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    ์˜๋ฏธ(่‹ฑ็พŽ)๊ฐ„ ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„: 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ „์žฌ์„ฑ.๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์นจํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋  ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๊ตญ๋ ฅ(hard power) ์š”์ธ์ด ๋™๋งน ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด์ต ์กฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋™๋งน์˜ ์†๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ œ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋™๋งน์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ์ค‘ ๋™๋งน์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋“ฏ, ๋™๋งน ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•œ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™ํ•™์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋™๋งน ์–‘ ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์„ฑํŒจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™ํ•™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์ด์ต์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์™€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์น˜์  ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠน์ • ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์—์„œ์˜์ง€์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜์™€ ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์„ฑํŒจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋™๋งน์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ 1954๋…„ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ 1956๋…„ ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ์—ด์„ธ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜๊ตญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์€ ๊ณต๋™๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ž… ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์ด ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋‹จํ˜ธํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณต๋™๊ฐœ์ž… ์™ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์Šต์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณต์Šต์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์ œ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์„ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ œ์ง€ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ”๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์Šน์ธํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ์ฐจ์ฐจ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜๋„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋™๋งน ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 4 3. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 1) ๋™๋งน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 6 (1) ์ž์œจ์„ฑ-์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 7 (2) ์—ฐ๋ฃจ-๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ 7 2) ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๋ฆฌ: ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 3) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜ ์š”์ธ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฒญ์ค‘ ๋น„์šฉ 12 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 15 1) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 15 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ 16 3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ 18 5. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 19 โ…ก. ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 20 1. ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 20 1) ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 20 2) 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 23 2. ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 28 1) ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž 28 2) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€ 31 3) ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 34 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 37 โ…ข. 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€ 38 1. 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 38 2. ์ œ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„์˜ ์›์ธ 40 3. ์ œ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ณผ์ • 43 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 53 โ…ฃ. ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™๋งน ์ œ์ง€ 55 1. ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 55 2. ์ œ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„์˜ ์›์ธ 57 3. ์ œ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ณผ์ • 60 1) ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ ์ œ์ง€ 60 2) ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ ์ œ์ง€ 65 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 69 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  71 1. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 71 2. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 72 1) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜์˜ 72 2) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 73 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 75 Abstract 86Maste

    ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์šฐ์ง€์ˆ™.๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ œ๋„๋Š” 1998๋…„ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์ •ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ํ–‰์ •๊ฐ€์น˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์ต์˜ ์‹คํ˜„๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ง€ 15๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž… ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ธ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ˜น์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ทจํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ•์›์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ์†Œ์†ก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•๋ น์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€ ์ค‘, ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ •๋ณด ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ํŒ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ •๋ณด ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๊ณต์ต์˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑยท๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœํ–‰ํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋งŒ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋กœ์ง“ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ •๋ณด์œ ํ˜• ์ค‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ์œ ํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ์ •๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์ •๋ณด์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด, ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฐœํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ • ์ดํ›„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ์œ ํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ์œ ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ • ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กฐ์ง๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ์ • ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด์š”์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ์š”์ธ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์งˆ์„œ์œ ์ง€ ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์กฐ์ง์š”์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ์ •๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์ •๋ณด์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณต์ต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต์ •๋ณด 5 1. ๊ณต์ต์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 2. ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ณต์ต 7 3. ๊ณต๊ณต์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ •์˜ 9 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 10 1. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •์˜ 10 2. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ œ๋„๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 11 1) 1998๋…„ ์ œ์ •๋ฒ•์•ˆ (๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ 5242ํ˜ธ) 12 2) 2004๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์•ˆ (๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ 7127ํ˜ธ) 13 3) 2006๋…„ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ (๋ฒ• ์ œ 8026ํ˜ธ) 14 4) 2013๋…„ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ (๋ฒ• ์ œ 11991ํ˜ธ) 14 3. ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜• 18 1) ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์œ  ๊ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 18 2) ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 23 4. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„์˜ ์šด์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 24 1) ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 24 2) ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 26 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  31 1. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 31 2. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 32 3. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 34 4. ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ œ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 38 5. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  40 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 42 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 42 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 42 1) ์กฐ์ง์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 42 2) ์ œ๋„์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 45 2. ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 47 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 48 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 48 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 49 1) ์กฐ์ง๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 49 2) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : 2004๋…„ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • 53 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 54 1) ์ •๋ณด์š”์ธ 54 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 56 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 56 3. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• : ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 57 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 58 1. ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์œ  58 2. ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ •๋ณด ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋นˆ๋„ 60 3. ์กฐ์ง์š”์ธ 61 1) ์—…๋ฌดํŠน์ •์„ฑ 61 2) ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 62 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ 63 1. ์ดํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ถ„์„ 63 2. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 65 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 71 1. ์ดํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ถ„์„ 71 2. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 73 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 77 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 80 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 83 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 85 Abstract 93Maste

