29 research outputs found
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ธํ๋ผ์ ์ด์ฌ ์ ๊ฐ ํจ๊ณผ ์์ธก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ํ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง์ญ์์คํ
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ์ด๋๊ทผ.Rapid urbanization and decaying downtown areas have caused mass gains in vacant houses in large cities, such as Seoul, and mid-sized cities, such as Incheon and Daejeon. Vacant land and houses lower land prices and can trigger crime, causing negative externalities to adversely affect their surroundings. More cities have been gradually introducing green spaces in vacant land as a means of redevelopment to improve the city and reduce negative externalities. In addition to this societal value, the physical evaporation and shadow effects of green spaces can mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is a serious problem due to the artificial heat of the city. In Korea, quantitative figures for the mitigation of the urban heat island phenomena are derived only for individual sites, and there has been insufficient research on the effects of introducing green spaces into vacant land and housing sites. In particular, it is important to evaluate the potential temperature reduction effect in the planning stage before implementing greening in the vacancies. This is important data that provides baseline data at the decision-making stage. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively study the effect of greening vacant land and houses. The purpose of this study is to derive the quantitative effects of urban infrastructure mitigation using meta-analysis to predict the regional effects of green infrastructure on vacant land. First, quantitative figures are derived from the meta- analysis on the impact of a Green Infrastructure Strategy on reducing urban decay. Second, based on the results of the meta-analysis, we quantitatively derive the green infrastructure effect obtained in two selected high-density areas in Sungui-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon. Nam-gu is the second largest city in Incheon and its residential area is the target of urban regeneration. Third, we examine the environmental benefits and opportunity costs of greening. The study was conducted as follows. To understand the quantitative effect of green infrastructure, we derived a regression equation and used meta-analysis to determine the effect of temperature reduction when green space was introduced. Then, the extent of urban decay was evaluated using a previous study and sites A and C, with available ground surface temperature data, were selected in Nam-gu, Incheon. The appropriate type of greening for Sites A and C were selected and the effect of temperature reduction was estimated using meta-analysis results. The results of the study indicate that Sites A and C should be transformed into a Neighborhood Park and pocket park, respectively. These changes would result in a temperature reduction up to 2.751 ยฐC within the park at Site A, and a temperature reduction of ~1.507 ยฐC within a 62-m radius outside the park. The projected performance at Site C was similar, a temperature reduction of up to 2.269 ยฐC internally and ~0.92 ยฐC outside the park. In deriving the results, we considered that various previous studies obtained results from different situations, including climate zones and geography. In addition, the opportunity cost due to greening and the added value to the surrounding area are discussed. Green infrastructure is an effective environmental practice tool to add social, economic, and cultural value. Furthermore, it facilitates the adoption of environment-friendly policies, such as the introduction of green spaces rather developing additional buildings to public places.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature Review 5
2.1 Greening strategies case study 5
2.2 Case studies of greening vacant land 9
Chapter 3. Methods 12
3.1 Scope of the Study 12
3.1.1 Contents 12
3.1.2 Spatial Context 12
3.2 Methods 15
3.2.1 Study flow 15
3.2.2 Estimation of green infrastructure effect using meta-analysis 17
3.2.3 Selecting the study site and greening type 21
Chapter 4. Results and discussion 26
4.1 Estimation of green infrastructure effect using meta-analysis 26
4.1.1 Results from the search and selection of related documents 26
4.1.2 Derivation of Heat Island Reduction Effect and Trend Equation 28
4.1.3 Equation accuracy 34
4.2 Search and select target sites 40
4.2.1 'Dong' selection for green infrastructure 40
4.2.2 Vacant land for green infrastructure effect 43
4.3 Estimation of green infrastructure effect 51
4.4 Impacts on the surrounding area 52
4.5 The opportunity cost of greening 53
Chapter 5. Conclusions 57
Bibliography 60
Appendix 67
Abstract in Korean 77Maste
Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Anaerobic Infections: A 7-Year Retrospective Study
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Risk factors for mortality resulting from anaerobic infection are incompletely defined. The clinical significance of a broad range of pathogenic obligate anaerobic organisms was examined, and factors independently associated with mortality were identified in patients with clinically significant anaerobic infections.0aMETHODS: The medical records of 1,050 patients with anaerobic infections were retrospectively reviewed at Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea.0aRESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 54.1cally significant cases were polymicrobial anaerobic infections. The mean number of pathogens, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, was 3.7athogens by rank were the Bacteroides fragilis group, which accounted for 41.8% of anaerobic infections, followed by Clostridium spp. (11.8%), Prevotella spp. (9.4%), and Peptostreptococcus spp. (8.4%). Escherichia coli (17.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.5%) were common concomitant aerobic organisms. The overall crude mortality rate resulting from anaerobic infection was 29.7%. Among the determining factors associated with mortality, liver disease (p005) were significant in multivariate analysis.0aCONCLUSIONS: Anaerobic infection is polymicrobial and has a significant role in morbidity and mortality. Underlying liver disease was associated with poor prognosis in anaerobic infection.ope
Changing trends of infective endocarditis according to the change in health care system in Korea
Background: In July 2000, there was a dramatic change in Korean health care system with the medical reform, the separation system of pharmacies and prescriptions. Before then, patients could easily get antibiotics without doctorsโ prescriptions. Since the symptoms and signs of infective endocarditis are very nonspecific, prior self treatment with antibiotics before admission was common. This study was performed to determine the changing trends of infective endocarditis according to the change in health care system.
