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    ์น˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์ • ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ‡ดํ–‰

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์ด์ค€์šฐ.Purpose: To investigate the incidence of retro-odontoid pseudotumor in patients with atlantoaxial instability (AAI) and evaluate pseudotumor regression after posterior fixation. Materials and Methods: From July 2004 to August 2015, 175 patients with AAI underwent posterior fixation operations at our institution. After excluding 11 patients (previous operation, n = 4history of tumor, n = 7), the final study population comprised 164 patients. The final study population was categorized according to their underlying diseases (rheumatoid arthritis [RA], os odontoideum, atlanto-occipital assimilation, dens fracture, AAI of unknown cause, etc.) and age (adult and pediatric groups). The incidence of retro-odontoid pseudotumor in each group was analyzed. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance or computed tomography images were reviewed to assess its regression following surgery. Results: Of the 164 patients included, 38 had retro-odontoid pseudotumor (23.2%). Three were diagnosed with RA and the rest were non-RA patients including os odontoideum (n = 12), dens fracture (n = 6), atlanto-occipital assimilation (n = 4), Morquio syndrome (n = 1), and AAI of unknown cause (n = 12). Pseudotumor size regressed in all 38 patients after atlantoaxial posterior fixation. There was a statistically significant decrease in pseudotumor size (the length between the anterior border of the odontoid process to the posterior border of the pseudotumor) from a mean length of 17.7 mm to 14.9 mm (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The patients had various underlying diseases and the overall incidence of retro-odontoid pseudotumor in patients with symptomatic AAI was 23.2% at our institution during the past 11 years. All patients who underwent posterior fixation for AAI showed a statistically significant decrease in pseudotumor size.I. Introduction 1 II. Materials and methods 3 A. Study Population 3 B. Image Acquisition 4 C. Image Interpretation 6 D. Clinical Data Assessment 8 E. Statistical Analysis 9 III. Results 10 A. Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor Regression 10 B. Incidence Proportion 12 C. Clinical Outcome 13 D. Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor Signal Intensity 15 IV. Discussion 16 V. References 23 VI. Abstract (in Korean) 40Maste

    2020๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„๋‰ด์Šค์™€ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    The extreme weather event, which has been occurring steadily at all over the world, is an event in which individuals "feel" the climate crisis, and plays an important role in recognizing the dangers of the climate crisis. However, recognizing the dangers of the climate crisis is not directly linked to individuals' actions to adapt to and mitigate climate change, requiring empirical research on climate crisis response consciousness. Perception of climate crisis risk is influenced by what type of news and media individuals encounter, and this study examines the sense of climate crisis response formed and distributed online by analyzing Internet portal news and comments on the news. The time range of the study was in the summer of 2020, when a series of typhoons caused a lot of damage to the society, and the spatial scope was among the "Naver News" articles from (Korean portal site so-called) "Naver", and the corresponding articles and comments were collected through web crawling using the computer language Python. In the case of articles, articles dealing with only phenomena itself, extreme climate event, and even climate crises were collected and analyzed by topic, media, and contents between the bundles of articles. Among them, 745 articles containing keywords from phenomenon to climate crisis were categorized into 26 types of small topic and 4 big topics through topic modeling. In addition, 26986 comments were classified into 10 categories through several coding by this researcher, and correlation analyses were conducted to determine which topics and "soluble responses" were related. According to the study, 248 cases (34%) of "phenomenon topic", 231 cases (31%) of "diagnosis topic" and 236 cases (32%) of "solution topic" were found to be relatively equal in the case of articles. Among the comments related to the climate crisis, 6,342 cases (24%) were "solution-type responses", followed by 1,578 cases (6%) of "exclution-type response" and 499 cases (2%) of "lethargy-type response". In addition, there were 14,042 (52%) "political responses" unrelated to the climate crisis, more than the total number of comments related to the climate crisis. The correlation analysis found that both the โ€œphenomenon topicโ€ and the โ€œsolution topicโ€ had significant correlations with all the โ€œsolution-type responsesโ€, and only less than half of the total small topic having significant positive/negative correlations. In particular, through the analysis of the small topics, this study found that Korean internet news users were more sensitive to extreme weather events abroad than to extreme weather events in Korea, and found some points that the media should pay attention to when it deals with information about climate crisis policies. This study is meaningful in that it looked at the consciousness of climate crisis response, which is formed during the experience of the actual event of abnormal weather phenomena as a result of the climate crisis, rather than a superficial response to the concept of climate crisis. However, this study is conducted in the field of climate crisis communication research for the first time and has limitations, requiring more diverse and precise follow-up studies in the future.๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชธ์†Œ โ€˜์ฒด๊ฐโ€™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ๋ฐ ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šค ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋งค์ฒด์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํฌํ„ธ ๋‰ด์Šค์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑยท์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜์‹์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ธด ์žฅ๋งˆ์™€ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ 2020๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ํฌํ„ธ โ€˜๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„โ€™์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ โ€˜๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ๋‰ด์Šคโ€™๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์–ธ์–ด ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์›นํฌ๋กค๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์ „์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๊ธด ์žฅ๋งˆ์™€ ์žฆ์€ ํƒœํ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ด์„ ์—†์ด ํ˜„์ƒ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฌถ์Œ ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ณ„, ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ๋ณ„, ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์ƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ 745๊ฑด์„ ํ† ํ”ฝ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 26๊ฐœ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์†Œํ† ํ”ฝ, 4๊ฐœ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ€ํ† ํ”ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 26986๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 10๊ฐœ ์œ ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ํ† ํ”ฝ๊ณผ โ€˜ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜ํ˜„์ƒ ํ† ํ”ฝโ€™, โ€˜์ง„๋‹จ ํ† ํ”ฝโ€™, โ€˜ํ•ด๋ฒ• ํ† ํ”ฝโ€™์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „์ฒด์˜ 248๊ฑด(34%), 231๊ฑด(31%), 236๊ฑด(32%)์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์ค‘์—๋Š” โ€˜ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™์ด 6342๊ฑด(24%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ โ€˜๋ฐฐ์ œํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™์ด 1578๊ฑด(6%), โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™์ด 499๊ฑด(2%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด 14042๊ฑด(52%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ“๊ธ€(โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™, โ€˜๋ฐฐ์ œํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘โ€™ ํฌํ•จ)์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€ํ† ํ”ฝ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์ƒ ํ† ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฒ• ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด ์†Œํ† ํ”ฝ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ•˜๋งŒ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์–‘์ /์Œ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณด๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ 2020๋…„์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ์ƒ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜์‹์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  5 โ…ก. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  8 1. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1) 2020๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์ƒ 8 2) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํฌํ„ธ ๋‰ด์Šค 13 3) ๋Œ“๊ธ€ 16 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 1) ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ถ„์„ 19 2) ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 3) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 21 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 24 2. ์กฐ์ž‘ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • 27 1) ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 30 2) ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ 34 3) ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 39 4) ๋Œ“๊ธ€ 46 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 75 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 75 1) ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 75 2) '๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”,๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ,์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”' ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 80 3) ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 89 2. ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 92 1) ๋Œ€ํ† ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘ 93 2) ์†Œํ† ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ˜• ๋ฐ˜์‘ 94 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  100 1. ๋…ผ์˜ 100 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 105 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 107 [๋ถ€๋ก1] ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ Python ์ฝ”๋“œ 115 [๋ถ€๋ก2] ํ† ํ”ฝ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋ถˆ์šฉ์–ด 137 Abstract 140์„

    ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚ด ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ EFL ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ์ด์šฉ์›.Planning has been considered an essential component of cognitive processes in writing as writers generate and organize ideas, and set goals. Following this reasoning, a number of studies attempted to investigate effects of planning and ended up reporting mixed results. A great deal of testing literature discusses how the task that is involved and the way the task implemented influence test-taker performance on tasks. In this regard, task conditions under which tasks are conducted should be significant consideration. However, there have been relatively few studies conducted on effects of planning conditions on writing in a testing context. This study aimed to examine the effects of within-task planning conditions on Korean EFL test-takers