104 research outputs found
ํ๊ตญ์ธ ์์ ๊ธ์ฑ๋ฆผํ๋ชจ๊ตฌ๋ฐฑํ๋ณ์์ mercaptopurine์ ๋ ์ฑ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋คํ์ฑ ๋ถ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์ํ๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ ํฌ์.Introduction: Despite of marked improvement in survival rates of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), drug resistance and recurrence are remaining problems. Genetic polymorphism has been known to be an important factor affecting the efficacy and toxicity of antileukemic agents, thus pharmacogenetic researches have been actively conducted in pediatric ALL. Mercaptopurine (MP) is one of the main chemotherapeutics for ALL, and constant MP dose titration is essential to maintain steady drug exposure, while minimizing myelosuppression. Throughout previous studies, thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is proved to be one of the most responsible genes in the pharmacogenetics of MP. Recently, mutations of nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) have been shown to be a powerful genetic factor affecting the toxicity and intolerance of MP. In this study, the genetic factors affecting the toxicity of MP were investigated in Korean children with ALL.
Patients and Methods: Two-stage pharmacogenetic analyses were performed to identify genetic determinants of MP-related neutropenia in Korean pediatric ALL patients. A total of 185 patients with ALL who were diagnosed and treated at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital were included. First, targeted sequencing was carried out using a novel gene panel of 147 pharmacogenetics related genes and 8 SNPs in 44 patients who received less than 25% of initial dose during maintenance therapy due to MP intolerance. Next, significant genes identified in the first analysis were re-sequenced in a total of 185 patients. The relationship between mutation of each gene identified through sequencing and toxicity or dose of MP were analyzed.
Results: As a result of the first stage analysis, the 4 loci which were likely to be most relevant to the toxicity of MP (NUDT15 rs116855232, APEX1 rs2307486, CYP1A1 rs4646422, BAG3 rs78439745) were identified, and 24 variants in 13 genes potentially linked to MP adverse reactions including these 4 loci were selected as final candidates for subsequent validation in a cohort of 185 patients. The distribution of variant alleles were NUDT15 rs116855232 (21.7%), APEX1 rs2307486 (13.5%), ABCC4 rs2274407 (34%), ABCC4 rs3765534 (14.1%), ABCC4 rs11568658 (23.2%), CYP4F2 rs2108622 (51.9%), CYP1A1 rs4646422 (29.1%), SLCO1B1 rs11045879 (55.7%), SLCOB1 rs4149056 (26.5%), ITPA rs1127354 (26%), ITPA rs7270101 (0%), MTHFR rs1801131 (60.5%), MTHFR rs1801133 (28.6%), MTHFR rs1901133 (50.8%), GRIA1 rs4958351 (3.8%), MOCOS rs594445 (48.1%), PACSIN2 rs2413739 (13.5%), BAG3 rs78439745 (7%) and TPMT (* 1 / * 3C, 3.8%). Neutropenia (neutrophil<500/ใ) was observed in 121 patients (65.4%) during the administration of MP. When frequency of neutropenia during MP administration was crosstabulated with variant frequencies, the risk of neutropenia was 4.64 times higher in patients with T allele in ABCC4 rs3765534 (95% CI1.32 to 25.12, P=0.008). Among 121 patients with neutropenia, 15 patients had neutropenia within 30 days (early neutropenia) after starting MP, and the risk of early neutropenia was significantly higher in patients with G allele in APEX1 rs2307486 (OR=3.4495% CI1.04 to 9.89, P=0.02). In addition, the cumulative incidence of early neutropenia was significantly higher in patients with variant forms of APEX1 rs2307486 (AA:AG:GG=66.3%:73%:100%, P<0.001). The cumulative incidence of early neutropenia was also significantly increased in patients with NUDT15 rs116855232 mutations (CC:CT:TT=65.0%:72.2%:100%, P<0.001). Comparing the average doses of MP used in the study, the T allele type of NUDT15 rs116855232 was significantly associated with a lower tolerated dose of MP as 10.5, 19.4 and 28.7 mg/m2/day for TT, CT, and CC genotypes (P<0.001). However, MP doses by TPMT mutations were not significantly different in this study.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study revealed that genetic
variation of APEX1 increases the risk of early neutropenia associated with MP, and the variant allele in NUDT15 was related to MP intolerance. In Korean ALL patients, toxicity and tolerance of MP were more affected by APEX1 and NUDT15 than by TPMT, which has a lower variant allele frequency in Asian. Further validation will be needed to confirm the frequency and pharmacogenetic consequences of APEX1 variants in other ethnic groups, including different Asian populationsIntroduction 1
Patients and Methods 4
Patients and treatment 4
Clinical data collection 5
Primary targeted sequencing and analysis 6
Subsequent validation with candidate gene analysis 14
Statistical analysis 20
Ethics statement 21
