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    A Study on Development of the Evaluation Model for Marine Traffic Safety System Providing the Transit Line

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    This paper is to develop a prior and post assessment model for marine traffic safety systems that provide Transit Lines. A scientific approach for assessments had been executed through the process of establishment, verification, and application of the model developed. It was also described the purpose, technical performance and light of marine traffic safety system providing the transit line, and analyzed international design standards and installation requirements for it. And, the various parameters were derived for establishing and verifying the evaluation model by analyzing the design elements and the installation conditions of the system providing the transit line on the channel in Busan harbour after the construction of Busan Port Great Bridge. The assessment items, such as Bearing Differential Distance, Elevation Angle and Off-Axis Distance, were derived to conduct the evaluation of the system. The effectiveness of the model were verified with simulation techniques for the system installed in Busan Port. In addition, the proven evaluation model was applied to a new small system which was proposed for giving coverage in the blind sector by a skyscraper to be built on a transit line. The results and scientific proposals in this paper would be useful to setup the maritime safety infrastructure using transit line.|์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์–‘ํ•ญํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ์—ฐ์•ˆํ•ญํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ํ•ญ๋งŒ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ญํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์ˆ˜์—ญํ•ญํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ Transit Lineํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ญํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์ˆ˜์—ญ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ๋ถ€๋‘์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญํ•ด์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋‹ค์†Œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ํšจํ•œ ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์ธ์ง€ํ‘œ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ Transit Line์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ TRAM(TRansit-line Assessment Model)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Transit Line ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋“ฑํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜์š”๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ๋„๋“ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ข… ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ด์–‘๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ Transit Line์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Bearing Difference Distance, Elevation Angle ๋ฐ Off-Axis Distance ๋“ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณ ์ธต๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋งน๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ํ†ตํ•ญ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” Transit Line์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ค์น˜๋  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract xiii ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1.2 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ Transit Line ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 9 2.1 ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 10 2.1.1 ์‹œ๊ฐํ‘œ์ง€ 14 2.1.2 ์ „ํŒŒํ‘œ์ง€ 29 2.1.3 ์ŒํŒŒํ‘œ์ง€ 40 2.1.4 ํŠน์ˆ˜์‹ ํ˜ธํ‘œ์ง€ 42 2.2 Transit Line ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 48 2.2.1 Transit Line ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 48 2.2.2 Transit Line ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 53 2.3 ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 90 2.3.1 ํ•ด์–‘ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… 90 2.3.2 e-Navigation 92 2.3.3 ์ž์œจ์šดํ•ญ์„ ๋ฐ•(Autonomous Ship) 97 2.3.4 ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 103 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ Transit Line ์„ค๊ณ„ 113 3.1 Transit Line 113 3.2 ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ Transit Line 114 3.2.1 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 114 3.2.2 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 115 3.2.3 Transit Line์˜ ๋“ฑํ™” 116 3.2.4 Transit Line ์„ค๊ณ„ ์š”์†Œ 118 3.3 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ์ค€ 123 3.3.1 Transit Line ์„ค๊ณ„ 123 3.3.2 ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด 126 3.3.3 ์ˆ˜์ง์ดํƒˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(Off-Axis Distance) 127 3.3.4 ์ธก๋ฉด๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„(Lateral Sensitivity) 127 3.4 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์น˜ 130 3.4.1 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์น˜์š”๊ฑด 130 3.4.2 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šด์˜ 130 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ Transit Line ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ 139 4.1 TRansit-line Assessment Model (TRAM)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 139 4.1.1 ๋ฐฉ์œ„์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(Bearing Difference Distance) 140 4.1.2 ์•™๊ฐ(Elevation Angle) 142 4.1.3 ์ถ•์ดํƒˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(Off-Axis Distance) 143 4.1.4 ๊ตํ†ต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 144 4.1.5 Collision Risk Analysis 146 4.2 TRAM์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 148 4.2.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ๋„๋“ฑ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 148 4.2.2 TRAM์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 152 4.2.3 TRAM ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 165 4.3 TRAM์˜ ์ ์šฉ 166 4.3.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ๋ณด์กฐ๋„๋“ฑ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 166 4.3.2 TRAM์˜ ์ ์šฉ 172 4.3.3 TRAM์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 179 4.4 ํ•ญ๋กœํ‘œ์ง€(AtoN) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 181 4.4.1 ํ•ญ๋กœํ‘œ์ง€(AtoN) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 181 4.4.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 185 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  190 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 192 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 195Docto

