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    ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ๊น€์ˆœ์€.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ใ€Œ2011 ์„œ์šธ์„œ๋ฒ ์ดใ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง, ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ, ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ์™ธ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ ์ค‘ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ค‘ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ Putnam์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก, ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์™ธ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜ธํ˜œ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•™์Šต ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋…ผ์˜ 4 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด„์  ๋…ผ์˜ 4 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 7 (1) ์‹ ๋ขฐ 7 (2) ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 8 (3) ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง 9 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋…ผ์˜ 10 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ด€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 10 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  13 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 14 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 15 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 15 2) ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ 17 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 22 (1) ์‹ ๋ขฐ 22 (2) ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 25 (3) ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง 26 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 28 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค 32 1. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 32 2. ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 33 3. ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 33 4. ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜: ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ 35 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 35 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 36 3) ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘ 37 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜: ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ 37 1) ์‹ ๋ขฐ 37 2) ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 38 3) ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง 38 4) ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง 39 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 39 1) ์„ฑ๋ณ„ 41 2) ์—ฐ๋ น 41 3) ์†Œ๋“ 42 4) ํ•™๋ ฅ 42 5) ์ง€์—ญ 43 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 46 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 47 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 47 2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 48 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 50 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 53 1. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 53 2. ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 54 3. ์†Œ๋“์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 55 4. ํ•™๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 57 5. ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด 59 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 61 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ 62 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 62 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 64 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 66 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 66 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 67 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ด์ฃผ์ž ์‚ฌํšŒํŽธ๊ฒฌ ํ•ด์†Œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 69 4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 70 5. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 73 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  76 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 76 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 76 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 79 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 80 81 Abstract 91Maste

    Design and application of managing the load with low-voltage ESS

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณตํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‘์šฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์ •ํ˜„๊ต.์ „๋ ฅํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, EV์‚ฌ์—… ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„ ๊ธฐํ”ผ ์‹ฌํ™”์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ํƒˆ์›์ „ ์ถ”์ง„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋‚˜ ์†ก์ „์„ ๋กœ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์„ค์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ์›์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ˜์˜ค์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ฆ์„ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธ Peak ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์ถฉ์ด ์ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์„ค๋น„ํˆฌ์ž, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์„ค๋น„ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์  ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋น„ํ™•์ถฉ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ESS์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์•• Peak์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— UPS ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š” ์ €์••๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ •์ „ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์ง€์ค‘ ์˜ฅ์™ธํ˜• ์ €์•• ESS๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์š” 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ESS ์ ์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ESS ์ ์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ 4 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 6 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ๋™ํ–ฅ 8 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ ์šด์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 10 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 12 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 15 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ฅ์™ธํ˜• ์ €์•• ESS ๋ชจ๋ธ 15 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ €์•• ESS ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”์‚ฌ์–‘ 17 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 20 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  22Maste

    Protective effect of Tat protein transduction domain-heat shock protein 27 fusion protein on neurodegeneration

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 8. ๋ฐ•์ข…์ƒ.์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ์œ ์ง€์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆ์šฉํ•ด์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์›์„ฌ์œ ์—‰ํ‚ด(neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs)๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, NFTs๋Š” ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํƒ€์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(Hsp)์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ‘ํž˜์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ‘ํž˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Hsp27์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Hsp27์„ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๏ผˆprotein transduction domain, PTD) Tat์„ ์—ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ 27์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๏ผˆTat-Hsp27). ํƒ€์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ Tat-Hsp27์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ํƒ€์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ  ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Alzheimers disease (AD) is an age-related disorder that causes a loss of brain function. Hyperphosphorylation of tau and the subsequent formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates into insoluble paired helical filaments that aggregate into NFTstherefore, regulation of tau phosphorylation represents an important treatment approach for AD. Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) plays a specific role in human neurodegenerative diseaseshowever, few studies have examined its therapeutic effect. In this study, we induced tau hyperphosphorylation using okadaic acid, which is a protein phosphatase inhibitor, and generated a fusion protein of Hsp27 and the protein transduction domain of the HIV Tat protein (Tat-Hsp27) to enhance the delivery of Hsp27. Tat-Hsp27 was delivered into SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells following a 2 h treatment, and the transduction level was proportional to the Tat-Hsp27 concentration. Additionally, Tat-Hsp27 reduced the level of hyperphosphorylated tau and protected cells from apoptotic cell death caused by abnormal tau adjajggregates. These results reveal that Hsp27 represents a valuable protein therapeutic for AD.1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...1 2. Materials and Methods โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ.3 3. Resultsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆ...8 4. Discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ...12 5. Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆ..16 6. Referencesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ...17 7. Figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ21 8. Abstract in Koreanโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ.28Maste