Methods: One hundred eighty eight patients from 8 different medical institutions were included. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for each patient who was diagnosed as infective endocarditis by Modified Duke criteria. Patients were separated into two different groups (Group I : patients diagnosed before July 2000, Group II : patients diagnosed after November 2000). Clinical characteristics, blood culture positivity, and in-hospital mortality were compared.
Results: There was no difference in clinical manifestation between two groups other than malaise. Blood culture positivity was 57.4% in group I and 71.1% in group II. Blood culture positivity was significantly higher in group II (p=0.038). In-hospital mortality tends to be lower in group II, which was 22.3% in group I and 12.9% in group II (p=0.066). The relationship between higher blood culture positivity and lower in-hospital mortality couldnโt be clarified.
Conclusion: There was an increase in blood culture positivity and a tendency to decrease in in-hospital mortality after July, 2000, possibly due to health care reform. This, to my knowledge, is the first effort to investigate the changing trends of an actual clinical disease according to the change in health care system.ope
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in East Asia
Background:Recent predictions of catastrophic epidemic surge of HIV infection in East Asia concern experts and governmental organizations. As in many other areas, countries in East Asia show diversities in their HIV epidemics, both geographically and temporally. However, they have similar regional, cultural and racial characteristics which allow them to have certain common factors. Having a clear picture of the current extent and feature of HIV/AIDS in this region is a very difficult task largely due to the fast pacing of expending epidemic and difficulty in data-sharing among countries in the region. Hence, we decided to study the epidemiologic feature of HIV/AIDS in East Asia through East Asia Network on HIV (EAN-HIV).
Materials and Methods:The epidemiological patterns of HIV/AIDS in East Asian countries were investigated by collecting data through EAN-HIV.
Results:The HIV/AIDS epidemic in East Asia started relatively late at mid 1980s. Since then, the number of newly infected HIV/AIDS cases has been steadily increasing with stiffer escalation in recent years. In China and Taiwan, IDU plays an important part in the swiftly growing HIV epidemics; however, in other regions like Korea, Japan, and Hong Kong, MSM (men who have sex with men) seems to be more of a problem. The major subtypes of HIV in East Asia are subtype B, C, and CRF01_AE, and rapidly evolving circulating recombinant forms (CRF) between subtypes such as CRF07_BC give dynamic change to the current status.
Conclusion:The incidence of HIV/AIDS is rapidly increasing in East Asia. The epidemic pattern has undergone dynamic changes over time. China seems to be the leading source of HIV/AIDS epidemic in East Asia due to its large population and rapidly growing epidemics.ope
A Case of Brucellar Spondylitis with Multiple Spine Involvement
Brucellosis, a zoonosis with world wide distribution, is a systemic infection that affects several organs and has protean presentation. Although spondylitis is universally the most common complication of brucellosis and difficult to treat, there is no consensus on the preferred combination of antibiotics use. The authors report a case of a 58-year-old male patient with brucellar spondylitis involving several vertebrae. Diagnosis was made by positive blood culture and magnetic resonance imaging. The authors use a combination method of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin for a period of 3 months. The systemic symptoms were improved after treatment.ope
Prognosis Factors of Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea
Background:Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has a wide range of clinical manifestations. The prognostic factors of CDAD are not fully understood.
