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    ๊ณผ์  ๋‹จ์†์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šด์†ก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€์˜ ๋„๋กœ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์†์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ํ™”๋ฌผ์šด์†ก์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ณผ๋‹ค ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์• ๋กœ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜์ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์šด์†ก์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์†์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํƒœํŒŒ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ™˜์ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ 60๊ฐœ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ• ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ตœ์ข… ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์† ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋‚˜, ํ•ญ๋งŒ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์†์„ ์™„ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ํ์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๊ฑฐ์  ์ง€์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋ก€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์‹œ์„ค ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์‹œ์„ค๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋„๋กœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๊ตํ†ต์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์ด ๋‹ด๋ณด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™•๋Œ€์ ์šฉ๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ 40ํ†ค์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹น์žฅ ์ ์šฉ์€ ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์• ๋กœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค..๋ชฉ ์ฐจ Abstract i ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ 3 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์† ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ 7 2.1 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์† ์‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ 7 2.2 ๊ตญ์™ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 14 2.3 ๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์šดํ–‰์ด ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 19 2.4 ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  23 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ ๋‚ด ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณผ์  ๋‹จ์† ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 25 3.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ์˜ ํ™˜์ ํ™”๋ฌผ ํŠน์ง• 25 3.2 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ํŠน์ง• 30 3.3 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€๋‚ด ์šด์†ก์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์† ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 33 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ ๋‚ด ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์†์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  39 4.1 ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ˆ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 39 4.2 ํ™˜์  ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ,์ž… ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  46 4.3 ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  54 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ•ญ ๋‚ด ํ™˜์  ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 55 5.1 ๊ณผ์ ๋‹จ์† ๊ด€๋ ต ๋ฒ•๊ทœ ๊ฐœ์„  55 5.2 ํŠน์ •๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ํ•ด์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ง€์ • 59 5.3 ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 60 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 65 6.1 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 6.2 ์ œ์–ธ 67 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ด์Šน์ข….์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ ‘์ด‰(citizen-initiated contacts)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Skogan(2005)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ฑดโ€ค์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฒ”์น™๊ธˆ ๋ฐœ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ฌ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ 112์‹ ๊ณ , ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์› ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ ๋„ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ธด๋ฐ•ํ•จ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 112์‹ ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ ‘์ด‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์›๊ณผ ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋น„๊ธด๊ธ‰์ ‘์ด‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์›์ธ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž ์‘๋Œ€ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง€๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋“ฑ์€ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‘๋‹ต์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋„ ๋†’์•„์ ธ 60๋Œ€์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๊ต์  ์ „ํ†ต์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค๋„ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋”์šฑ ์„ฑ์˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‘๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๊ธ‰์ง€๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณจ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์›, ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, 112์‹ ๊ณ , ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์› ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์›์‹ค์†Œ์† ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ต์œก์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‘๋Œ€ ํƒœ๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์• ์ดˆ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๋„ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌโ€คํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •, ์‘๋Œ€ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”, ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์€ ๋น„๊ธด๊ธ‰์ ‘์ด‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋น„๊ธด๊ธ‰์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๊ธ‰์ง€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์›๊ณผ ๊ณ ์†Œโ€ค๊ณ ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” 1๊ธ‰์ง€์ธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  8 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 8 1. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 2. ๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ • ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ 13 3. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ 20 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  23 1. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 23 2. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  27 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 29 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 29 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 29 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 33 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜์™€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 34 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 34 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 40 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 50 1. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ†ต๊ณ„ 50 2. ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 59 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ 62 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 69 1. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„ 70 2. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„ 78 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  83 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 83 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 86 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 91 93 Abstract 99Maste

    Pathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of Pathologic T0 Prostate Cancer

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    PURPOSE: We evaluated the pathologic characteristics and prognosis of pathologic T0 (pT0) prostate cancer (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 1,196 consecutive men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between January 1992 and November 2008, 34 patients (mean age, 68.8+/-7.9 years; range, 48-85) had pT0 PC. They were categorized into 4 groups according to neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) and diagnostic methods. The initial PSA, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor (5alphaRI), Gleason score of prostatic needle biopsy (PNB) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), clinical stage, and presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia were evaluated. Clinical and biochemical progression were also evaluated. RESULTS: 34 patients were categorized into 4 groups (Group I: 9 without NHT, diagnosed by PNB [1.1%]; Group II: 8 without NHT, diagnosed by TURP [11.3%]; Group III: 16 with NHT, diagnosed by PNB [5.5%]; Group IV: 1 with NHT, diagnosed by TURP [3.8%]). Group I had serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA)<15.0 ng/ml, one positive biopsy core, and a Gleason score< or =7. Group II had serum PSA<10.1 ng/ml, chips involved with cancer<10.0%, and a Gleason score< or =6. There were more patients taking 5alphaRI and high-grade PIN among patients without NHT. None of patients with pathologic pT0 PC had clinical or biochemical progression during follow-up, except 3 patients with NHT (mean, 22 months; range, 2-105 months). CONCLUSIONS: Patients without NHT had more favorable clinical and pathologic results. In our study, except for 3 patients with NHT, all patients had undetectable PSA levels after RP. We need more time for follow-up to conclude whether the prognosis of pT0 PC is favorable.ope