    Analysis of X Chromosome Inactivation in Women with Premature Ovarian Failure

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    Objective: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a highly heterogenous condition, and its etiology remains unknown in approximately two-thirds of cases. POF can be caused by Turner syndrome, genetic disease, iatrogenic agents such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, infection and autoimmune disease. X chromosome inactivation is the random process in females during early embryogenesis to achieve dosage compensation with males. But skewed X chromosome inactivation occurs in the female carriers, secondary to cell-autonomous selection against cells in which the abnormal X chromosome is active. Highly skewed X chromosome inactivation is likely to occur in POF which caused by subcytogenetic X chromosome deletion or translocation and X-linked gene mutation. The present study was performed to investigate whether highly skewed inactivation of X chromosome is observed in POF. Methods: Eighty-six women with premature ovarian failure were studied and eighty-three normal women were enrolled as a control group. X chromosome inactivation pattern were determined by studying methylation pattern of androgen receptor gene. Results: Seventy-six of the 86 POF patients were informative for X chromosome inactivation assay, 8 (10.5%) of them showed highly skewed X chromosome inactivation. In the age matched control group, 3 (4.1%) out of the 74 subjects showed highly skewed X chromosome inactivation. However, this finding is not statistically significant (p=0.2274). Among highly skewed X inactivation, one case of premature ovarian failure revealed 46,XX,del(X)(p21) by high resolution band karyotyping. Therefore highly skewed X inactivation can provide clues to evaluate the causes in POF. Conclusion: This study suggests that screening of skewed X chromosome inactivation for the POF will be useful to detect subcytogenetic X chromosome deletion or translocation and X-linked gene mutation associated with POF.ope

    Prognostic Significance of Flow Cytometric Nuclear DNA Quantification in Ovarian Tumors

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    Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of DNA ploidy, SPF to other surgicopathologic factors including stage, grade and CA-125 in ovarian cancer and to evaluate the association between CA-125, DNA ploidy, SPF and 2-year survival in ovarian cancer. Methods: The study was prospective, which included 56 patients with ovarian tumors who were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine from Feb. 2000 to Jan. 2003. There were 7 benign tumors, 9 borderline tumors and 40 malignant tumors. All patients underwent surgical operation for fresh tissue. All specimens for histopathologic grading and stage were classified according to WHO criteria and FIGO stage. DNA ploidy groups were divided into two groups, diploidy and aneuploidy. DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction (SPF) were analyzed by flow cytometry in fresh surgicalspecimens from primary ovarian tumor. CA-125 was measured at diagnosis and after 6th courses of chemotherapy. Results: Of the Benign tumors, 85.7% were diploidy, 14.3% were aneuploidy. Of the borderline tumors, 88.9% were diploidy, 11.1% were aneuploidy, 60.0% of malignant tumors were diploidy, 40.0% were aneuploidy. In relation between grade and DNA quantification, grade was not significantly associated with DNA ploidy (p=0.07), SPF (p=0.08). In the relationship of stage to DNA quantification, aneuploidy was associated with advanced stage (p=0.2), mean value of SPF was significantly high in advanced stage (stage III+IV) (p=0.04). In the DNA ploidy and SPF, mean value of SPF was 5.5 +/- 4.6% in diploidy and 13.6 +/- 12.8% in aneuploidy. The difference was significant (p=0.03). The serum CA-125 level after six courses was divided into two groups with a CA-12535 U/mL, aneuploidy and mean value of SPF were increased significantly in CA-125>35 U/mL (p=0.05, 0.04). In 2-year survival, CA-125>35 U/mL, aneuploidy and SPF>10% were poor prognostic parameters. Conclusion: CA-125 is an important prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Our results were consistent with the concept that aneuploidy or high percentage of SPF could predict the poor prognosis of disease course. The flow cytometric DNA quantification in ovarian cancer may provide major information about tumor prognosis.ope