Materialsand Methods:A retrospective cohort study of 115 patients with CDAD from Aug. 2002 to Dec. 2003 was conducted to evaluate prognostic factors of CDAD. Bacteriologic factors were determined by detecting the binary toxin gene, tcd A, tcd A rep and tcd B gene. Poor prognosis was defined as diarrhea more than 10 days even with classic treatment, recurrence, death, and moribund discharge.
Results:Approximately 79% of isolated strains were toxin A+/B+ strains and 21% were toxin A-/B+ strains. There was no difference in prognosis between toxin A+ and toxin A- strains. 39 (33.9%) cases showed poor prognosis and 76 (66.1%) cases showed good prognosis. Univariate analyses revealed that the poor prognostic factors were old age over 70 years old, male, the number of antibiotics used after onset of symptom, the administration of carbapenems, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides after onset of symptom, history of DM and stroke, and high Charlson comorbidity index. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified old age over 70 years old (odds ratio=3.378, P=0.009) and the administration of carbapenems after onset of symptom (odds ratio 7.210, P<0.001) as the independent poor prognostic factors.
Conclusion:Old age over 70 and the administration of carbapenems after onset of symptom were the poor prognostic factors for CDAD caused by none-binary toxin producing strains.ope
Cultivation and DNA isolation of coxiella burnetii nine mile strain
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
Coxiella burnetii๋ Q fever๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์์ธ์ฒด๋ก์, ์์ฃผ์ ์ธํฌ๋ด์์๋ง ์ฆ์ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ์์ฃผ ์ธํฌ์ phagolysosome๋ด์์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ท ์ growth cycle์ ํตํด์ ์ฆ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ๋ํ c, burnetii๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ํน์ง ์ธ์ ๋ง์ด ํ์ก ๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ hairy cell ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ. ์ด๋ฌํ ํน์ง๋ค์ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค๋ c. burnetii์ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ด๋ผ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ C. burnetii Nine Mile strain์ DNA ํน์ฑ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ์ฌ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ผ์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ C. burnctii ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณํ๋ํ
์์ด์ ์ฐธ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด์. ๋จผ์ C. burnctii Nine Mile strain์ ๊ณํ์์ ์ ์ข
ํ์ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐฐ์
ํ ๊ณํ์์ ๋ํฉ๋ญ์์ C. burrnetii๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํค์ Gimenez staining๊ณผ IFA๋ฌผ ์ํํ์์ ๋, ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ชจ๋์์ C. burnctii์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณํ์๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ๋ํฉ๋ญ์์๋ณด๋ค ๊ณํ์๊ฐ ์ด์ ์์๋ ๋ํฉ๋ญ์์ ๋ ๊ฐํ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ์์ ์ป์๋ค.
๋ํฉ๋ญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ C. burnetii๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ์์ ๋, ํํ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํ์ง ์์ C. burnetii cell๋ค์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์ฑ ๋์ ํ๋์จ์ธ 50,000 ๋ฐฐ๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ์์ ๋, C. burnetii cell์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์์ชฝ์ cytoplasmic membrane๊ณผ
๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ์ outer membrane์ด ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด์ periplasnic membrane์ ์ํด์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
C. burnetii์ total DNA๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ plasmid DNA๋ฅผ ์ ํ ํจ์๋ก ์ ๋จํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐ ์๋ํ์์ ๋, ๋ lane ๋ชจ๋์์ size marker์ 12.2 Kb๋ณด๋ค ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ํฐ band๊ฐ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด๊ฒ์ด plasmid DBA์ band์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ฆ C. burnetii Nine Mile strain์ 12.2 Kb๋ณด๋ค๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ํฐ plasmid๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
C. burnetii์ plasmid DNA๋ฅผ SalI ์ ํ ํจ์๋ก ์๋์๋. size marker์ 23.1 kb๋ณด๋ค ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ํฐ band์ 6.6 Kb ์ ๋์ band๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด plasmid DNA์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด ๋ band์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฉ์น 29.7kb๋ณด๋ค ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก C. burnetii Nine Mile strain์ ๊ณํ์์ ๋ํฉ๋ญ์์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ฆ์์ด ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ์๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ค ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ท ์ developmental cycle์ ๊ฑฐ์น๊ฒ ๋์ด ๋ค์ํ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด 29.7kb๋ณด๋ค ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ํฐ p
lasmid DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes Q fever and progresses through its replication cycle in the phagolysosome of the host cell. In addition to its intracellular parasitic nature, hairy cell transformation of human peripheral lymphocyte by C. burnetii encourage us to research the DNA of C. burnetii.