    (A) Study on the isclation of Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ mycoplasma๋ฅผ Diens ๋ฐ Edsall(1937)์ด Bartholin ๋†์–‘์—์„œ, ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํŠนํžˆ ์š”๋„๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ mycoplasma ๊ท ์ฃผ(200โˆผ300ใŽ›)์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ท ์ฃผ์ธ Tstrain mycoplasma(Ureaplasma urealyticum ; 15โˆผ30ใŽ›)์„ Shepard(1954)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ์š”๋„์—ผ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์†Œ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋น„๋‡จ๊ธฐ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ์š”๋„์—ผํ™˜์ž 115๋ก€, ์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ์š”๋„์—ผํ™˜์ž 13๋ก€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์—ผํ™˜์ž 27๋ก€ ๋“ฑ ํ™˜์ž 155๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ 25๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 180๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ureaplasma๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ฒ€๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์š”๋„๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ, ์ œ1๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋‡จ(VB^^1), ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•ก ๋ฐ ์ •์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Ureaplasma urealyticum๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๊ท ์ด ์ •์ž์— ํก์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(SEM ; Hitach, S-450)์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ์š”๋„์—ผํ™˜์ž 115๋ก€์ค‘ 61๋ก€(53.0%)์—์„œ Ureaplasma urealyticum ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ์š”๋„์—ผํ™˜์ž 5๋ก€(38.4%), ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์—ผํ™˜์ž 11๋ก€(40.7%) ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 4๋ก€(16.0%)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ์š”๋„์—ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒ€๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์š”๋„๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 75๋ก€ ์ค‘ 41๋ก€(54.6%)์—์„œ U. urealyticum์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ œ 1๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋‡จ(VB^^1)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒ€๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 40๋ก€ ์ค‘ 20๋ก€(50.0%)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. U. urealyticum์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์ด 27.8%, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ 5.2โˆผ13.9%๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋†’์€ U. urealyticum์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์š”๋„์—ผ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ›„ 4์ฃผ ์ดํ›„์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ U. urealyticum์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์€ 2.6%๋กœ์„œ 4์ฃผ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ 50.3%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚จ์šฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. 5. ์ •์ž์™€ U. urealyticum์‚ฌ์ด์— ํก์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 18์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ •์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋‘๋ถ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ U. urelyticum์ด ํก์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(SEM)์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] A group of 180 men who visited Urology Department of Severnace hospital, including 115 patients with nongonococcal urethritis (N.G.U.), 27 patients with prostatitis, 13 patients with gonococcal urethritis (G.U.) and 25 healthy medical student controls were investigated for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma) from the specimen of ureaplasma discharge, urine and semen. Taylor-Robinson media of T-broth and T-agar was used for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum. To the best of our knowledge, the study on the culture of Ureaplasma urealyticum was reported for the first time in Korea. The following results were obtained : 1. The isolation rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis (53.0%) revealed highest of those in the other three groups of prostatitis, gonococcal urethritis and control (40.7%, 38.4% and 16.0% respectively). 2. As for the specimens, urethral discharge revelaed higher isolation rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum (54.6%) than first voided urine (50.0%). 3. The more consorts patients had, the higher positive culture rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum were revealed. The isolation rate in case of more than one causal in nongonococcal urethritis (27.8%) revealed much higher than in case of marital only (5.2%), one regular (6.1%) and one causal (13.9%) 4. 2.6% of isolation rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum revealed in patients with nongonococcal urethritis who visited the clinic in later than 4 weeks after the symptoms developed. However, the isolation rate in patients who visited within 4 weeks revealed 50.3%. The lower isolation rate of Ureaplasma in the late treatment seekers might be probably due to the suppression effect against Ureaplasma urealyticum from the possible previous self antibiotic treatment. 5. Attachment of Ureaplasma urealyticum mostly to the neck and heal portion of the spermatozoa seemed to play a role to affect the motility of sperms.restrictio

