63 research outputs found
νκ΅μΈ μ‘°κΈ° λ₯λ§ν°μ€ κ΄μ μΌ νμμμ λ€μν μΉλ£ λ°©λ²μ λ°λ₯Έ ν¨κ³Ό λΆμ
μκ³Όλν/μμ¬λ°°κ²½: λ₯λ§ν°μ€ κ΄μ μΌμ μΉλ£μ μ’
λ₯ λ° λ°©λ²μ μ μ°¨ λμ΄λκ³ μμ§λ§, κ΄μ μμκ³Ό κΈ°λ₯ μ νλ₯Ό λ§λ μ΅μ μ μΉλ£λ²μ λν μ μλ μ¬μ ν λλ ·νμ§ μλ€. μ΄μ μ°λ¦¬λ νκ΅μΈ μ‘°κΈ° λ₯λ§ν°μ€ κ΄μ μΌ νμμ μ ν©ν μΉλ£λ²μ λ°νκ³ μ 4κ°μ§μ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μΉλ£ λ°©λ²μ μμ λ° λ°©μ¬μ νμ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ°κ΅¬νκ³ μ νλ€. λμ λ° λ°©λ²: 195λͺ
μ νμλ₯Ό 4κ°μ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μΉλ£κ΅°: μμ°¨μ μ΄κΈ° λ¨μΌμλ² (κ·Έλ£Ή1), λ¨κ³μ μ΄κΈ° λ³ν©μλ² (κ·Έλ£Ή2), κ³ μ©λ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λμ λ¨κ³μ κ°λκ³Ό μ΄κΈ° λ³ν©μλ² (κ·Έλ£Ή3), μ’
μκ΄΄μ¬μΈμ κΈΈνμ μ methotrexate λ³ν©μλ² (κ·Έλ£Ή4)μ λ°°μ νμλ€. μμμ κ΄ν΄(28κ°μ κ΄μ μ§λ³νμ±λ μ μ<2.6)λ₯Ό λͺ©νλ‘ λ§€λ¬ νκ° ν μΉλ£λ₯Ό μ‘°μ νμλ€. κ²°κ³Ό: μΌμ°¨μ κ²°κ³ΌμΈ κ±΄κ° νκ° μ€λ¬Έμ μΉλ£ μ μ μ μΈνκ³ κ° κ·Έλ£Ήλ³ μκΈ°λ³ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μ΄μ§ μμλ€. λ³νλ Sharp/Van der Heijde λ°©μ¬μ κ΄μ μ μκ° μ
νλλ νμλ κ·Έλ£Ή 4μμλ³΄λ€ κ·Έλ£Ή 1μμ μ’λ μμ£Ό κ΄μ°°λμμΌλ, ν΅κ³νμ μΈ μλ―Έλ μμλ€ (κ·Έλ£Ή 1μμ 25% vs κ·Έλ£Ή 4μμ 6%). μ΄μ°¨μ κ²°κ³Όμλ American College of Rheumatology (ACR) μΉλ£ λ°μμ μΉλ£ ν 3κ°μ μ§Έ ACR 20, 50μ΄, 6κ°μ μ§Έ ACR 20, 50, 70μ΄ κ·Έλ£Ή 1,2μ κ·Έλ£Ή 3,4κ°μ μλ―Έμλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μμΌλ, μ΄λ 6κ°μμ΄ κ²½κ³Όνλ©° μ°¨μ΄κ° μμ€λμλ€. μΉλ£ ν 1λ
μ΄ μ§λ¬μ λ κ° κ·Έλ£Ήκ°μλ ν΅κ³νμ μ°¨μ΄κ° μμμΌλ, λͺ¨λ κ΅°μμ μ½ 60%μ κ΄ν΄μ¨μ 보μλ€ (κ° κ·Έλ£Ή 1-4μμ 54%, 61%, 62%, 62%).κ²°λ‘ : νκ΅μΈ μ‘°κΈ° λ₯λ§ν°μ€ κ΄μ μΌ νμμμ, λλ ·ν λͺ©νμ μ§μ€ κ΄μ°°μ νλ©° μΉλ£λ₯Ό μ μ©ν΄ λκ°λ©΄, μΉλ£λ²κ³Ό μκ΄ μμ΄ λμ λΉμ¨μ μμμ κ΄ν΄λ₯Ό μ΄λ£° μ μλ€.ope
Takayasu arteritis associated with ulcerative colitis and optic neuritis: First case in Korea
Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic vasculitis that affects the aortic arch and its primary branches. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Patients diagnosed with both TA and UC have rarely been reported. The pathogenesis of TA and UC is uncertain, but cell-mediated mechanisms play an important role in both diseases, and a genetic factor is thought to have an effect on the coincidence of these two diseases. We herein report a 38-year-old female with TA who had a history of UC with optic neuritis. We believe that this is the first case of the coexistence of TA and UC in Korea.ope
Application of the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for systemic sclerosis to patients with Raynaud's phenomenon
INTRODUCTION: We investigated how many patients, who presented with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and who had not been classified as systemic sclerosis (SSc), would be reclassified as SSc, if the 2013 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria were used. We also analyzed the predictive values of the reclassification as SSc in those patients.
METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 64 patients with RP and 60 patients with SSc. We applied the new classification criteria to them, reclassified them, and compared variables between those who were newly classified as SSc and those who were not or previously classified as SSc.
RESULTS: Seventeen of 64 patients (26.5%), who presented with RP, but did not fulfill the 1980 ACR classification criteria, were newly classified as SSc by the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria. The newly classified patients as SSc showed increased frequencies of sclerodactyly, digital tip ulcer, telangiectasia, abnormal nailfold capillaries and the presence of anti-centromere antibody, compared to those not and telangiectasia and anti-centromere antibody, compared to the previously classified patients. For the reclassification as SSc, the variables with independent predictive value were sclerodactyly (odds ratio (OR) 60.025), telangiectasia (OR 13.353) and the presence of anti-centromere antibody (OR 11.168).
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 26.5% of the patients, who presented with RP, but who did not fulfill the 1980 ACR classification criteria, were newly classified as SSc according to the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria. Sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, and the presence of anti-centromere antibody had independent predictive value for reclassifying patients with RP as SSc.ope
Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in a Patient with Andersen-Tawil Syndrome
Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by periodic paralysis, dysmorphic features and cardiac arrhythmias. This syndrome is caused by mutations of KCNJ2 gene, which encodes inward rectifying potassium channel. Here, we report an 18-year-old girl who was presented with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia and acute respiratory distress. She was diagnosed with ATS, based on dysmorphic features, ventricular arrhythmia, and periodic paralysis. This is the first case to be reported in Korea who experienced a fatal cardiac arrest and respiratory failure caused by ATS.ope
Successful Prasugrel Rescue Therapy in Clopidogrel Resistant Patients Who Had Recurrent Stent Thrombosis of Drug-Eluting-Stent: The Role of Prasugrel in Clopidogrel Nonresponders
Stent thrombosis is a very serious problem after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation even though its incidence is about or less than 1%. As the clopidogrel resistance is expected to play an important role in the occurrence of stent thrombosis, new anti-platelet agents overcoming this issue can give us another choice. We experienced a case of a 58-year-old male with successful prasugrel rescue therapy in a patient with clopidogrel resistance who had recurrent stent thrombosis following DES implantation.ope
Differences in Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes between Adult and Child Patients with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
We aimed to investigate differences in clinical manifestations and outcomes between adult and child patients with Henoch-SchΓΆnlein purpura (HSP), and to analyze the factors associated with poor prognosis for HSP nephritis. This retrospective 10-yr study enrolled 160 patients with HSP who visited Severance Hospital. Purpura was mostly detected in lower extremities, but purpura in upper extremities was more frequently observed in adults than children (41.7% vs 19.3%). Children had a greater frequency of arthralgia (55.4% vs 27.1%), while adults had a greater frequency of diarrhea (20% vs 1.6%). Anemia, elevated C-reactive protein, and level of IgA were more frequently observed in adults (25% vs 7.1%, 65.6% vs 38.4%, 26.3% vs 3.5%). Renal involvement in adults was more severe than in children (79.2% vs 30.4%). Chronic renal failure showed a significant difference in outcomes of HSP between adults (10.4%) and children (1.8%) after a follow up period of an average of 27 months. Furthermore, renal insufficiency at diagnosis was significantly related to the progression to chronic renal failure. Our results showed several differences in the clinical features of HSP between adults and children. Adults with HSP had a higher frequency of renal insufficiency and worse renal outcomes than children. Renal insufficiency at diagnosis might be of predictive value for the progression to chronic renal failure in HSP patients.ope