In this study, in order to clarify the DNA charateristics of C. vurnetii Nine Mile strain and to make it index to detect and differentiate new isolates in korea. we first inoculated C. burnetii Nine Mile strain into 7-day-old, embryonated chick
eggs. Then the infected yolk sacs were harvested and homogenized 7 days after inoculation if embryos were alive, but as soon as they died if they were dead. C. burnetii organisms cultivated in yolk sac were confirmed by Gimenez staining and IFA(indirect immunoflorescence assay).
C. burnetii organisms were purified from infected yolk sacs by a series of differential centrifugations and Renografin density gradients. Purified C. burnetii organisms were observed by electron microscopy. The EM finding revealed that the pleomorphic cells were formed during growth of C.burnetii in the phagolysosomes of yolk sac cells of embryonated eggs and the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane were separated by a periplasmic space.
DNAs uere isolated froM C. burnetii organisms, and the plasmid DNA was separated from chromosomal DNA by CsCl-EtBr density gradient centrifugation. The putative plasmid DNA was electrophoresed on a 0.8 % agarose gel and was found to migrate as a single band behind the 12.2 Kb fragment of 1 Kb DNA Ladder. This indicates that,
C. burnetii Nine Mile strain harbor plasmid DNA of mare larger size than l2.2 Kb. To determine the restriction endonuclease digestion pattern and to estimate the size of plasmid DNA of C. burnetii Nine Mile strain, the plasmid was digested with EcoRI and SalI, and the fragments were separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels. When cleaved with EcoRI, the plasmid was shown to be cut in several fragment, but the bands of these fragments were not clear. When cleaved with SalI, the plasmid was found to be cut in two fragments. Upper fragment size was a little more
larger than 23.1 Kb fragments of HindIII digests of lambda DNA, and loner fragment size was similar to 6.6 Kb fragments of those. Therefore, the plasmid size was proved to be a little more larger then 29.7 Kb.
In summary, it can be concluded that C. burnetii Nine Mile strain organisms were cultivated in embryonated eggs. progressed through its replication cycle in the phagolysosome of the yolk sac cells, and harbored plasmid DNA of a little more larger size than 29.7 Kb.restrictio
ํ๊ตญ์ธ HIV ๊ฐ์ผ์์์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋์ฌ ํจ์์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ์์ก๋จ๋ฐฑ์
Dept. of Medicine/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]ํญ์์ด์ฆ ์น๋ฃ๋ก์ HAART(highly active antiretroviral therapy)๊ฐ ๋์
๋ ์ดํ HIV ์ ๋ํ ์น๋ฃ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญํ๊ณ ์๋ค. Efavirenz๋ NNRTI(nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) ์ค ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ ์ ๋ก์ ์ฃผ๋ก CYP2B6์ ์ํด, ์ผ๋ถ๋ CYP2D6์ ๋์ฌ๋๋ฉฐ, MDR1์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ๋ฐํ๋๋ P-glycoprotein์ด ์ฝ๋ฌผ์์ก๋จ๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ก์ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ CYP2B6 ๋ฑ์ ์ฐํ๋์ฌํจ์์ MDR1 genes์ ๋ณ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค
์ด 82๋ช
์ HIV ๊ฐ์ผ์๋ฅผ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ์ด์๋ฐ์, ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋๋์ ์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๊ณ CYP2B6, CYP2D6 ๋ฐ MDR1์์ 11๊ฐ์ง ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
C1236T์ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์์์ ์น๋ฃ ํ 24์ฃผ์ ์ข ๋ ๋์ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๊ณ CD4+ T ๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ๋์ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ณ์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ ์๋ ์์๋ค.
์ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ฐ์ ์ค ๋ํต, ํ๊ธฐ์ฆ, ์
๋ชฝ, ์์ด ์ถฉ๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ด์๋ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝํํ 24๋ช
๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ 58๋ช
์ ๋น๊ตํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ MDR1 A893S (r.2677G>T) ๋ณ์ด๊ฐ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ด ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ์๊ณ (p = 0.007), ์ ์ ํ ํ์ค efavirenz ๋๋๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ํ์๊ตฐ์์๋ MDR1 A893S(d.2677G>T) ๋ณ์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์์ด์ฆ ์น๋ฃ์์ ํด๋น ์ ์ ์์ ๋จ์ผ ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋คํ์ฑ์ด efavirenz ๊ฐ ํํจ๋ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ๋ํ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์์ด๋ ์ด์๋ฐ์์ ์์ธกํ๋๋ฐ ์ค์ํ ์ ์ ์ ํ์ง์ ์ญํ ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has proven efficacy in controlling viral replication in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infected patients. Efavirenz, recommended NNRTI (nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) by DHHS (department of health and human service) guideline, is known to be metabolized by CYP2B6 mainly and by CYP2D6 partially and is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, which is encoded by MDR1. The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and MDR1 protein polymorphism on the virological /immunological response and neuropsychiatric adverse effects of efavirenz using a population genetics approach.
Total 82 Korean HIV infected patients were divided into two groups, those who had good immunologic or virologic responses with efavirenz based regimens and or not. And, it was considered to have neuropsychiatric adverse effects of efavirenz or not. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and MDR1 genes were analyzed.
Patients with SNP C1236T tended to have better immunologic response at week 24 and much CD4+ T cells increment. There were no correlation between SNPs of CYP450, MDR1 and virologic response to HAART. Among patient who experienced neuropsychiatric adverse effects (n = 24) and those who did not (n=58), MDR1 A893S (r.2677G>T) variant showed a strong association with the neuropsychiatric adverse effects caused by efavirenz (p = 0.007). These data strongly suggest that A893S polymorphism in the human MDR1 gene is associated with altered drug responses of efavirenz. The adequate trough concentration of efavirenz group more likely had TT genotype than inadequate group in G2677T.
It was anticipated that MDR1 polymorphism may play an important role as a genetic marker for predicting responsiveness of efavirenz prior to and after initiation of therapy by these association results in HIV infected patients.ope
Estimating household demand system over the life cycle and its application: ETS effect on consumer welfare in Korea
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌํํ๋ถ(๋๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๊ถ์ค์.Population aging and low fertility rate have become a global economic crisis today, and South Korea is no exception to these currents. The share of people aged 65 years or over increased from 2.9% in 1960 to 15.7% in 2020, and according to Statistics Korea, it is expected to show a rapid rise to 39.8% by 2050. Despite the impact of population aging on Korean society (e.g., changes in consumer demand and income distribution), existing literature has mostly been attributed to the supply-side effects, such as reducing productivity. To respond to the socioeconomic consequences of population aging, it is essential to understand the changes in household consumption patterns according to household characteristics. In particular, establishing household consumption patterns that vary over the individual life-cycle should be a timely topic of interest. Unfortunately, the vast flow of relevant literature is mainly concerned with the macroeconomics' perspective rather than microeconomics view.
In consumer theory, a rational consumer who purchases commodities aims to achieve his greatest satisfaction (i.e., utility maximization) under a given budget constraint and prices. Under this assumption, we estimate a demand function for total household expenditure considering individual life-cycle as the most significant factor. Consumer preference for goods can be estimated using income, expenditure, and price data when consumer choices are unobservable. However, it is difficult to identify the consumption of goods and services of all kinds simultaneously. Moreover, estimating partial information or based on the aggregated data often leads to the loss of information or requires a strong assumption on preference. To overcome these problems, we suggest three-stage budgeting under weak separability assumption on consumer preferences.
In Chapter 1, we apply a rank-extended translog model to estimate the household demand system in Korea using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Our analysis consists of more than 73,000 data on annual household expenditure from 2006 to 2016. This study also carries out a probit analysis and bootstrapping approach to correct the biases from zero in expenditure. The household demand analysis in this study is divided into two parts: Intertemporal optimization and within-period model. First, we estimate time preference and intertemporal curvature using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The estimation results show that both time preference and intertemporal curvature are close to zero. Next, we use Heckmans two-step estimation method in the within-period in order to incorporate labor supply in the household expenditure. Using total expenditure, including the estimated leisure spending, we investigate a three-stage household demand system of 18 commodities.