    Alloplastic total temporomandibular joint replacement using stock prosthesis: a one-year follow-up report of two cases

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    Alloplastic total replacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was developed in recent decades. In some conditions, previous studies suggested the rationale behind alloplastic TMJ replacement rather than reconstruction with autogenous grafts. Currently, three prosthetic products are available and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Among these products, customized prostheses are manufactured, via computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system for customized design; stock-type prostheses are provided in various sizes and shapes. In this report, two patients (a 50-year-old female who had undergone condylectomy for the treatment of osteochondroma extending to the cranial base on the left condyle, and a 21-year-old male diagnosed with left temporomandibular ankylosis) were treated using the alloplastic total replacement of TMJ using stock prosthesis. The follow-up results of a favorable one-year, short-term therapeutic outcome were obtained for the alloplastic total TMJ replacement using a stock-type prosthesis.ope

    (The)Cauchy kernel, Szego kernel, and Cauchy-Fantappie kernels in Cโฟ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Maste

    ์น˜์ฃผ์ธ๋Œ€์˜ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ํšŒ์ „ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ•์‚ฌConsideration of the physical properties of the periodontium is important in diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment. Moreover, periodontal ligament (PDL) is the most important tissue in proceeding of tooth movement under orthodontic loading. The elastic modulus of periodontal ligament (E) used in previous studies has quite wide range of value from 0.07 to 1,750 MPa. The objective of this study was to measure the changes of the centers of rotation (Crot) of upper central incisors and evaluate the influence of physical properties on orthodontic tooth movement, in response to single horizontal force applied at different vertical levels with regard to various elastic modulus of PDL using finite element analysis (FEA). A 3-dimensional finite element model was constructed from a 3D laser scan of a maxillary anteriors of a Nissin dental model by the sample survey of adults with normal occlusion. In this study, PDL was designed with 4 layers of fine tetrahedron solid elements to estimate the influence of the elastic properties of PDL on orthodontic teeth movement precisely. The variables of the elasticity of PDL (0.07 to 1,750 MPa) were consulted previous studies. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The vertical position of Crot of upper central incisors was displaced apically with increase of E at same vertical force application level. 2. Centers of resistance (Cres) of upper central incisors was changed according to the elastic modulus of PDL. On non-rigid bone/tooth model, Cres of upper central incisors relocated apically at E 50.0 and 68.9 MPa and shifted more incisally from E 171.9 to 1750 MPa. On rigid bone/tooth model, Cres of upper central incisors moved apically with increase of E. On non-rigid bone/rigid tooth model, Cres of upper central incisors tended to move incisally. 3. The 'functional axes' (traces of the measured Crot) of the upper central incisors were formulized in accordance with various E. The Crot distributed on a line under given E in relation to the horizontal forces applied to the various vertical level. The different linear equations could be evaluated with coefficients in accordance with various E, which slopes turn counterclockwise direction gradually with increase of E. The absollute quantity of displacement and the tendency of rotation of teeth used to decrease with increased E, when compared the characteristics of teeth movement according to E. Consideration of the physical properties of the PDL might be an important factor in diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment.ope

    ์ค€๋ณต์†Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ์ ๋ถ„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์นญ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Docto

    Stock price prediction of Korea main corporations via optimal selection of time series models