    Papaverine ๊ตญ์†Œ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ 1863๋…„ Eckhardt๋Š” ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ nervi erigentes๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐฐ๋™๋งฅ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋™๋งฅ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋™ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋งฅํ์ƒ‰์„ค(Bochdalek, 1854: Waldeyer, 1899; Watson, 19 64), ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์ฆ๊ฐ€์„ค(Deysach 1939, Newman๋“ฑ 1964: Dorr ๋ฐ Brodr, 1967) ๋ฐ ์œ„์˜ ๋‘๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ž‘์šฉ์„ค(Henderson ๋ฐ Roepke, 1933; Christensen, 1954)๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ „๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ธฐํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ Michal๋“ฑ์€ ์Œ์œ„ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ณต๋ฒฝ๋™๋งฅ-ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฌธํ•ฉ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ papaverine์„ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋˜๋ฐ” 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด์„ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋“ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋„ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (Lue ๋“ฑ, 1984 b), ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์Œ์œ„ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ papaverine์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Virag, 1982; Zorgniotti ๋ฐ Lefleur, 1985: ๊น€ ๋ฐ ์ตœ, 1985). ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ papaverine์€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์ด์™„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™•์žฅ์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ (Needleman ๋“ฑ, 1985), ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™•์žฅ์ œ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ‘œ์ค€๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค(Betz ๋ฐ Ingvar, 1967), Papaverine์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ phosphodiester ase์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ cyclic AMP์ฆ๊ฐ€(Posch ๋ฐ Kukometz, 1969) ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ nicotine์„ฑํšจ๊ณผ(Ba uer ๋ฐ Caper,1972) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์ด papaverine์˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐํšจ๊ณผ(Wa gner ๋ฐ Green,1981; Virag, 1982; Lue๋“ฑ, 1984a)์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž 24๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์žก์ข… ์›…๊ฒฌ(9.5โˆผ12 ใŽ) ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ papaverine hydrochloride 30ใŽŽ์„ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด, ๋Œ€ํ‡ด์ •๋งฅ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์Œ๋ถ€๋™๋งฅ๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ณจ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜, ํ˜ˆ์•• ๋ฐ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉดํ”ผ ๋‚ด์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋“ฑ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋™ํ•™์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๊ด€ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Papaverine์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ 57์ดˆ๊ฒฝ์— ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์—์•ž์„œ ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ณจ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์••๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์••์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ •๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์Œ๋ถ€๋™๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Papaverine์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋™์ธก์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์š”๋„ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์šธํ˜ˆ ๋ฐ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐฑ๋ง‰์˜ ์–‡์•„์ง„ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋Š” ๋™์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ณต ๊ฐ„์ด ํ—ˆํƒˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ„ ์ธตํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ, ์„ฌ์œ ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง๋“ฑ์ด ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด papaverine์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์ฃผ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ๋ง ์ดˆํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋™์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋‚ด๋กœ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. The Effects of Intracavernous Injection of Papaverine upon the Corpus Cavernosum Penis Young Tae Lee Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Jin Moo Lee, M.D., Ph. D.) The hemodynamics of penile erection are still a matter of controversy and assumption Since the work of Eckhardt(1863) demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the sacral parasympathetic nerves (nervi erigentes) produced penile erection in dogs, election studies have been performed unceasingly by many investigators. As the controlling mechanism of erection. venous occlusion (Bochdalek, 1854: Waldeyer,1899), increased arterial flow (Deysach, 1939: Newman et al., 1964; Dorr and Brody, 1967) and the hypothesis of cushions or polsters in the deep arteries of the penis and arteriovenous shunting (Conti. 1952) and so forth have been proposed. Recently using electroerection in monkeys and dogs, Lue et al(1983 a, b; 1984 b) reported that basically, election is a result of active relaxation of sinusoidal spaces in the corpora cavernosa, active arteriolar dilatation. and active venous constriction. Accidental intra-cavernous injection of papaverine during a surgical shunting procedure produced a prolonged fully rigid erection of two hours' duration. This fact led some clinicians to apply the effect of intracavernous injection of papaverine for impotent patients (Zorgniotti and Lefleur, 1985; Kim and Choi 1985). This experimental study was performed to investigate the possible mechanism of penile erection by administration of papaverine in various routes such as intracavernously, intravenously and intraarterially using 24 Korean mongrel does(9.5โˆผ12kg). Through the above mentioned experiments, the following results emerged: 1) Simultaneous recording of flow and pressure of internal iliac artery as well as pressure within the corpus cavernosum penis, clearly demonstrated that an increase of arterial flow and transient decrease of blood pressure of internal iliac artery preceded corporal pressure increase within 57 seconds approximately. 