performance on argumentative writing assessment tasks. Within-task planning refers to on-line planning activities writers engage in while they are performing a writing task. Twenty-eight Korean university students were divided into two major proficiency groups (i.e., advanced and intermediate) and were asked to perform two argumentative writing assessment tasks under three different planning conditions: no planningpressured within-task planningand unpressured within-task planning. A series of repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVA) and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted. First of all, the analyses of variance examined the statistical significance of differences in writing scores among three different planning conditions using analytic scores and composite scores (i.e., aggregated scores of the six analytic criteria, namely, development of ideas, organization, vocabulary, sentence variety and construction, grammar and usage, and mechanics). Second, the analyses of covariance examined whether test-takers proficiency was a factor that mediated effects of planning conditions on writing scores. Pre-test scores were used as covariate. Finally, planning patterns and behaviors of Korean EFL test-takers were examined through a pre-test questionnaire, a post-test questionnaire, and interviews. Test-takers planning sheets were also examined. The analysis of results indicated that within-task planning conditions had no significant effects on the composite scores as well as analytic writing scores of Korean EFL test-takers. Furthermore, the test-takers proficiency levels turned out to have no mediating influence on effects of planning conditions on writing scores. In terms of planning behavior, seventy-five percent of the participants responded that planning is important and helpful in organizing key concepts and ideas. Also, it was shown that advanced writers spend more time on planning than intermediate writers. Based on the findings of this study, one major implication is the assignment of within-task planning time. Since there were no significant effects of three experimental conditions, the present study provided empirical evidence in support of the current writing test format which limits time incorporating all process of writing instead of giving no within-task planning time separately.Chapter โ… . Introduction 1 1.1 Background and motivation 1 1.2 Research questions 5 1.3 Organization of the thesis 5 Chapter โ…ก. Literature Review 7 2.1 A theoretical model of L2 Writing 7 2.2 The frameworks of L2 writing assessment 9 2.2.1 General framework 11 2.2.2 Time limit 12 2.2.3 Types of planning 16 2.2.4 Planning patterns and behaviors 17 2.3 Previous studies on effects of planning in an assessment context 20 2.3.1 Speaking 20 2.3.2 Writing 21 Chapter โ…ข. Method 24 3.1 Participants 24 3.2 Raters 27 3.3 Examiners 28 3.4 Instrument 28 3.4.1Placement test 29 3.4.2 Writing tests 30 3.4.3 Planning conditions 30 3.4.3.1 No planning 31 3.4.3.2 Pressured within-task planning 31 3.4.3.3 Unpressured wihin-task planning 32 3.4.4 Scoring 33 3.4.4.1 Analytic rubric 33 3.5 Procedure 33 3.6 Questionnaires and interviews 36 3.7 Analysis of the data 37 Chapter โ…ฃ. Results 40 4.1 Descriptive statistics 40 4.2 Reliability 46 4.2.1 Placement test 46 4.2.2 Inter-rater reliability for writing prompts 47 4.3 Correlations among placement test scores, writing test scores, self-assessment scores, and measures of overall English proficiency 51 4.4 Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) 53 4.4.1 Planning effect on the Composite Writing Test Scores 53 4.4.2 Planning effect on the Analytic Scores 55 4.5 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 61 4.5.1 Proficiency mdiating influence on effects of planning conditions on writing scores 61 4.6. Raters post-rating feedback 63 4.7 Questionnaires and interviews 64 4.8 Analysis of learners writing plan behavior 69 Chapter โ…ค. Discussion 71 5.1 Effects of within-task planning conditions on the analytic and composite scores 71 5.2 Korean EFL test-takers proficiency mediating influence on effects of planning conditions on writing 74 5.3.Planning patterns and behaviors of Korean EFL test-takers 75 Chapter โ…ฅ. Conclusion 78 6.1 Conclusions and implications 78 6.2 Limitations and future studies 79 References 82 Appendices 88 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 114Maste

    ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์ธ๊ถŒ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ธ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ โ€“ ์›๋ฃธ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ โ€“ ์‚ฌํƒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์›๊ฐ€์กฑ โ€“ ํˆฌ๋ฃธ ์ด์ƒ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์›, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์™„ํ™”, ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณผ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์š”์ธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์กด์ค‘, ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ๊ฐ„ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ž„์ฐจ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ž ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ๋งŒํผ ์˜ค๋กฏ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •๊ฐ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‹ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋†“์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์œ„ ์ฃผํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์•ฝ์ž๋‚˜ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์ ์€ โ€˜์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋  ๋•Œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€์€, ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.This study focused on the case of youth non-relative households appearing as an alternative housing practice in a situation where youth's housing problems are in full swing due