Typical 18-FDG-PET/CT Findings of Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Case Report
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory rheumatic condition characterized by generalized pain and morning stiffness in the shoulders, hip girdle, and neck. Since the pathogenesis of PMR is still uncertain, the diagnosis of PMR depends on clinical features. There have been several studies regarding radiological tools for the diagnosis of PMR. Recent studies using 18-FDG-PET showed bursitis, synovitis, uptake in the spinous process and asymptomatic large-vessel vasculitis in PMR patients. However, there was no report on the efficacy of 18-FDG-PET for diagnosis of PMR in Korea. Here, we are first reporting a case of a Korean patient with PMR, who had radiological findings including bursitis, synovitis, uptake in the spinous process and asymptomatic large-vessel vasculitis on 18-FDG-PET/CT.ope
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Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμ°κ³Όνλν 물리·μ²λ¬ΈνλΆ(물리νμ 곡),2019. 8. μ΄νν¬.λ³Έ νμ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ΄ν©ν λͺ°λ¦¬λΈλ΄ ν¬ν νΈλμ§μ€ν°μ κ΄ μ μμ νΉμ±μ λν΄ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μννμλ€. λ°μ¬ νμ κ³Όμ μμ 2μ°¨μ λ¬Όμ§ κΈ°λ°μ ν¬ν νΈλμ§μ€ν°μ κ΄ μ μμ νΉμ±μ μ£Όλ‘ νꡬνμλ€. 2μ°¨μ λ¬Όμ§μ μμμ€μΌμΌμ μμ λκ»λ‘ μΈν΄ λ§μ λΉμ μμ ν‘μν μ μκ³ μλΉν ν° μμν€ κ²°ν© μλμ§λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μλ€. μ΄ λ μμΈμ 2μ°¨μ λ¬Όμ§ κΈ°λ°μ κ΄ κ²μΆκΈ°μ κ΄ λ°μμ±μ μ΅μ μν¨λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ ν¬ν νΈλμ§μ€ν°λ λλμΈ μ μ λ° κ²μ΄νΈ μ μμ μ΄μ©ν΄μ κ΄ νΉμ±μ μ¦νμν¬ μ μλ ꡬ쑰μ΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ, 2μ°¨μ λ¬Όμ§ κΈ°λ°μ ν¬ν νΈλμ§μ€ν°μ κ΄ μ μμ νΉμ±μ ν₯μμν¬ μ μλ€.
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νμλ€.In this thesis, the optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2 phototransistors are mainly studied. The major reason of exploring the optoelectronic characteristics of 2D materials-based phototransistors, not of photodiodes, during my doctorate course is because 2D materials cannot absorb significant amount of light and they have considerably high exciton binding energy, originating from their atomically thin thickness. These features suppress the optoelectronic performance in the perspective of 2D materials-based photodetectors. However, the phototransistor can amplify the photodetection capability by employing the external electric fields, such as drain-source voltage and gate-source voltage.
After introduction of my thesis work in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 I will summarize a research result of improving photosensitivity of MoS2 phototransistors conducted in 2014 as my first research topic. I demonstrated that a surface treatment with organic materials on MoS2 could improve the photoresponsivity and photoswitching characteristics. In addition to the exploration for improving optoelectronic performance, I became interested in the intrinsic optoelectronic characteristics of 2D materials during my doctorate course. In Chapter 3, I summarize the intrinsic optoelectronic characteristics of fully transparent MoS2 phototransistors employing a van der Waals heterostructure. And, in Chapter 4, the effects of p-doping on optoelectronic characteristics of WSe2 phototransistors are explained.