    One Case of Placenta Accreta Treated with Selective Uterine Artery Embolization Followed by Methotrexate

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    Placenta accreta is a rare but potentially lethal obstetric emergency due to massive hemorrhage, uterine perforation, and infection. Traditionally, hysterectomy was performed in the occurrence of serious hemorrhage. Currently, several conservative treatments including the use of uterine pacldng, leaving the placenta in situ, argon-beam coagulation, uterine artery ligation, administration of methotrexate, and uterine artery embolizations are introduced to preserve future reproductive potential. We present a patient with placenta accreta treated successfully with selective uterine artery embolization followed by methotrexate with brief review of literature.ope

    Steroid Hormone Metabolism in Patients with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

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    Objective : To identify 1) whether the endogenous steroid hormone metabolism in patients with pelvic organ prolapse was different from that of normal women, 2) the relationship between endogenous steroid hormone metabolites and the stage of the pelvic organ prolapse. Methods : Twenty postmenopausal women who were clinically diagnosed as having pelvic organ prolapse and 20 volunteer postmenopausal women not having pelvic organ prolapse were included in the study. We compared the urinary profiles of endogenous steroids between the two groups and investigated the relationship between urinary profiles of the endogenous steroids and the degree of pelvic organ prolapse. Urinary profiles of the endogenous steroids were assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results : The ages of the patients and control group were 64.6ยฑ6.5 and 63.5ยฑ3.9 years, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was 23.96ยฑ3.14 and 24.11ยฑ kg/m^2 in patients and in normal subjects, respectively. The number of patients in each stage were 4 in stage โ… , 4 in stage โ…ก, 6 in stage โ…ข and 6 in stage โ…ฃ. 5-androstene-3ฮฒ, 16ฮฒ, 17ฮฒ-triol (5-AT), 11ฮฒ-hydroxy androstenedione (An) and 17ฮฒ-estradiol were significantly increased in patients with pelvic organ prolapse over that of the control group (0.76ยฑ0.67 vs 0.06ยฑ0.03 ฮผmole/g creatinine; p=0.002, 1.16ยฑ0.83 vs 0.65ยฑ0.23 ฮผmole/g creatinine; p=0.04, 15.08ยฑ9.81 vs 8.53ยฑ6.19 ฮผmole/g creatinine; p=0.04). However, tetrahydrocortisone (THE) was significantly increased in the control group over that in patients having pelvic organ prolapse (9.80ยฑ6.21 vs 5.22ยฑ4.89 ฮผmole/g creatinine; p=0.04). The androgen metabolites, 5-AT and THE significantly correlated with the POP-Q stage (R=0.418; p=0.027, R=0.46; p=0.016). Among the estrogen metabolites, 17ฮฒ-estradiol was correlated to the POP-Q stage but not mathematically significantly (R=0.38; p=0.05) and the 17ฮฒ-estradiol/extrone ratio weakly correlated to pelvic organ prolapse stage (R=0.14l p=0.49,), by showing a low correlation coefficiency. Conclusion : The urinary concentrations of 17ฮฒ-estradiol, 5-AT and 11ฮฒ-hydroxy an increased in patients with pelvic organ prolapse over that of the control group and 5-AT, THE and 17ฮฒ-estradiol showed a relationship to the progression of pelvic organ prolapse in Korean women. The metabolites of endogenous steroid hormones could be contributing factors in the pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse.ope

    The Effect of Isoflavone Supplementation on Plasma Biochemical Parameters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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    OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of isoflavone supplementation on hormone levels, lipid profiles and total antioxidant status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: Total 11 women with polycystic ovary syndrome were supplemented daily with 150mg of isoflavone for 6 months. Blood samples were collected 0, 3, and 6 months after supplement of isoflavone for analysis of LH, FSH, E2, testosterone, free testosterone, SHBG levels, serum lipid profiles, and total antioxidant status (TAS). RESULTS: After 6 months isoflavone supplementation, the hormone levels did not change significantly. Serum lipid profiles did not show any significant change in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein(a), and free fatty acid levels. However, there was significant increase in HDLcholesterol (p<0.05) for 3 months. Total antioxidant status was increased significantly after isoflavone supplementation for 6 months (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Isoflavone supplementation showed positive effects on the HDL-cholesterol and total antioxidant status. it is implicated that isoflavone supplementation will may have a effect on cardiovascular disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.ope