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    ๋ฐฐ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ Jpk ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ Interactome ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Dept. of Medical Science/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Jpk (Jopock) ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ƒ์ฅ (murine)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” Hoxa-7 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ prokaryotic cell๊ณผ eukaryotic cell์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma cell์—์„œ๋Š” mitochondrial transmembrane potential์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ROS ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ Bax์™€ Bad์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ • (embryogenesis) ์ค‘์—์„œ Jpk์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Jpk์— ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ F9 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„ MALDI-TOF๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Jpk์˜ interactome์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1) protein modification and degradation; TraP, endopeptidase, PPlase ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  VACM1, 2) ROS regulation; phenylproionate dioxygease, GST, VACM1 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Renin2 3) signal transduction ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  metabolism; putative amidase, cytoskeratin KRT2-6HF 4) protein synthesis; EF-tu, 40S ribosomal protein S2๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ VCAM1, Grb14 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  renin2์ด ํŠนํžˆ glucose๊ณผ ROS ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” Jpk์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ER์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ renin2, VCAM1 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PPlase์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ Jpk๊ฐ€ ER์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ Jpk์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, EGFP์™€ ์œตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ER๊ณผ mitochondria๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ER membrane์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ Jpk์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ER stress ์œ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ DTT์™€ EGTA๋ฅผ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ RT-PCR๋กœ Jpk, GRP78 and CHOP-10์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Jpk๋Š” ER stress๋กœ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์— ํ˜•ํƒœํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋•Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ER stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” Jpk๊ฐ€ interactome๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” Jpk๋Š” ER์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ER stress์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ, Jpk๊ฐ€ glucose์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ glucose regulation pathway์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” VCAM1๊ณผ Grb14 ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์‹ ์žฅ (kidney)๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ renin์€ ER์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ golgi์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ Jpk๊ฐ€ ER๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ golgi๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ž๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ Jpk์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Jopock (Jpk) was originally isolated as an associating factor of position-specific regulatory element located in the upstream region of Hoxa-7, which is a member of Hox genes and plays an important role as transcriptional factors during anteroposterior axial pattern formation by being expressed at a specific time and position during embryogenesis. In mammals, Jpk previously triggered apoptosis by promoting the production of ROS and increasing Bax and Bad. During development, the apoptosis plays important roles; controlling the number of cells, sculpturing by deleting certain structure and eliminating the injured or misplaced cells.In this study, we tried to identify the interactome of Jpk using GST-pull down assay to explore the function of Jpk during embryogenesis. As a result, the candidates of Jpk interactome in F9 cells and E.coli were categorized; 1) protein modification and degradation (TraP, endopeptidase, PPlase and VCAM1); 2) ROS regulation (pheneyl proionate dioxygease, GST, VCAM1 and renin2); 3) signal transduction and metabolism (putative amidase, OmpR, cytoskeratin KRT2-6HF, and Grb14); 4) protein synthesis (EF-tu and 40S ribosomal protein S2). VCAM1 and Grb14 of these proteins are known to participate in glucose regulatory pathway and renin acts in mesonephric tubule, pancreatic primodium and hepatic primordium during embryogenesis. Especially VCAM1 and PPlase are translocated to plasmamembrane by passing through endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and renin2 is secreted through ER.Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy, used to study the location of Jpk in mammalian, showed that the Jpk protein, which was fused into the EGFP, was localized into the ER. In addition, deletion analysis revealed that the TM domain is essential for membranous localization.To examine the expression pattern of Jpk in ER, we analyzed the Jpk transcripts under ER-stress condition. When MCF7 and F9 cells were treated with the low concentration of ER-stress inducer, DTT or EGTA, the expression of Jpk was upregulated at the transcriptional level like that of Grp78, a molecular chaperone well known to be overexpressed under ER-stress condition. In the presence of high concentration of ER stress inducer, cells death has induced and Jpk transcripts were strongly expressed. These results altogether indicate that the ER-stress upregulated the expression of Jpk and the excess stress induces the ER-stress induced apoptosis and the concomitant expression of Jpk.In conclusion, Jpk, which is located in ER, is regulated by ER stress, and it is estimated that Jpk interact with Grb14 and VCAM1 relevant to glucose regulation pathway, considering that it was controlled by glucose. In addition, it is inferred that Jpk gives support to transport Renin2, which is a secretory protein by passing through ER and associates with the development of kidney during embryogenesis, from ER to golgi.ope