Because of the nature of phototransistors using external electric fields for amplifying the optoelectronic performance, I studied the electrical and optoelectronic phenomena of 2D-based phototransistors under the high electric fields. I have discovered the interesting electrical phenomena in MoS2 transistors under the high electric fields in the process of arranging for the experimental setup for studying optoelectronic characteristics. However, I could not finish this research on the optoelectronic characteristics under the high electric fields due to the insufficient time. I summarized the thickness-dependent avalanche breakdown phenomena and charge trapping dynamics under the high electric fields in Chapters 5 and 6.List of Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................... i
List of Contents .......................................................................................... ii
Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................ 8
1.1. Brief introduction of TMDs and MoS2 ............................................... 8
1.2. Optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2 and a MoS2-based heterostructure for enhancing photosensitivity .................................. 9
1.3. Intrinsic optoelectronics of MoS2 phototransistors .......................... 10
1.4. Electrical characteriscitcs of MoS2 under high electric fields .......... 11
1.5. Outline of this thesis ......................................................................... 12
References ............................................................................................... 13
Chapter 2. Optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2 phototransistors via vertical heterostructure with organic material ................. 16
2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 17
2.2. Experiments ...................................................................................... 19
2.2.1. Device fabrication process ..................................................... 19
2.3. Results and discussions .................................................................... 20
2.3.1. Electrical chararcteristics of MoS2 FETs ............................. 20
2.3.2. Modulation of threshold voltage via a heterostructure .......... 22
2.3.3. Enhancement of photoresponsive characteristics .................. 26
2.3.4. Improved photoswitching characteristics .............................. 34
2.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 38
Figure captions ........................................................................................ 39
References ............................................................................................... 41
Chapter 3. Intrinsic optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2 phototransistors via a fully transparent van der Waalsheterostructure ...................................................................... 45
3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 46
3.2. Experiments ...................................................................................... 48
3.2.1. Device fabrication process ..................................................... 48
3.2.2. Electrical and optical characterizations ................................. 49
3.3. Results and discussions .................................................................... 49
3.3.1. Structure and electrical characteristics of transparent MoS2 phototransistors .................................................................... 49
3.3.2. Spectroscopic characteristics of the transparent MoS2 phototransistors ...................................................................... 52
3.3.3. Comparision of the optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2 phototransistors on transparent and opaque substrates .......... 53
3.3.4. Intrinsic optoelectronic characteristics of transparent MoS2 phototransistors under visible light ........................................ 58
3.3.5. Time-resolved photoresponse characteristics in transparent MoS2 phototransisotrs .......................................................... 63
3.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 65
Figure captions ........................................................................................ 66
References ............................................................................................... 67
Chapter 4. Effect of facile p-doping on electrical and optoelectronic characteristics of ambipolar WSe2 field-effect transistors 73
4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 74
4.2. Experiments ...................................................................................... 75
4.3. Results and discussions .................................................................... 76
4.3.1. Change of electrical and photoswitching characteristics ....... 76