Lastly, we forecast future household expenditure using the estimated demand, exact aggregation condition, and projected population data provided by Statistics Korea. The estimated results indicate that the consumption of goods and services shows an inverted U-shaped pattern due to an increase in the aging population. It also reveals that although the total consumption rises, a consistent increase in the proportion of the leisure spending in the total expenditure due to the aging population may hurt the future economic growth rates. This result emphasizes the need for drafting effective policies to stimulate consumption and to prevent a shrinking economy.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the household demand system based on the total household expenditure rather than the demand for a particular good. Moreover, we attempted to extend our work by considering labor supply in the life cycle utility maximization. The results indicate that the changes in wages result in the substitution between labor supply and leisure and significantly affect the expenditures on goods and services. The findings could be used as base parameters in the general equilibrium model and might also extend to consumer welfare analysis.
In chapter 2, we investigate the consumer welfare change from the emission trading scheme (ETS) in South Korea based on the household demand system over a life-cycle discussed in the previous chapter. This K-ETS is a source of an increase in production costs in the industrial sector, which leads to a rise in the price of final goods. Considering that the elderly and low-income populations tend to be more vulnerable to climate change, the more significant financial burden due to climate change policies is expected to be placed on older people. The problem of population aging is, therefore, closely linked to an increase in vulnerable populations to climate change and environmental policies and may create a trade-off relationship between environmental goals and social welfare.
The main purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the distributional effects of K-ETS. Based on Park and Kwon(2018), who estimated the impact of K-ETS on consumer prices using a computable general equilibrium (CGE), we combine a general equilibrium model combined with a household demand system.
The estimation results show that the welfare losses from K-ETS depend on income and the householder's age. The household's welfare losses are 61,436 KRW (23,091 KRW per capita), with the per capita losses of 21,535 KRW and 26,774 KRW for the highest and the lowest income group, accordingly. Besides, the welfare losses of aged over 70 are 26,281 KRW per capita, which is about 1.3 times larger than those of the 30s with 20,510 KRW per capita. The estimation results overall indicate that K-ETS has a regressive effect on income, and the elderly households suffer the most.
This paper explores the long-term welfare losses of emission trading scheme using intertemporal optimization parameters obtained from Chapter 1. The results show that the welfare losses for the aged over the 70s (in 2016) are the highest at 0.6487%, while the households in their 20s are the lowest at 0.6320%.
This study has several limitations and shortcomings. Our analysis is in the absence of the tax revenue recycling scenarios and has difficulty identifying the robustness of price change by K-ETS. Lastly, future research should undertake the dynamic effects of demand-supply in the estimation.์ต๊ทผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ, ์ ์ถ์ฐ ๋ฑ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ก ๋๋๋์๋ค. ํนํ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ต๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ช
์ฆ๊ฐ, ์ถ์ฐ์จ ์ ํ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์๋๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. 1960๋
2.9%์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ ๊ณ ๋ นํ์จ์ 2020๋
15.7%๋ก ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ๋ น ์ฌํ์ ์ง์
ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํต๊ณ์ฒญ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ถ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2030๋
์๋ 25%, 2050๋
์๋ 39.8%๋ก ๊ณ ๋ นํ์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ํ๊ท ์ดํผ ์ฐ๋ น๋ 30์ธ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๋์์ง๊ณ , 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ๋น์จ ๋ํ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ค์์๋ ๊ตญ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๊ฐํ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ณ ๋ นํ์จ๋ก, ๊ณ ๋ นํ์จ์ ์ฐ์
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ, ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฑ ์ฌํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์์ฐ์ฑ ์ ํ ๋ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ง์ถฐ์ ธ ์๊ณ , ์์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ธ์ํ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ๋ก ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ฌํยท๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น ํจํด์ ํ์
ํด์ผ ํ๊ณ , ํนํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๋น ํจํด์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋์ง ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ๊ฒ ํ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์์ ๊ด์ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํน์ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ฌธ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ นํ์ ๋์ํ ์๋น, ๊ณ ๋ นํ์ ์๋์ง ์๋น ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ง์ถฐ์ ธ ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ์๋น์ง์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ฝ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ์๋น์ง์ถ์ ๋ํ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋น์์ ์ ํธ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์์๋ ์๋น์์ ์๋์ด๋ ์ง์ถ, ์ค์ ๊ตฌ๋งค ํ๋ชฉ, ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์๋น์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ฆ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค์ฆ ๋ถ์์์ ๋๋จํ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์์๋ฅผ ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ ์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ํ๋ง ์ถ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ํ์ ํตํฉํ์ฌ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ ์์ค, ์ ํธ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํ ๋์ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์๋น์ ์ ํธ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฑ(Separability)์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ๋ค ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋๋๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ ์์ํจ์์์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ชจํ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์ด์ ๋์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด ์๋น์์ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์์ ์ํด ํต๊ณ์ฒญ์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ 2006๋
โผ2016๋
ใ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ํฅ์กฐ์ฌใ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์ด์์น๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ์ฝ 73,000๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์์ ๊ฐ ์ต์ ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ํด์ ใ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ํฅ์กฐ์ฌใ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ฝํธํธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ , ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋น์ง์ถ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์
์์์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์์ธ ํ๊ฐ์ก๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์๋ณธ ์๋น์ค ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ ํํ์ฌ ํ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ์ต์ ์๋น ๋ถ์์ ์ํด ์์ ๊ฐ ๋์ฒด ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝํธํธ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ํ๋กํ์ผ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ ์ ํธ๋๊ฐ 0์ ๊ฐ๊น์ ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋น์ ๋ํ ์ ํธ๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ์์ ๊ฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ํ 0์ ๊ฐ๊น๊ฒ ์ถ์ ๋์์ง๋ง ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น ๋ชจํ์ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํคํฌ๋ง์ 2๋จ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ทผ๋ก์์ ์๊ธ ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ๋์ถํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋
ธ๋์์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ง(quality) ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ก์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ก์ด ํฌํจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ง์ถ์ก์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ด 3๋จ๊ณ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ์์ํจ์ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ 0์ ์๋น๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ก๋น ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๋ถํธ์คํธ๋ํ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ถ์ ์น์ ํธ์๋ฅผ ๊ต์ ํ์๋ค. ์ ์ฒด ์ํ์ ํฌ๊ฒ 18๊ฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๊ฐ์ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ์๊ธ ์์น์ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌํ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค์ ๋ฐ์์ ์์๋ก ๋ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ-์ฌํ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค์ ๋์ฒด ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ถ์ ํ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ น๋ณยทํ๋ชฉ๋ณ ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ถํ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ น ํ๋กํ์ผ ๋์ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์๋น์ง์ถ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ถ ํ๋ชฉ์ ์์ด์ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์๋น ์ง์ถ์ก ์์ฒด๋ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง, ์ ์ฒด ์ํ ๋ด์์ ์๋น์ง์ถ์ ํ ๋นํ๋ ๋น์ค๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ ์๋ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ํจ์ ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ง๊ณ์กฐ๊ฑด, ํต๊ณ์ฒญ์ ใ์ฅ๋๊ฐ๊ตฌ์ถ๊ณใ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น๋ฅผ ์ ๋งํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค ์๋น ์ง์ถ์ก์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ญ U์ ํํ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ก์ ํฌํจํ ์ด์ง์ถ ์์ฒด๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ง๋ง, ๋
ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด์ง์ถ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๋น์ค์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก, ํฅํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์๋น์ง์ถ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์๋ ์๋นํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ์ฐฝ์ถ ๋ฐ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์๋น ์ง์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ท๋ชจ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ๋์ ๋ณด์ ์ฅ์น๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํน์ ํ ์ํ๊ตฐ์ ๋ํ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ์๋น์ง์ถ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น์ง์ถ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค์ ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ํนํ, ์๊ธ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ด์์ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ-์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค ์๋น์ง์ถ์๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ๊ท ํ๋ถ์์์ ๊ฐ๊ณ(์๋น์) ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ์๋น์์ ๋ฐ์, ์๋น์ ํ์๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋ด ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ค ํ๋์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์๋น์ ํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ธกํ์๋ค. ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ ์์ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฝ์ ๊ฐํ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ป ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ์๋น์์ ํ์๊ณผ ํฐ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ด ์์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์ฐ ๋น์ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ณํํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋น์์๊ฒ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ น์ธต, ์ ์๋์ธต์ผ์๋ก ๊ธฐํ๋ณํ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๊ณ , ๊ธฐํ๋ณํ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ์ฑ
