์ง์‚ฌ์œ  12 3.3. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ •๋ฆฌ 15 3.4. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 19 3.5. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 21 3.6. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 24 3.7. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 25 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 35 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 5.1. first-stage ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 5.2. second-stage ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  56 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 60 ๋ถ€๋ก 66 ABSTRACT 120Maste
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