2) Erection was developed only in the group of intracavernous injection of papaverine, and was confined to the same side that intracavernous papaverine was injected. The increase in length and circumference of the penis is most likely due to the enlargement of corpus cavernosum penis. Corpus cavernosum urethrae was affected little. 3) The microscopic findings of corpus cavernosum penis in which erection occurred revealed severe congestion and dilatation of sinusoidal spaces, and thinned tunics albuginea. The features of non-erected corpus cavernosum penis revealed collapsed sinusoidal spaces. Smooth muscles, fibrous connective tissues and adipose tissues were clearly demonstrated in the intersinusoidal lamellae. Conclusively, for the erection of the penis, papaverine may act with a certain unknown local factor to involve entrapping blood flow into the sinusoidal spaces besides increasing blood flow due to peripheral vasodilation. The unproved local factor should be clarified later on.restrictio

    ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œก๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ž„์ฒ ์ผ.์ง€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ธ์žฌ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ณต๋™์˜ ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด, ํ† ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ์Šต๋“์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ•™์Šต์ž์™€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ค๊ณ„ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„, ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ, ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž์›, ์ธ์ง€์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ง€์›๋„๊ตฌ, ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™์Šต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šค๋ฌผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ค๊ณ„ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1) ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ณ , ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ณต์œ ์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹, ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, 3) ์ž์› ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, 4) ์ธ์ง€์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹, ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, 5) ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ง€์‹์ฐฝ์ถœ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ™œ๋™ ์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ™œ๋™์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, 6) ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„-์„ค๊ณ„-๊ฐœ๋ฐœ-์ ์šฉ-ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•„ํ™‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” 1) ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ถ„์„, 2) ํŒ€๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ, 3) ๋ฌธ์ œ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ, 4) ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ, 5) ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘, 6) ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์•ˆ๋„์ถœ, 7) ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์ œ์•ˆ์š”์†Œ ๊ณ ๋ ค, 8) ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€, 9) ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ €๋„ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ณตํ•™๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์•ˆ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•™์Šต์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ, ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ, ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ, ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™, ์ฃผ์š”์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•™์Šต๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ํ•™์Šต์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์—…๋ฌด ๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Education for improving the ability to design creatively by emphasizing and fostering creative human resources is one of the important visions for the developing the nation. In particular, education in engineering emphasizes the creative design ability because its goal is to design effective solutions to meet the social needs. Also, creative design is widely considered to be the central and distinguishing activity of education in engineering. Therefore, creative design is emphasized as one of the core competencies in education engineering. Meanwhile, collective intelligence and its significance as teaching and learning mechanism for improving creativity has become the forefront in the field of education. Collective intelligence is based on the alternative premise that knowledge is not a static object acquired by atomic individuals but one that is actively constructed through ongoing social exchanges and collaborations, embedded in social networks. The creative design education in engineering deals with a sequence of processes involving designing a system, component, or process to develop a final product. This sequence requires an ability to think consecutively and universally, to solve problems and design creatively to make what is necessary. Although a variety of studies have been conducted on the development of creative design curriculum, little attention have been paid neither to the effective method for teaching and learning, nor to the comprehensive learning environment design principles constituting collective sharing and creating of knowledge. Also, previous studies to this day on how to design a learning environment to improve creativity and identifying the principles of teaching and learning are insufficient. Therefore, what is needed is to develop the learning environment design principles and model based on collective intelligence in order to improve the ability to design creatively in engineering education. The primary purpose of this study is to develop and validate the