4.3.2. XPS analysis .......................................................................... 83
4.3.3. Photoluminescence analysis .................................................. 84
4.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 87
Figure captions ........................................................................................ 88
References ............................................................................................... 89
Chapter 5. Thickness-dependent avalanche breakdown phenomena inMoS2 field effect transistors under high electric fields ...... 93
5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 94
5.2. Experiments ...................................................................................... 95
5.2.1. Device fabrication process ..................................................... 95
5.2.2. Electrical and optical characterizations ................................. 96
5.3. Results and discussions .................................................................... 97
5.3.1. Structure and electrical characteristics of MoS2 FETs ........... 97
5.3.2. Effects of lateral electric field, thermal stress caused by Joule heating, and carrier concentration on electrical breakdown in MoS2 FETs ........................................................................... 100
5.3.3. Unique thickness dependency of MoS2 on avalanche multiplication ....................................................................... 104
5.3.4. Temperature dependence of avalanche multiplication in MoS2 FETs ..................................................................................... 108
5.3.5. Comparision of critical electric field with conventional semiconductor materials ...................................................... 110
5.4. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 111
Figure captions ...................................................................................... 112
References ............................................................................................. 114
Chapter 6. Trapped charge modulation at the MoS2/SiO2 interface by lateral electric field in MoS2 field-effect transistors ........ 119
6.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 120
6.2. Experiments .................................................................................... 121
6.2.1. Device fabrication process ................................................... 121
6.2.2. Electrical characterizations .................................................. 122
6.3. Results and discussions .................................................................. 122
6.3.1. Structure and electrical characteristics of MoS2 FETs ......... 122
6.3.2. Charge trapping and detrapping phenomena depending on the VDS measurement range ........................................................ 124
6.3.3. Charge detrapping processes by the multiple VDS sweeps ... 128
6.3.4. The inflence of h-BN buffer layer inserted between MoS2 channel and SiO2 interfaces ................................................. 130
6.4. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 132
Figure captions ...................................................................................... 133
References ............................................................................................. 134
Chapter 7. Summary ............................................................................. 138
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ννΈ, λμμΈν¬λ μ£Όλ³ νκ²½μ λ°λΌ M1(classical) λλ M2(alternative)λ‘ λΆκ·Ήνλλ€. M1-λμμΈν¬μ M2-λμμΈν¬μ Conditioned Media(C.M.)μ μ»μ λ€ κ° μνΌμΈν¬μ μ²λ¦¬ν΄ CCL20, CXCL10μ λ°νμ μΈ‘μ νκ±°λ IL-6 μμ©μ²΄μ ν체λ₯Ό ν¨κ» μ²λ¦¬ν μ€νμ ν΅ν΄ M1-λμμΈν¬μμ IL-6κ° λΆλΉλ¨μ μ μ μμλ€. μ¦, IL-6λ M1-λμμΈν¬μμ λΆλΉλλ©°, κ° μνΌμΈν¬μ TM4SF5κ° IL-6μ μ νΈμ λ¬μ κ΄μ¬ν΄ κ° μνΌμΈν¬μμ CCL20, CXCL10μ λΆλΉνλ κ²μΌλ‘ νμ
λμλ€. μ΄λ TM4SF5κ° λ°νλλ κ° μνΌμΈν¬λ‘λΆν° λΆλΉλ CCL20, CXCL10μ M2-λμμΈν¬λ‘ λΆνκ° μ λλλ κ²μ λμ± μ΄μ§νλ κ²μ THP-1κ³Ό Bone-marrow derived macrophageμ M2 marker(Arg-1, Ppar-Ξ³, CD206 λ±)κ° μ¦κ°ν κ²μ ν΅ν΄ μ μ μμλ€. M2-λμμΈν¬λ Hepatic stellate cellμ νμ±ν μμΌ Col1Ξ±1μ μμ±νλ©°, κ° μνΌμΈν¬λ₯Ό μκ·Ήν΄ Laminin Ξ³2μ νμ±μ μ λνμλ€.
μΈν¬ μμ€μ μ€ν κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λλ¬Ό μμ€μμ νμΈνκΈ° μν΄, CCl4 μ²λ¦¬μ μν΄ κ° μ¬μ νκ° μ λλ λ§μ°μ€ λͺ¨λΈμ ꡬμΆνμ¬ λΆμνμλ€. CCl4μ μ²λ¦¬λ TM4SF5μ μ¦κ°μ Plasma ALT, κ° λ¬΄κ²/λͺΈλ¬΄κ² λΉμ¨μ μ¦κ°λ₯Ό μΌμΌμΌ°μΌλ©°, μ΄λ κ° μμμ μ§νμ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ CCl4μ TSHACλ₯Ό ν¨κ» μ²λ¦¬νλ©΄ Plasma ALT, κ° λ¬΄κ²/λͺΈλ¬΄κ² λΉμ¨μ΄ λ μ¦κ° νκ±°λ κΆκ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ κ° μμμ΄ λ μΌμ΄λ κ²μ νμΈνμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ‘°μ§ μΌμκ³Ό mRNA levelμ ν΅ν΄ Ξ±-SMA, Collagen1Ξ±1μ λ°νμ΄ TSAHCλ₯Ό ν¨κ» μ²λ¦¬ν κ·Έλ£Ήμμ κ°μν κ²μ νμΈνμλ€. λν, κ°μ Ccl20, Cxcl10μ λ°νμ΄ κ°μλκ³ μ΄λ‘ μΈν΄ κ°μΌλ‘ μ μ
λλ λμμΈν¬κ° κ°μν κ²μ μ μ μμλ€.