    ์ฒด์™ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ-์ธ-์–ด-์›ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๊ณ„์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์ „๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ.In this thesis, we aim to develop โ€œbrain-in-a-wellโ€ as high-throughput platform and physiologically relevant model. Considering fabrication and liquid patterning, we developed reliable and reproducible microfluidic platform for not only the basic and applied neuroscience research but also efficient drug development. Specifically, we developed demyelination platform, high-throughput brain-on-a-chip platform, and versatile organ-on-a-chip platform. First, we report a three-dimensional (3D) peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease-on-a-chip as an in-vitro demyelination and remyelination platform. We optimized capillary bursting valve structure for robust liquid patterning by finite element method. This polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based platform enables stable microenvironment for coculture of motor neurons and Schwann cells over 40 days. In addition, the on-demand detachable substrate allows in-depth biological analysis. We demonstrated recapitulation of a full-spectrum of myelination, demyelination, and remyelination in a single platform. Furthermore, we observed the characteristic features of demyelination by โ€˜onion-bulbโ€™ like formation or thin myelin structure. Next, we report an injection molded plastic array 3D neuron culture platform (Neuro-IMPACT) as a high-throughput brain-on-a-chip platform. Based on the experience on PNS disease-on-a-chip, we devised more advanced platform in terms of scale-up fabrication and high-throughput drug screening. This polystyrene (PS)-based platform follows standardized 96 well format with a channel, which is fabricated by injection molding process. The microchannel in the Neuro-IMPACT is patterned by spontaneous capillary flow on hydrophilic state. We recapitulated various in-vitro brain microenvironment such as a 3D neural circuit, blood-brain barrier, and myelination. Finally, we report an injection molded plastic array 3D universal culture platform (U-IMPACT) as a versatile organ-on-a-chip platform. We advanced Neuro-IMPACT in terms manufacturability and usability. The U-IMPACT has three channels and a spheroid zone with 96 well format for coculture of various cells, spheroid, and tissues. We developed hybrid liquid patterning with contact angle of materials itself and height differences of microfluidic channels, which integrates the principle of spontaneous capillary flow and capillary bursting valve. We proved that materials of platform need to be hydrophilic (contact angle of body; 45หš ~ 90หš, substrate; < 30หš) for robust patterning. We reconstructed 3D tumor microenvironment such as angiogenesis, perfusable vascular network, and vascularized tumor spheroid. Additionally, we cultured primary neuron and neurosphere from induced neural stem cells.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‡Œ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์นฉ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ-์ธ-์–ด-์›ฐ (brain-in-a-well) ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ณต์ •, ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹, ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ, ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‡Œ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์นฉ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ, ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„ ๋‡Œ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์นฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™” ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™” ์ฒด์™ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ ๋ง์ดˆ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์นฉ (PNS disease-on-a-chip) ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ PDMS ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 40์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์Šˆ๋ฐ˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์–‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™”, ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™”, ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ธํฌ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ ์–‘ํŒŒ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋ฐ ์–‡์€ ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋กœ ์ž„ํŒฉํŠธ (Neuro-IMPACT) ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์นฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ถœ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 96 ์›ฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋‚ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํšŒ๋กœ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก-๋‡Œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ, ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์œ  ์ž„ํŒฉํŠธ (U-IMPACT) ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์žฌ ๋‹ค๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์นฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋‰ด๋กœ ์ž„ํŒฉํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ  ์ž„ํŒฉํŠธ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ, ์ŠคํŽ˜๋กœ์ด๋“œ, ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ์™€ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„, 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๋†’์ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ผ ๋•Œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (๋ณธ์ฒด ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ; 45หš~90หš, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด; < 30หš). ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์‹ ์ƒ, ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ํ™”๋œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™”๋œ ์ข…์–‘ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ๋„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‰ด๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด (Neurosphere) ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background of brain-on-a-chip 1 1.2. Purpose of Research 4 Chapter 2. A Peripheral Nervous System-on-a-Chip for Disease and Regeneration Model 8 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. Materials and Methods 11 2.3. Results 19 2.3.1. Design of the 3D PNS disease microfluidic platform 19 2.3.2. Modeling of 3D MN demyelination by LPC treatment 26 2.3.3. Protein-level validation of SC dedifferentiation in the 3D demyelinating MN model 32 2.3.4. Reduced intracellular calcium level in the 3D demyelinating MN model 36 2.3.5. Modeling of 3D MN remyelination by Benz or MeCbl treatment 38 2.3.6. Ultrastructural analysis of demyelination and remyelination 42 2.4. Discussion 45 2.5. Conclusion 48 Chapter 3. Neuro-IMPACT: Modeling neural circuit, blood-brain barrier, and myelination on a microfluidic 96 well plate 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Materials and Methods 52 3.3. Results 59 3.3.1. Design and fabrication of the Neuro-IMPACT 59 3.3.2. Isolation of axons and protein analysis 63 3.3.3. Reconstruction of the 3D neural network 67 3.3.4. Reconstruction of the 3D Blood-brain barrier 69 3.3.5. Reconstruction of 3D myelin sheaths 73 3.4. Discussion 76 3.5. Conclusion 79 Chapter 4. U-IMPACT: A Universal 3D Microfluidic Cell Culture Platform 80 4.1. Introduction 80 4.2. Materials and Methods 83 4.3. Results 89 4.3.1. Design concept of the U-IMPACT 89 4.3.2. Measurement of platform material 91 4.3.3. Principle of patterning in the U-IMPACT 95 4.3.4. Liquid patterning in the U-IMPACT 96 4.3.5. The reconstruction of TME in the U-IMPACT 106 4.4. Discussion 114 4.5. Conclusion 117 Chapter 5. Conclusion 118 Bibliography 120 Abstract in Korean 130๋ฐ•