Results 22
Patients and treatment 22
Results of primary targeted sequencing 24
Results of subsequent candidate gene analysis 27
Neutropenia during maintenance & genotypes 30
Other toxicities during maintenance & genotypes 40
Doses of mercaptopurine, methotrexate & genotypes 43
Survival analysis & genotypes 48
Discussion 50
References 63
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 71Docto
Selective inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on migration of vascular smooth muscle cells
In order to prevent restenosis after angioplasty or stenting, one of the most popular targets is suppression of the abnormal growth and excess migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with drugs. However, the drugs also adversely affect vascular endothelial cells (VECs), leading to the induction of late thrombosis. We have investigated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the proliferation and migration of VECs and VSMCs. Both cells showed dose-dependent decrease of viability in response to EGCG while they have different IC(50) values of EGCG (VECs, 150 mM and VSMCs, 1050 mM). Incubating both cells with EGCG resulted in significant reduction in cell proliferation irrespective of cell type. The proliferation of VECs were greater affected than that of VSMCs at the same concentrations of EGCG. EGCG exerted differential migration-inhibitory activity in VECs vs. VSMCs. The migration of VECs was not attenuated by 200 mM EGCG, but that of VSMCs was significantly inhibited at the same concentration of EGCG. It is suggested that that EGCG can be effectively used as an efficient drug for vascular diseases or stents due to its selective activity, completely suppressing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, but not adversely affecting VECs migration in blood vessels.ope
Antimicrobial effect of medical adhesive composed of aldehyded dextran and ฮต-Poly(L-Lysine).
Infection of surgical wounds is a severe problem. Conventional tissue reattachment methods have limits of incomplete sealing and high susceptibility to infection. Medical adhesives have several advantages over traditional tissue reattachment techniques, but still have drawbacks, such as the probability of infection, low adhesive strength, and high cytotoxicity. Recently, a new medical adhesive (new-adhesive) with high adhesive strength and low cytotoxicity, composed of aldehyded dextran and ฮต-poly(L-lysine), was developed. The antimicrobial activity of the new-adhesive was assayed using agar media and porcine skin. In the agar diffusion method, inoculated microorganisms that contacted the new-adhesive were inactivated, but this was not dependent on the amount of new-adhesive. Similar to the agar media results, the topical antimicrobial effect of new-adhesive was confirmed using a porcine skin antimicrobial assay, and the effect was not due to physical blocking based on comparison with the group whose wounds were wrapped.ope
Direct-Current Treatment as a Safe Sterilization Method for Electrospun Biodegradable Polymer
Sterilization is an essential process for biodegradable polymers to be used as biomaterials or tissue engineered-
scaffolds. The characteristics of biodegradable scaffolds can change due to decomposition of constituent
polymers due to high temperature, pressure, or moisture during sterilization. This study investigated directโcurrent
(DC) treatment as a safe method that can prevent structural change and deformation. Treatment of electrospun poly
(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with DC showed a bactericidal effect within 40 sec at 4 V. When DC was applied
at 6 V to the electrospun PLGA, the bactericidal effect emerged within 30 sec. The morphology of fibers and molecular
weight of PLGA polymer was maintained after DC treatment. In contrast, electrospun PLGA exposed to ethylene
oxide showed fiber degradation, and gamma or e-beam irradiation resulted in decreased molecular weight. The
demonstrated improvement in chemical and physical stability of biodegradable polymers after DC sterilization may
help extend their application.ope
Migration of Human Dermal Fibroblast is Affected by the Diameter of the Electrospun PLGA Fiber
Cell migration is an essential activity of the cells in various biological phenomena such as embryonic development,
wound healing of damaged tissue, capillary vascularization in angiogenesis and migration of leukocytes to kill the
bacteria around the wound site. The properties of nanofibrous surface enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation, migration
and differentiation are necessary for application in tissue engineering. Recently, fabricated scaffolds at the
nanometer scale are very similar to the architecture of natural human tissue, because of the development of nanofibers.
In this study, we observed different cell migration behaviors on PLGA nanofibers with different diameters.