ννΈ, κ° μνΌμΈν¬μ TM4SF5μ M1-λμμΈν¬μ μμ‘΄μ μΌλ‘ μ¦κ°νλ Ccl20μ κ° μ¬μ νμμμ μν μ μκΈ° μν΄ Ccl20 siRNAλ₯Ό μ λ§₯μ£Όμ¬νκ³ CCl4λ‘ κ° μ¬μ νλ₯Ό μ λνμλ€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, Ccl20 siRNAμ ν¨κ» μ²λ¦¬ν κ·Έλ£Ήμ΄ CCl4λ§ μ²λ¦¬ν κ·Έλ£Ήμ λΉν΄ μΌμ¦μ μ λμ ECMμ μμ±, λμμΈν¬μ μ μ
μ΄ κ°μν κ²μ μ‘°μ§ μΌμκ³Ό mRNA levelμ ν΅ν΄ νμΈνμλ€. κ²°κ³Όμ μΌλ‘, TM4SF5λ₯Ό λ°ννλ μνΌμΈν¬λ‘λΆν° Ccl20μ λΆλΉκ° TM4SF5-μμ‘΄μ μ¬μ νμ μ€μν¨μ νμΈν μ μμλ€.
λ°λΌμ, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ κ° μ¬μ ν κ³Όμ μμ TM4SF5 μμ‘΄μ μΈ CCL20, CXCL10μ λ°ν, κ·Έμ λ°λ₯Έ λμμΈν¬ λΆκ·Ήνμ μ€μμ±μ μ μ μμμΌλ©°, κ° μ¬μ ν κ³Όμ μμ TM4SF5λ₯Ό λ°ννλ κ° μνΌμΈν¬μ λμ μΈν¬μ μνΈμμ©μ μ‘°μ νμ¬ κ° μ¬μ νλ₯Ό μΉλ£ν μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±μ μ μνμλ€.Chronic liver disease includes fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis in which the inflammatory environment is known to play an important role. In particular, hepatic fibrosis is a consequence of chronic liver damage and is caused by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) following chronic damage of hepatocytes and thereafter inflammatory reactions. Exacerbation of liver fibrosis leads to cirrhosis and eventually cancer. Therefore, earlier diagnosis and cure of liver fibrosis would be clinically beneficial. The previous researches have shown that expression level of transmembrane 4 L6 superfamily 5 (TM4SF5) in hepatocytes, a membrane protein belonging to the tetraspanin superfamily, increased in fibrotic human and mouse liver tissues. However, the roles of the microenvironment of the TM4SF5-positive hepatocytes in the development of fibrosis has not been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TM4SF5 on the cross-talk between hepatocytes and macrophages as well as the immune environment which would be involved in the progression of liver fibrosis.
RNA-Sequencing of SNU449 cells and mice liver tissues without or with TM4SF5 expression showed that the expression of certain cytokine/chemokine genes down-stream of IL-6 increased by the expression of TM4SF5. The open database also showed a positive correlation between TM4SF5 and CCL20/CXCL10, indicating that CCL20 and CXCL10 could be regulated by TM4SF5 expression. Thus, this study has been examined the roles of CCL20 and CXCL10 in the TM4SF5-dependent fibrosis in the liver.
First, when IL-6, a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine, was treated to hepatocytes, the phosphorylation of STAT3 was increased in cells expressing TM4SF5 as compared to cells not expressing TM4SF5. Expression of CCL20 and CXCL10, as known as down-stream genes of IL-6, were upregulated by TM4SF5 expression. The physical binding of IL-6 receptor Ξ± with TM4SF5 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, indicating that TM4SF5-positive hepatocytes could be affected by IL-6 signaling, presumably for CCL20 and CXCL10 expression. Under these conditions, treatment of TSAHC [4-(p-toluenesulfonylamido)-4-hydroxychalcone], a specific inhibitor of TM4SF5, disrupted the physical binding of IL-6 receptor Ξ± and TM4SF5 in hepatocytes. In addition, expression of CCL20 and CXCL10 were also gradually reduced by TSAHC treatment in a dose-dependent manner.