learning environment design principles and model based on collective intelligence. This study is grounded on the design and development research method. First, to develop the learning environment design principles and model, literature review on creative design, collective intelligence, and learning environment principles was conducted to develop its general principles. General principles was structured by the four theoretical components, and the six leaning environment design principles, detailed twenty two design strategies, and procedural model was developed by constructing the theoretical components. The design principles consists of six domains based upon the four theoretical components1) design principle for problem context related to defining real context problem and task, 2) design principle for collective sharing related to problem solving with shared mental model, 3) design principle for variety of resources related to solution data as open-source, 4) design principle for cognitive thinking spread related to process and tools of sharing and exchanging learners knowledge, experience, and information, 5) design principle for collective knowledge creation related to interaction in learners-learners, conversation, and collective activities, and 6) design principle for social context space related to collective learning space. In addition, the detailed design strategies to each design principles are composed of twenty two. Developing procedural design model consists of nine steps by analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation lesson steps1) learner analysis, 2) team building, 3) defining of problem, 4) communal goal setting, 5) data collecting, 6) solution deduction, 7) constraints or limitations, 8) peer evaluation, and 9) reflection. Secondly, based on the design and development research method, two main methods, one internal validation and other external validations, were used to validate the learning environment design principles and model. Validity and reliability of the principles and the model have been conducted. Specifically, to develop the learning environment design principles and model, industry experts have validated the literature review, its development process, and each entailed principles and strategies, followed by internal and external validation by instructional designers and participants, respectively. Therefore, based on collective intelligence, this study aims to develop the learning environment design principles and model by sharing the ideas and opinions of various people who have supported the idea of improving creative design ability in engineering education. In conclusion, the result of this study is that the learning environment design principles and model can be utilized as a valid, collaborative teaching-leaning method in engineering education. In addition, this study can provide many implications on subjects related to developing learning environment design principle and model, collective intelligence as a teaching and learning mechanism, and creative design ability in engineering education.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 11 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 12 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 15 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 17 1. ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ 19 1) ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 19 2) ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ 25 3) ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ 29 2. ํ•™์Šต๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ 44 1) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 45 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ์†์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์š”๊ฑด 52 3) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šตํ˜•ํƒœ 54 3. ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„ 57 1) ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 58 2) ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 61 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 66 1. ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  66 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 70 1) ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 70 2) ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 73 3) ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 78 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 87 1. ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 87 2. ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 94 1) ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 94 2) ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 108 3) ํ•™์Šตํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 109 3. ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 120 1) ๋ถ„์„: ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ํŒ€๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋ฌธ์ œ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ 122 2) ์„ค๊ณ„: ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 124 3) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ: ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์•ˆ ๋„์ถœ 126 4) ์ ์šฉ: ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์ œํ•œ์š”์†Œ ๊ณ ๋ ค 129 5) ํ‰๊ฐ€: ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€, ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ €๋„ ์ž‘์„ฑ 130 4. ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ 132 1) ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ 132 2) ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€์ฆ 147 5. ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋ชจํ˜• 158 V. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  167 1. ๋…ผ์˜ 167 1) ์ฐฝ์˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 168 2) ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ 171 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 173 1) ์š”์•ฝ 173 2) ๊ฒฐ๋ก  177 3) ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ 179 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 181 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 203 ABSTRACT 259Docto

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