to the deepening of economic instability among youth, and interest in various family types and loose relationships is increasing. By examining the spatial experiences that youth experience in the process of voluntarily forming and maintaining non-relative households by breaking away from the existing housing method, the purpose of this study was to understand the social meaning of youth non-relative households and implications for housing policies. The housing methods that youth can generally choose, such as single-person households with one-room housing method, shared housing with dormitory method, and family with two-room or more rooms housing method, have revealed the housing situation of youth that is poorer than expected. These existing housing methods were generally difficult to satisfy the housing and relationship needs of youth. Recognizing these limitations, youth tried to secure more comfortable housing, close but loose and equal household members, relaxing the burden of housing costs, and a living space that guarantees privacy and subjectivity. For this, youth formed non-relative households with other young people who had established intimacy and trust as an alternative housing method. In addition to the factors that led to this alternative housing practice, the daily practice as a non-relative household additionally satisfied the needs of the research participants related to safety, relationships, respect, and self-actualization. Meanwhile, in some cases, conflicts has accumulated due to heterogeneity among household members, and the fact that the corresponding residential space was a rental type and a space to live with others revealed limitations in securing stability as one's own space. On the other hand, the conditions placed on the research participants, such as student status and attitude toward marriage, which are judged to have a significant impact on changes in personal identity in the future, were found to be major factors that also affect the duration of non-relative households. Based on the spatial experience in the process of forming and maintaining non-relative households as an alternative housing practice, it was found that youth non-relative households are emerging at the intersection of housing instability and the perception of young people who are weakening the traditional view of the family. In addition, in the process of young people forming households and moving to higher-level housing, the limitations of housing policies were revealed. ๏ธ๏ธIn other words, the systems that have been reproduced by normative spatio-temporality do not take into account abnormal families such as non-relative households in the housing policy, and low-income or non-regular youths give up the benefits of housing policies due to the opportunity cost of long-term procedures. As a result, the problem of spatial exclusion was aroused. Furthermore, in order to prepare a more improved housing policy, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the relational benefits of non-relative households can be achieved when the 'right to live with the desired person' is guaranteed. It should be noted that in order to take the relational advantage of the alternative housing of non-relative households voluntarily pursued by these young people, it can be achieved when the 'right to live with anyone they want' is guaranteed. It is required to flexibly reflect this right in housing policies. Nevertheless, in the process of forming and maintaining non-relative households, the different conditions and family views of young people are reflected in the spatial experience. This suggests that a detailed approach should be taken in consideration of the heterogeneity of young people when formulating a housing policy that considers non-relative households.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํฌ์šฉ 4 1. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ฐ ์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 2. ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ 7 3. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ 13 1. ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 13 2. ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์š•๊ตฌ 14 3. ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์š”์ธ 17 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 1. ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 27 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์˜ ์„ค์ • 28 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 35 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ชฉ์  39 1. 1์ธ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ โ€“ ์›๋ฃธ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 39 2. ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ โ€“ ์‚ฌํƒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 43 3. ์›๊ฐ€์กฑ โ€“ ํˆฌ๋ฃธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ 52 1. ๋ถ„๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์™„ํ™” 52 2. ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ํ™•๋ณด 58 3. ์ •์ƒ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์žฌ์˜ํ† ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ 62 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 64 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 67 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฅ์  67 1. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ ˆ์•ฝ 68 2. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์•ˆ์ „ ํ™•๋ณด 72 3. ๊ณ ๋…๊ฐ ํ•ด์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ 74 4. ํ˜ธํ˜œ์  ๋Œ๋ด„๋…ธ๋™ ํ™•๋ณด 78 5. ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ 81 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์  84 1. ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ๊ฐ„ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ 85 2. ๋‚ด ์†Œ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž„์‹œ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 87 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•™์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ 88 1. ํ•™์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 90 2. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 93 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 106 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋น„์นœ์กฑ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ 110 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  116 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 122 Abstract 127์„

    ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์ถœ์ด ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: OECD๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ™.๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์‡ ํ‡ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ, ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์™ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” OECD 31๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™„ํ™”๋Œ๋ด„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์  ์ง€์›์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜•๋ชจํ˜•(Hierarchical Linear Model)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ World Values Survey(WVS)์˜ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‘๋‹ต์„, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” OECD ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์™„ํ™”๋Œ๋ด„ ๋น„์šฉ์ง€์› ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์™„ํ™”๋Œ๋ด„ ๋น„์šฉ์ง€์›์ด ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์ถœ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๊ณผ ์™„ํ™”๋Œ๋ด„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ณ ํ†ต ์™„ํ™”์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ์  ์ง€์› ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™„ํ™”๋Œ๋ด„ ๋น„์šฉ์ง€์›์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ์‹œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ, ์š”์–‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™„ํ™” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํƒ€ 30๊ฐœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์› ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ, ์š”์–‘ ๋ฐ ์™„ํ™” ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์‡ ํ‡ด๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 2.1 ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 2.2 ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† : ๊ฐœ์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€ 6 1) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 6 2) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ 7 3) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ 9 2.3 ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† : ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€ 11 1) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์› 11 2) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์ถœ 13 3) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ณต์  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณด์žฅ ์ง€์ถœ 14 3. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 19 3.1 ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 19 1) ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ: World Values Survey 19 2) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ: OECD Statistics ์™ธ 20 3.2 ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• - ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜•๋ชจํ˜• 21 1) 1๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ (Descriptive Analysis) 21 2) 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜•๋ชจํ˜• (Hierarchical Linear Model) 21 3.3 ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ 23 1) ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘๋‹จ 23 2) ๋ถ„์„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ OECD31๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ 24 3.4 ํ™œ์šฉ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์„ฑ 27 1) ๊ฐœ์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 27 2) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 29 4. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 4.1 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 34 1) ๊ฐœ์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  34 2) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ 36 4.2 ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜•๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 1) ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ชจํ˜•(Null Model) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 2) ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 3) ์„ธ๋ถ€์—ฐ๋ น์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ณ„ ์ƒํ™œ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ค‘์š”์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„๊ณ„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 48 ๋ถ€๋ก 52 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 60 Abstract 69Maste

    (The) change of head posture after orthognathic surgery in mandibular prognathism

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‘๊ฐœ ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋ถ€ ๋ฐœ์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋ก ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ด๋ก (functional matrix theory)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ ์•ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๋“  ๋ณ‘์ ์ด๋“  ๋‘๊ฐœ์ €, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ถ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์œ„ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ์œ„ ์—ฐ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ‰ํ˜• ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ถ€ ์ž์„ธ(head posture)๋Š” ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„(dural aponeurotic system), ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„(musculo-aponeurotic system), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ถ”์ „๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‘๊ฐœ์ €์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„(dural aponeurotic system)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ถ”ํ›„๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๊ทผ์œก์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณต๋ถ€๋‚ด์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณจ, ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ, ์ „๋‘๊ฐœ์ €๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ถ”์ „๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฑด๋ง‰์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ถ€์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ธ๋‘๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋„์ ์ •(airway adequacy)๊ณผ ๋‘๋ถ€์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋„์ ์ •, ๋‘๊ฐœ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์„ธ ์š”์†Œ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ๊ณผ ์ธ๋‘๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ์ž์„ธ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์•…๊ต์ •์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์•…์•ˆ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‘๋ถ€์ž์„ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•…๊ต ์ •์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ธ๋‘๊นŠ์ด (pharyngeal depth)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์•…๊ต์ • ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•…์•ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘๋ถ€์ž์„ธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋„์ ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ ์ •์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ด 117๋ช…(๋‚จ 61๋ช…, ์—ฌ 56๋ช…)๊ณผ ํ•˜์•… ์ „๋Œ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์•…๊ต์ •์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž 41๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก๋ฐฉ ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ํ•˜์•…์ „๋Œ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์ด ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Šฌํ›„์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜์•…์ „๋Œ์ค‘๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•˜์•…์ „๋Œ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์ด ์ „ํ•˜๋ฐฉ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ ํ›„์— ํ›„๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5. ์ธ๋‘ ๋ฉด์ ์€ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜์•…์ „๋Œ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ . ํ•˜์•…์ „๋Œ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ํ›„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”์—†์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์•…๊ต์ •์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ฐ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„์ ์ •์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์„ค๊ณจ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํƒ„์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] According to the functional matrix theory which is one of the many theories on Growth and Development of the craniofacial region, regardless of normal or not, the craniofacial structure of an individual is influenced by a balance between the surrounding skeletal structures including the cranial base, cranial vault, and cervical vertebra and the soft tissues. Head posture may support the equilibration in cranio-cervical region by three musculo-aponeurotic systems which are composed of intracranial aponeurotic system, posterior cervical musculo-aponeurotic system, anterior musculo-aponeurotic system. The facial weight suspending to anterior cranial base is transported to posterior cervical muscles by way of two intracranial dural aponeurotic system and also it is reacted with anterior musculo-aponeurotic system continuing to cranial base from abdominal viscera, hyoid bone and mandible anteriorly arid thus, equilibration between craniofacial region and cervical region is accomplished by tension of these muscles finally. About the interrelation between head posture and craniofacial morphology, Linder-Aronson have advocated the correlation between the nasopharlmgeal airway adequacy and cranio-cervical postural relation, and which is two important biological factor contri-buting to craniofactial growth. And Solow and others have postulated the interrelation ship between craniofacial morphology, airway adequacy and head posture, and he advocated also that hyoid position relates to craniocervical angle and it is contributed to the resting position of mandible and pharynx. Athanausiou et at. have studied the relationship between the change of the position of the hyoid and the pharyngeal depth after orthognathic surgery. Wenzel and Fromm-Lundburg have measured the craniocervical angle postoperatively and compared the altered maxillofacial structure with the change of head position. The author tried to study the relationship between the craniocervical angle, airway adequacy and the position of the hyoid bone after the alteration of the dentofacial structure through the orthognathic surgery. To study the postoperative relationship, lateral cephalometric analysis was done on 117 normal Korean adults(61 males,56famales) and 41 patients treated by orthognathic surgery. The following results were obtained : 1. The craniocervical angle of mandibular prognathism group was smaller than the normal group and sigilificantly increased postoperatively. 2. The craniocervical angle showed a significant relationship with the hyoid bone position in both group. 3. The position of the hyoid bone was more anteroinferiorly positioned in the mandibular prognathism group and moved posteriorly after surgery. 4. The change of craniocervical angle was most sensitive to the change of hyoid bone postoperatively. 5. The pharlmgeal area showed a positive correlation with the pharyngeal depth. There was no siglificance between the mandibular prognathism group and the normal group. The mandibular prognathism group showed no difference of pharyngeal area between pre and postoperation. Through the above results, the following conclusion was obtained : In spite of the change of the craniofacial structure postoperatively, the change of craniocervical angle was harmonized to the change of hyoid bone with one unit, maintaining static airway adequacy.restrictio

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ (๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์•…์•ˆ๋ฉด์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Maste

    ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์Šค(2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šค(5-์•„์ง€๋„-4-๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2020. 2. ๊น€์˜๊ทœ.High energy density materials(HEDMs) are compounds that release a significant amount of heat and gas with high energy when rapidly decomposed. The powerful explosive properties of representative HEDMs such as TNT, RDX, and HMX result from decomposition of substituted explosophores or highly strained structures. HEDMs are classified as primary and secondary explosives according to their sensitivity and explosive performance. Primary explosives are very sensitive to external stimuli and easily explode with lower energy, while secondary explosives are less sensitive to external stimuli than primary explosives. Among them, secondary explosives need to have lower sensitivity to utilize for transportation, storage and military purposes. Many research projects have been carried out to prevent unintentional explosions. Generally, HEDMs need to have high density, detonation pressure, detonation velocity and low sensitivity. In order to satisfy the above requirements, recent studies reported the synthesis of symmetric bis(nitropyrazolyl)methane compounds. Because of increased density and high nitrogen content due to stable symmetric structure, they are attracting attention as novel high energy materials, which improved their explosion performances and insensitivity. However, imidazole-based bis(nitroazolyl)methane compounds have not been reported yet. In this study, two new bis(nitroimidazolyl)methanes, bis(2,4-dinitroimidazolyl)methane and bis(5-azido-4-nitroimidazolyl)methane were synthesized via direct coupling of dinitroimidazoles. Their explosive properties are expected to be on par with their pyrazole derivatives. The explosive properties that can be used as secondary explosives are expected because of the number of nitro explosophores contained within a molecule. 2,4-dinitroimidazole and 4,5-dinitroimidazole were prepared according to previously reported synthetic methods and direct coupling reactions were attempted using diiodomethane as coupling reagent. Bis(2,4-dinitroimidazolyl)methane was obtained by using excess amount of the coupling reagent. Meanwhile, in the coupling experiment of 4,5-dinitroimidazole, unwanted by-product bis(5-iodo-4-nitroimidazolyl)methane was obtained. It was converted to a useful primary explosive, bis(5-azido-4-nitroimidazolyl)methane, by azidation reaction using sodium azide. Obtained compounds are novel bis(nitroimidazole)methane derivatives that have been unreported, and were characterized by 1H, 13C-NMR analysis and GC-HRMS.๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ๋Š” TNT, RDX, HMX ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํญ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‘”๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1์ฐจ, 2์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , 2์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์€ 1์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์— ๋œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 2์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์€ ๊ตฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”์™€ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘”๊ฐ ํ™”์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ํญ๋ฐœ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ํญ๋ฐœ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋‘”๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์œ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„์กธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Šค๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์•„์กธ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํญ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋‘”๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ์งˆ์†Œ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์•„๋กœ๋งˆํ‹ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ํญ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋น„์Šค๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์•„์กธ๊ณ„ ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ”ผ๋ผ์กธ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ผ์กธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์Šค๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์•„์กธ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ์— ํญ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์Šค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์Šค(2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šค(5-์•„์ง€๋„-4-๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๊ณผ 4,5-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์•„์ด์˜ค๋„๋ฉ”ํƒ„๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„์Šค(2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์€ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์— ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น„์Šค(4,5-๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋น„์Šค(5-์•„์ด์˜ค๋„-4-๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์— ํญ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์•„์ง€๋„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋น„์Šค(5-์•„์ง€๋„-4-๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆด)๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์Šค๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋กœ์จ 1์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ ํญ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์€ 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ GC-HRMS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1. HEDMs : High energy density materials 1 1.2. Properties of high explosives 3 1.2.1. Detonation product 3 1.2.2. Oxygen balance 6 1.2.3. Detonation velocity & pressure 7 1.2.4. Impact sensitivity 9 1.2.5. Properties of secondary explosives 10 1.3. Nitroazoles as HEDMs 12 1.3.1. Bis(polynitropyrazole)s 13 1.3.2. Bis(polynitroimidazole)s 17 2. Result and Discussion 18 2.1. Strategy 18 2.2. Synthesis of dinitroimidazoles 23 2.2.1. Synthesis of 4-nitroimidazole 23 2.2.2. Synthesis of 1,4-dinitroimidazole 24 2.2.3. Synthesis of 2,4-dinitroimidazole 25 2.2.4. Synthesis of 4,5-dinitroimidazole 26 2.3. Synthesis of bis(2,4-dinitroimidazolyl)methane 27 2.4. Coupling reaction of 4,5-dinitroimidazole 30 2.5. Amination of bis(5-iodo-4-nitroimidazolyl)methane 32 2.6. Azidation of bis(5-iodo-4-nitroimidazolyl)methane 34 2.7. Additional studies 36 3. Conclusion 38 4. Experimental Details 39 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES 48 1. List of 1H-NMR Spectra of Selected Compounds 49 2. List of 13C-NMR Spectra of Selected Compounds 59 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 69Maste

    ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์ž„ํŒŒ์„  ์ „์ด์™€ ์˜ˆํ›„์—์„œ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”-c-Met์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ

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    Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ•์‚ฌWhen hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binds, c-Met undergoes phosphorylation and initiates signal transduction cascades to trigger a variety of cellular responses. HGF/c-Met signaling in cancer has been reported to increase cell survival and stimulate proliferation, scattering, motility, and invasion of carcinoma cells. Although overexpression of HGF or c-Met in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its association with lymph node metastasis or poor prognosis have been reported in several studies, there is a lack of research on phospho-c-Met (p-Met) in OSCC. In the present study, using anti-p-Met (Tyr 1234/1235) antibody, c-Met activation in OSCC was examined to determine the correlations among p-Met, c-Met, and HGF expression. The expression level of p-Met, c-Met and HGF was analyzed with clinicopathological variables including lymph node metastasis and survival. High expression levels of both HGF and c-Met were significantly related with p-Met expression (P<0.001). But there were 36 cases showing p-Met positive when expression of both HGF and c-Met was low and 5 cases showing p-Met negative when expression of both HGF and c-Met was high. Positive p-Met expression was significantly related with cervical lymph node metastasis (P=0.001) and a significant predisposing factor for lymph node metastasis (adjusted odds ratio=2.859; 95% CI, 1.334-6.124; P=0.007). There was no significant difference in survival according to HGF expression level, but the survival rate of low c-Met expression and negative p-Met expression were significantly higher (c-Met, P=0.002; p-Met, P<0.001). According to multivariate Cox regression analysis, p-Met expression, not c-Met expression, was an independent prognostic factor (adjusted hazard ratio=5.884; 95% CI, 3.336-10.379; P<0.001). Our findings demonstrate that HGF or c-Met expression only is not sufficient to examine the invasive feature of carcinoma and to predict the prognosis. Activated-c-Met (phosphorylation of Tyr1234/1235) is a better biomarker to predict invasion, metastasis, and survival in OSCC patients. Therapeutic targeting of the HGF/c-Met pathway may offer new possibilities in the treatment of OSCC patients.ope

    Risk factors of obesity in the air force officers and NCOs

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ๋น„๋งŒ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ 3๊ฐœ ๋น„ํ–‰๋‹จ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธก์„ 2010๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›” 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์— ์‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒ€์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 327๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS/PC 18.0 for windows ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋งŒ(BMI&WC&W/ht ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ƒ ๋น„๋งŒ) ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด 105๋ช…(32.1%)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ(BMI&WC&W/ht ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ)์€ 222๋ช…(67.9%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ค์ฒœํ–‰์œ„ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์—ฐ๋ น, ํŠน๊ธฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๋™๊ฑฐํ˜•ํƒœ, ์•„์นจ์‹์‚ฌํšŸ์ˆ˜, ์‹์‚ฌ์†๋„, ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ์Œ์‹ ์„ญ์ทจํšŸ์ˆ˜, ์Œ์ฃผํšŸ์ˆ˜, ๊ณผ์ŒํšŸ์ˆ˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹์ด ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ–‰์œ„, ์šด๋™๊ฒฉ๋ ค ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด 40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 20๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๋งŒ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 6.121๋ฐฐ(OR=6.121, CI=1.325โˆผ28.272), ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ผ ์šด๋™๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜๋ก 3.760๋ฐฐ(OR=3.760, CI=1.071โˆผ13.197)๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒ์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋น„๋งŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ค์ฒœํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.restrictio
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