0.4 ฮผm and 1.4 ฮผm PLGA fibers were fabricated by electrospinning. Adhesion of neonatal human dermal fibroblasts
(nHDFs) on the PLGA scaffolds was quantified by MTT assay. Real time observation system was used to analyze the
migration of nHDF on the 0.4 ฮผm and 1.4 ฮผm PLGA scaffolds. There are no significant differences in cell attachment
between 0.4 ฮผm and 1.4 ฮผm PLGA nanofibers. However, the migration was affected by the thickness of the
PLGA fiber. The cells were migrated along with the 0.4 ฮผm PLGA fiber but did not cross 1.4 ฮผm PLGA fiber. In this
research, it would be evaluated that different diameter of electrospun PLGA fiber effect on the cell migration and
proliferation, and it could be applied for the development of the fibrous scaffold in tissue engineering.ope
์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ์ธ๊ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ ๋ฐ ํน์ฑ ๊ท๋ช : ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค
์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ง์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฐํ๋ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ ํผ๋ถ์งํ์ผ๋ก, ์ต๊ทผ 30๋
๊ฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ญ, ์ฐ๋ น, ์ฑ๋ณ, ์ฌํ๋ฌธํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ณ๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ heterogeneousํ ์ง๋ณ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ ํฉํ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด๋ค ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐฉ ๋๋ ์น๋ฃํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํ์๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์น๋ฃ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํด ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ์ ์์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ง์ถคํ ์๋ฃ์ ์ด์์ AD์ ์ค์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ง์ถคํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ (AVATAR mouse)์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค๋ ์ง๋จผ์ง์ง๋๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ AD ํ์์์ ์ ๋ ํ CD3 + T ์ธํฌ์ CD3 depleted PBMC๋ฅผ NOD-scid IL2Rฮณnull(NSG) ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ ์ด์ํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค๋ฅผ 4์ฃผ ๋์ ์ง๋จผ์ง์ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์์ผ์ฃผ๊ณ , 4์ฃผ ํ ์ง๋จผ์ง์ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํจ ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์์๋ ์ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ง๋จผ์ง์ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค์ง ์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์์๋ ์ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ง๋จผ์ง์ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํจ ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์์ ํ์์ CD3 + T ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ 4์ฃผ ํ์ ์ง๋จผ์ง ์ง๋๊ธฐ ํญ์์ ์ธ์ํ ํ์์ CD1c + CD11c +HLADR +FcฮตRI + ํญ์ ์ ์ ์ธํฌ๊ฐ CD3 + T ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ์์ผ ์ผ์ฆ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํญ์ ํน์ด์ T ์ธํฌ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ ์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์์ ์ผ์นํ๋ ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์งํ ์๊ด์ฑ์ ํ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ์ค์ ํ์์ ์ง๋ณ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐ์ํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ฐํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ๋ณ ํน์ด์ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ค์ ์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฝ์ ์ ๋ํ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ์ธ ๋ฐ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ํ ํผํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ง์ถคํ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with increasing incidence worldwide. AD shows a variety of immune responses with heterogeneous disease phenotypes. Thus many AD mouse models have been developed, yet the limitation occurs when the findings from mouse model is interpreted into human AD subjects. Therefore, development of humanized mouse model for AD is essential to reduce this gap between mouse model and human subjects, which will lead to more homologous pre-clinical tools for drug development in AD. By establishing the new, customized mouse model (AVATAR mouse) which represents the immune response pattern of individual AD patients, the cornerstone of personalized medicine might be set up in AD. AVATAR mouse was made by using NOD-scid IL2Rฮณnull (NSG) mouse engrafted with CD3+ T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from AD patients who were sensitized to house dust mite (HDM). The AVATAR mice were treated with HDM ointment for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, we observed that the inflammatory response occurred in AD AVATAR mice treated with HDM ointment, whereas healthy controls (HC) AVATAR mice with HDM ointment did not. Skin engraftment of human CD3+ T cells increased gradually and maintained its number even after 4 weeks, we also confirmed the presence of human CD1c+CD11c+HLADR+FcฮตRI+ antigen presenting cells together with human CD3+ T cells, which suggests HDM-specific T-cell responses in our AVATAR mouse. Interestingly, clinical and laboratory correlation between individual AD patients and matched AVATAR mice were also observed. Taken together, our results suggest that AVATAR mouse represents the immune response of individual AD patients, which might enable the individualized, patient-oriented approach to treat AD patients in the near future.open์
์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ฐฝ์์น์ ์์ฉ๊ณผ ๋ณตํฉ ์ง์ง์ฒด๋ก์จ์ ์ ์ฉ
Dept. of Medical Science/๋ฐ์ฌWound sites in skin must be immediately repaired because the skin isolates and protects from the outside. Wound sites become healing with three processes such as inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. Treatment in wound sites is aiming to accelerate the wound healing, to protect the wound sites and to reduce the pain. A skin substitute, one of the treatment methods in wound sites, is used in complete section that requires epidermis and dermis. A skin substitute used commercially is made of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the living cells, the cytokines and the growth factors. However, these materials have some problems to induct the over expression of matrix metalloproteinase in wound sites and to require the cell culture times and the less validity date. In this study, we investigated the biodegradable scaffolds as a skin substitute. The scaffolds made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) what is one of the most used biodegradable polymers was fabricated using electrospinning. Electrospinning easily fabricates the multi-fiber structure with the polymers. This structure has the advantages to provide the large surface area for cell attachment and the fluid passages. The fabricated scaffolds were investigated to composite with natural bioactive compounds instead of the cytokines and the growth factors what accelerate the wound healing. The natural bioactive compounds instead of them were used (1,3)-(1,6)-ฮฒ-D-glucans (BGs) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG). BGs, a natural product of glucose polymers, have immune stimulatory activity that is especially effective in wound healing. EGCG is the major polyphenolic compound in green tea, and has been investigated to regulate the secretion of cytokines and the activation of skin cells during wound healing. First of all, the porous PLGA scaffolds were investigated by electrospinning using different