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ง€์งˆ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Docto

    Elevated urinary nerve growth factor as a predictor of persistent detrusor overactivity after relief of bladder ou

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์„œ๋ก : ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ด ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์€ ์š”์ ˆ๋ฐ•, ๋นˆ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ์•ผ๊ฐ„๋‡จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ถ€์š”๋กœ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์š”์—ญ๋™ํ•™๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์œ„์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ„์Œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจ์Šต์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ ์š”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์— ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 50๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•”์ปท ์ฅ๋ฅผ 10 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ 40 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์€ ์š”๋„์— ์นดํ…Œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์š”๋„์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์‹ค์„ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ›„์— ๋ฌถ์€ ์‹ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ณ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ (T1), ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  3์ฃผ ํ›„ (T2), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  3์ฃผ ํ›„ (T3)์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๋‚ด์••์ธก์ •์ˆ ์€ T2 ๋ฐ T3์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์ง์€ T3์— ์ฅ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์™€ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด creatinine ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๋‚ด์••์ธก์ •์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , T1, T2 ๋ฐ T3์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๋‚ด์••์ธก์ •์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ T2์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, T3์—๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฅ๋“ค (16๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, 1๊ตฐ)์—์„œ creatinine์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” T1์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ T2์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  (p=0.001), T2์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ T3์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (p=0.003). T2 ๋ฐ T3 ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฅ๋“ค (8๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, 2 ๊ตฐ)์—์„œ๋Š” creatinine์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ T1์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ T2์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ (p=0.012), T2์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ T3์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค (p=0.123). T2 ๋ฐ T3 ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” T1์˜ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ (p=0.015) ๋ฐ 1๊ตฐ (p=0.005)์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์กฐ์ง์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” T3์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค (r=0.417, p=0.016).๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์†Œ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ถœ๊ตฌํ์ƒ‰์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ›„์— ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ๊ทผ๊ณผํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Introduction: In case with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), overactive bladder (OAB) may go together, and may persist after relief of BOO. Because OAB is diagnosed by the symptom complex of urgency, frequency, and nocturia, in case of OAB with BPH, objective differential diagnosis of OAB is difficult. Urodynamic study for diagnosis of OAB is invasive. Recently, as a causative agent for OAB, nerve growth factor (NGF) from bladder urotherial cell and detrusor muscle is focused on. But it has not been clearly known that NGF can represent DO. Therefore we evaluated urinary NGF as a biomarker for DO in a rat model of BOO. Materials and Methods: Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: 10 sham control rats and 40 BOO rats. BOO was induced by partial urethral ligation and was relieved by removal of ligation after 3 weeks. The sham operation was done by loosely tying silk ligature around a dissected urethra. Voided urine was collected before BOO (T1), 3 weeks after onset of BOO (T2), and 3 weeks after relief of BOO (T3). Cystometry was performed on awake rats at T2 and T3. Bladder tissue was harvested at T3. uNGF and bladder tissue NGF were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the results were adjusted based on creatinine concentration. Results: There was no DO and no difference of uNGF/Cr in sham control group. In 16 rats with DO only on initial cystometry (group 1), uNGF/creatinine(Cr) levels significantly increased from T1 to T2 (p=0.001), and significantly decreased from T2 to T3 (p=0.003). In 8 rats with DO initial and subsequent cystometry (group 2), uNGF/Cr levels significantly increased from T1 to T2 (p=0.012), but did not change from T2 to T3 (p=0.123). The uNGF/Cr levels of rats with persistent DO at T1 were significantly higher than those of control group (p=0.015) and group 1 (p=0.005). Bladder tissue NGF was positively correlated with the uNGF/Cr at T3 (ฮณ= 0.417, p=0.016). Conclusions: The uNGF levels increased with DO after BOO. When BOO was relieved, the uNGF decreased after disappearance of DO, and increased with persistent DO. Therefore, uNGF can be used as a biomarker for DO.ope

    ๊ตฌ์ทจ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋‚ด๊ณผยท์ง„๋‹จํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Docto

    Power spectral analysis in anterior temporal and masseter muscles at sustained submaximal isometric contraction close to chewing force level ์ €์ž‘ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋“ฑ์ฒ™์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œ ์ „์ธก๋‘๊ทผ ๋ฐ ๊ต๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์ŠคํŒฉํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋‚ด๊ณผ์ง„๋‹จํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Maste
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