๋ค์ ์์ด์ ํด๋น ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๊ฐ์ค๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํฅํ ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ณํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ์ทจ์ฝ๊ณ์ธต ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๊ณ , ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํ์ ์์ด ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ชฉํ ๋ฌ์ฑ-์ฌํ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฒด(trade-off) ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ค ํ๋์ธ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ (K-ETS) ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฅยท๋จ๊ธฐ ์๋น์ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ ์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋น 61,436์(1์ธ๋น 23,091์)์ ํ์ ์์ค์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์์ ์ง์ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด, ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์๋์ ์ญ์ง์ ์ธ์ง, ๋์ง์ ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๊ณ , ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 1๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 1์ธ๋น 21,535์์ ํ์ ์์ค์, 5๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 26,774์์ ํ์ ์์ค์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์ด ์๋ ์ญ์ง์ฑ์ด ์กด์ฌํจ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์๋น์ ํ์ ๋ณํ๋ ์ฐ๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์๋ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. 70๋ ์ด์์ 1์ธ๋น ํ์ ์์ค์ 26,281์์ผ๋ก 30๋(20,510์)์ ์ฝ 1.3๋ฐฐ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ์๋น ์ง์ถ์ก์์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋น์ค ๋ํ ์ฝ 1.7๋ฐฐ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ ๋
ธ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํต์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋๋ถ์๋ณยท์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ํ์๋ถ์์ ์งํํ์๊ณ , ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋๋ถ์ ๋ด์์๋ U์ ํํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฆ 30~40๋์ ํ์ ์์ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๊ณ , 70๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ํํ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋์๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํฅํ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๊ณ ๋ นํ ์งํ, ์ถ์ฐ์จ ์ ํ, 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ 2์ฅ์์ ์ถ์ ํ ์์ ๊ฐ ์ต์ ํ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์๋น์ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2016๋
๊ธฐ์ค 70๋ ์ด์์ ํ์ ์์ค์ด 0.6487%๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์๊ณ 20๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 0.6320%๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด์์ ์ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ค ํ๋์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ ์ฅยท๋จ๊ธฐ ์๋น์ ํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ, ์ผ๋ถ ํ๋ชฉ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ์๋น ํ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๊ธฐํ๋ณํ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์๋์ธต, ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต์ ํ์ ์์ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋จ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ํฅํ ๋
ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด๋ฌํ ํฐ ํ์ ์์ค์ ์
๋ ๊ณ์ธต์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ฏ๋ก ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ํ ๋ณดํธ ๋ํ ํ์ํ๋ค ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ ์ธ์ ํ์ฉ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์ , ์ผ๋ฐ์ฐ์ฐ๊ท ํ์ ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๊ฑด์ฑ์ ๋ํ ํ์ธ์ด ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ , ์์-๊ณต๊ธ์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ก, ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ค๋ค์ ธ์ผ ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ์์ฑ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 4
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ 13
์ 4 ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 13
์ 2 ์ฅ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋น ๋ถ์ 15
์ 1 ์ ๋ถ์์๋ฃ 15
์ 2 ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชจํ 37
์ 3 ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 63
์ 4 ์ ์๊ฒฐ 112
์ 3 ์ฅ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋น์ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 115
์ 1 ์ ๊ตญ๋ดโง์ธ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ๋ฐฐ์ถ ํํฉ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฑ
๋ํฅ 115
์ 2 ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชจํ 127
์ 3 ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 134
์ 4 ์ ์๊ฒฐ 141
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 145
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 149
๋ถ๋ก 161
๋ถ๋ก โ
. ์ ์ฒด ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๋์ถ 161
๋ถ๋ก โ
ก. ์์ํจ์ ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 166
๋ถ๋ก โ
ข. ์ด์ ๋์ ํจ์ ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๋์ถ 173
๋ถ๋ก โ
ฃ. 0์ ์๋น๋ 1๋จ๊ณ ๋ถ์ 177
๋ถ๋ก โ
ค. ๋
ธ๋-์ฌ๊ฐ ์ ํ ๋ชจํ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ๋์ถ 179
๋ถ๋ก โ
ฅ ์๋น์ ํ์ ๋์ถ 181
๋ถ๋ก โ
ฆ. ๋ฐฐ์ถ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๋ณํ 182
Abstract 184Docto