Macrophages, on the other hand, are polarized into M1 or M2 depending on their surrounding microenvironment. When the conditioned-media (CM) from M1-macrophages or M2-macrophages differentiated from THP-1 monocytes was treated to hepatocytes without or with IL-6 receptor antibody, the expression of CCL20 and CXCL10 in hepatocytes increased via the presumable secretion of IL-6 in M1-macrophages. In other words, IL-6 was secreted from M1-macrophages, and TM4SF5 in hepatocytes were involved in the signaling to synthesize CCL20 and CXCL10 by macrophage IL-6. Furthermore, CCL20 and CXCL10 secreted from TM4SF5-positive hepatocytes promoted the polarization of M2-macrophage, which was confirmed by increases in M2 markers (Arg-1, Ppar-Ξ³, and CD206) in THP-1 and bone-marrow derived macrophage. The CM from M2-macrophages then activated hepatic stellate cells to produce Col1Ξ±1 (collagen 1 chain Ξ±1) mRNA and stimulated hepatocytes to induce the expression of Lamc2 (laminin Ξ³2), suggesting their roles in fibrosis development.
To confirm these results using in vivo animal model, a hepatic fibrosis mouse model was induced by Intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Injection of CCl4 resulted in an increase in TM4SF5, plasma ALT and liver weight to body weight ratio, which were signs of liver damage. However, the injection of CCl4 together with TSHAC resulted in reduction of plasma ALT and liver weight to body weight ratio. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qPCR analyses confirmed that the expression of Ξ±-SMA, collagen1 Ξ±1 were higher in the group injected with CCl4, which were declined by additional TSAHC treatment. In addition, it was found that the expression of CCL20 and CXCL10 in the CCl4-induced fibrotic livers were reduced by TSAHC treatment, and importantly the macrophages infiltration into the liver was also the case, too.
Because the expression of CCL20 in hepatocytes depended on TM4SF5 expression and M1-macrophages, I wanted to know the significance of CCL20 in liver fibrosis. Ccl20 siRNA was intravenously injected during IP injections with CCl4. As a result, IHC and qPCR showed that the group treated with CCl4 and Ccl20 siRNA reduced degree of inflammation, accumulation of ECM, and infiltration of macrophages, although the group treated with CCl4 alone showed higher levels of them. Thus, secretion of CCL20 in hepatocytes depending on TM4SF5 expression can be important for TM4SF5-dependent fibrosis.
Altogether, this study showed that the importance of TM4SF5-dependent expression of CCL20 and CXCL10 and the effect of M2 macrophage polarization in the process of liver fibrosis. It is reasonable that liver fibrosis can be alleviated by regulating the cross-talks of hepatocytes expressing TM4SF5 with macrophages.ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS 9
RESULTS 15
DISCUSSION 39
REFERENCES 43
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[μλ¬Έ]Hypertrophied ligamentum flavum(LF), play a major role in the pathogenesis of lumbar spinal stenosis. The previous histological studies showed an increased amount of collagen(scarring or fibrosis), loss of elastic fiber in the thickened LF compared to normal LF. In vitro and in vivo studies, relaxin reduces collagen production, increase procollagenase synthesis and reduce the extent and severity of scarring in a number of experimental models of non-renal and renal fibrosis.
We assessed biologic effect of relaxin gene therapy in fibroblast from LF cells which is stimulated by fibrogenic growth factor. Relaxin gene therapy to fibroblast induce the relaxin receptor expression, does not decrease cell survival, increase the degradation of collagen and decrease the collagen content in cultures stimulated with growth factor.
Relaxin gene therapy suggest another modality of minimally invasive therapy in lumbar spinal stenosis with hypertrophied ligamentum flavum.ope
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