    Increased telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis

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    BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is considered a frequent, benign disease with the ability to undergo neoplastic processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the limitless replication potential of the endometrium in patients with endometriosis by examining human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA expression and telomerase activity. METHODS: Endometrium samples from 30 endometriosis patients and 30 patients without endometriosis were obtained via endometrial biopsy. The expression of hTERT mRNA was determined by real-time RT-PCR assay, and telomerase activity was measured by telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. RESULTS: The mean normalized hTERT (N hTERT) mRNA level was significantly higher in the endometriosis than in the control group (P = 0.013). The mean hTERT mRNA levels during the proliferative phase and during the secretory phase were higher in the endometriosis group than in the control group, although the difference was only significant for the secretory phase (P = 0.036). We found a prominent difference in endometrial telomerase activity between moderate-to-severe endometriosis and the control group (P = 0.048). The levels of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity increased as the disease became more severe (P = 0.038, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the overexpression of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity in the endometrium of endometriosis patients. These finding suggest that replication potential of endometrial cells may have an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.ope

    Cell Cycle Signaling Pathway by Cyclins-CDKs and CDKIs in Endometriosis

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    Objective : To determine whether oxidants are formed as part of the cisplatin-induced apoptotic process, intracellular markers of oxidative stress were examined. Methods : Apoptotic death of HeLa cells by cisplatin was confirmed by flow cytometry. Results : The pre-treatment with glutathione (GSH) significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis through the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and diminished caspases-3 and 9 protease activity. Furthermore, z-VAD-fink, an inhibitor of pan-caspase, effectively inhibited the activation of caspases and prevented apoptosis by cisplatin, although cisplatin-induced ROS generation was not attenuated. Conclusion : These data indicate that ROS may play a role as an upstream mediator of caspases. Taken together, our results suggest that oxidative stress mediates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells.ope

    Clinical Efficacy of Clomiphene Citrate and Letrozole Combined with Gonadotropins for Superovulation in Patients with Clomiphene-Induced Thin Endometrium

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    Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC) and letrozole combined with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with CC-induced thin endometrium Methods: Fifty-one intrauterine insemination cycles performed in patients who previously had a thin endometrium (<8 mm) to ovulation induction using CC were included in this study. A CC 100 mg/day (CC+gonadotropin group, n=26) or letrozole 2.5 or 5 mg/day (letrozole+gonadotropin group, n=25) was administered on day 3~7 of the menstrual cycle, combined with gonadotropins at dose 75~150 IU every other day starting on day 5~7. We compared total dose of gonadotropin used, endometrial thickness, endometrial pattern, number of follicles โ‰ฅ14โ€…โ€Šmm{\geq}14\;mm on hCG day, pregnancy rate and multiple pregnancy rate between the two groups, which were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher's exact test, where appropriate. Results: There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics such as age, duration of infertility, number of previous IUI cycles, basal serum hormone levels and cause of infertility between the two groups. In both groups, the endometrium was significantly thicker than that of previous ovulation induction cycles using CC. No significant differences were found in the total dose of gonadotropin used, day of hCG administration, the rate of triple endometrium and pregnancy rate. The number of follicles โ‰ฅ14โ€…โ€Šmm{\geq}14\;mm was significantly lower (3.7ยฑ1.73.7{\pm}1.7 vs. 2.8ยฑ1.72.8{\pm}1.7, p=0.03) and the endometrium on hCG day was significantly thicker (7.7ยฑ1.57.7{\pm}1.5 vs. 9.1ยฑ1.79.1{\pm}1.7, p=0.001) in letrozole+gonadotropin group compared to CC+gonadotropin group. Conclusion: The clomiphene citrate and letrozole combined with gonadotropins appear to avoid the undesirable effects on the endometrium frequently seen with CC for ovulation induction. However, in terms of adequate endometrial development or optimal follicular growth, letrozole may be more beneficial than CC for gonadotropin-combined COS in patients with CC-induced thin endometrium. Further prospective randomized controlled studies in a larger scale will be necessary to confirm our findings.ope
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