    COVID-19 Case Surge and Telemedicine Utilization

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    COVID-19(Coronavirus disease 2019) ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” COVID-19์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์˜ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ์™ธ๋ž˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด COVID-19 ํ™•์ง„์ž์ˆ˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์งˆํ™˜๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ง„๋ฃŒํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ง„๋ฃŒ์ผ ์ง์ „ ์ฃผ์˜ COVID-19 ํ™•์ง„์ž์ˆ˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 929,753๊ฑด์˜ ์™ธ๋ž˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฑด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋Š” 920,091๊ฑด, ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋Š” 9,662๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ์œจ์€ 1.0%์˜€๋‹ค. COVID-19 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ™•์ง„์ž์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(100-299๋ช…, OR=1.57; 300-499๋ช…, OR=2.00; 501๋ช…์ด์ƒ, OR=5.71, p<.0001). ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒœยท๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(์ธ์ฒœยท๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ, OR=1.28; ๊ธฐํƒ€์ง€์—ญ, OR= 3.11, p<.0001), 30, 40๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปธ๋‹ค(30-39์„ธ, OR=1.31, p=0.0001; 40-49์„ธ, OR=1.35, p<.0001). ์งˆํ™˜๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์™€ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปธ๋‹ค(3-6๊ฐœ์›”, OR=1.37; 6-12๊ฐœ์›”, OR=1.69; 12-36๊ฐœ์›”, OR=2.05; 36๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ OR=2.36, p<.0001). F(์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™์žฅ์• ), G(์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์งˆํ™˜), E(๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„, ์˜์–‘ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์งˆํ™˜)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปธ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ณผ, ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ, ์™ธ๊ณผ๊ณ„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 30๏ฝž40๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์„œ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค(OR=0.81, p<.0001). ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์™€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง„๋‹จ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ผ, ์งˆํ™˜, ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ COVID-19 ํ™•์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ COVID-19 ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. In response to the global health crisis of COVID-19, Korea has temporarily allowed telemedicine. Korea has never implemented nationwide telemedicine. Accordingly, there is a significant lack of research on telemedicine. This study examined the influence of the surge in COVID-19 cases on the use of telemedicine and associated factors. The data sources of this study included outpatient treatment data for 6 months from March 4, 2020, to September 4, 2020, in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea, and statistics on weekly confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Korea provided by Statistics Korea. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine factors related to telemedicine use according to demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, treatment type characteristics, reservation method characteristics, and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the preceding week of the treatment date. The final sample consisted of 929,753 outpatient visit cases. There were 920,091 cases of in-person visits and 9,662 cases of telemedicine. The results showed that as the number of daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Korea, the use of telemedicine also increased (100-299 new cases OR=1.57; 300-499 new cases OR=2.00; 501 new cases or more OR= 5.71, p<.0001). In the case of demographic characteristics, telemedicine was more likely to be used when the patient lived in regions other than Seoul and Incheon (Incheon/Gyeonggi regions, OR=1.28; other regions, OR=3.11, p<.0001) and 30-49 years of age (30-39 years, OR=1.31, p=0.0001; 40-49 years, OR=1.35, p<.0001). As disease characteristics, there were differences in the use of telemedicine according to the disease and department. As the number of days elapsed from the diagnosis date of the main diagnosis increased, the likelihood of using telemedicine increased (3-6months, OR=1.37; 6-12months, OR=1.69; 12-36months, OR=2.05; 36months or more, OR=2.36, p<.0001). F00-F99(mental and behavioral disorders), G00-G99(nervous system disease), and E00-E90 (endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases) were more likely than other diseases to use telemedicine. Pediatrics, ophthalmology, and surgery departments were more likely to use telemedicine than other departments. In the subgroup analysis, patients aged 30-49 years living in other regions were more likely to use telemedicine than those living in Seoul. Female and Medical Aid-recipient patients were less likely to use telemedicine than patients with National Health Insurance(OR=0.81, p<.0001). Overall, the study results suggest that place of residence, age, number of elapsed days from diagnosis, disease, and department are related to the use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 outbreak. As the number of COVID-19 cases surged, the use of telemedicine was found to be increasing. It is expected that the results of this study will be used to facilitate the decision making related to telemedicine.open์„
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