process parameters. The electrospun scaffolds showed the uniformity structures when the scaffolds were fabricated with PLGA (PLA:PGA = 75:25) in HFIP or THF/DMF at 20% (w/v). These process parameters had been used for this study because the scaffolds as a skin substitute were demanded the uniformity shapes. The scaffolds processed with dry ice had a loose connection between the fibers and showed large pore sizes. The infiltration of the adult human fibroblasts was directly improved with the increase of the pore sizes of the scaffolds. Biodegradable scaffolds were sometimes deformed by heat, high temperature, pressure and moisture during sterilization. In this study, the electrospun scaffolds were treated with direct current (DC) for sterilization. During sterilization with DC treatment, the fiber structures were maintained and the microorganism sterilized with a short time. Therefore, DC treatment has the possibility of applying in the sterilization method for biodegradable scaffolds. The scaffolds composed of PLGA and BGs (BGs/PLGA scaffold) or EGCG (EGCG/PLGA scaffold) was investigated using electrospinning. The growth rate of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) increased in 50BGs/PLGA scaffolds (PLGA scaffolds included 50 wt% BGs) because BGs improved the HDFs proliferation. HDFs showed the cytotoxicity in PLGA scaffolds included 5 wt% EGCG (5EGCG/PLGA scaffolds) because EGCG induced caspase-3 activity to enhance that caused apoptosis. Therefore, 50BGs/PLGA scaffolds and 1EGCG/PLGA scaffolds (PLGA scaffolds included 1 wt% EGCG) were examined the wound healing effect in the animal study. According to H&E staining results, the re-epithelialization in wound sites and the cell infiltration in scaffolds were significantly accelerated the sites treated with the scaffolds included BGs or EGCG at 2 weeks after scaffold implantation. At 2 weeks, the proliferating cells (Ki-67 staining) in basal layers and the angiogenesis (CD 31 staining) in new dermis were also improved with the scaffolds included BGs or EGCG.In conclusion, BGs/PLGA scaffolds and EGCG/PLGA scaffolds should be applied as a skin substitute for accelerated wound healing. Before application to a skin substitute, the EGCG concentration in a skin substitute should be regulated because the EGCG has cytotoxicity at high concentration.ope
๊ณผํ๊ต์ฌ-์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ํฌ์์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฃผ์ ๊ณผํ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์งํฉ์ ์ดํด ๊ณผ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ณผํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ(์ง๊ตฌ๊ณผํ์ ๊ณต),2008.2Maste
ํํฉ๋ถ์์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
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ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ฒ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋ฒํ๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์ก์์ค.์์ํ๋ ๋ณต์์ ์์ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์ง๋จ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ํฉ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํ์ ์์์ ๋ค์ํ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฑ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋ก ๋จ์ ๊ณ์ธต ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์์ํ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ ๊ทน ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2019๋
ํ์ฌ ใํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด ์์ ์์ํ์ ์ค์นโค์ด์์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ใ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ๋ 558๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ๋ ๋นํจ์จ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฝํ ์ฑ
์์ฑ์ด๋ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ชจํธํด์ง๊ณ ํ์ ๋ถ ์ญํ ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ ์ํฉ ์์์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ณ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋น์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ณ ํ๋ค๋ ์ฅ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ ๋ถ ๋ด ํฉ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ค์น๋ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ก ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ๋ค.
์์ํ์ ์์ ํฝ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฐฉ์์์ ๊ณต์ ์ฑโค๋ํ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ตญํ์ ์์์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ์์ํ๊ฐ ๋์ด๋๊ณ ์๋ค. 2019๋
2์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ตญํ์ ์์์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ๋ 18๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ ์ด๋ค ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ํํฉ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ฐ์๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฌ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ตญํ ํ์๋ก ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ํตํด ์กฐ์ฌโค๋ถ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ค์์ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ตฌ์ฑ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌํ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ(๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅ)์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋ฐฐ๋ถํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฌ์ ์ ๊ท ํ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ํต์ ํ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค. ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋จ์ฉ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํฉํ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋ฐฐ๋ถํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ดํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด๋ค. ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ์ ๋ถ๋ณํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์กฐ์ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์๋์ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ณํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ์ฉํ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ถ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ํ๋์๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์๋๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐํโค์ ๋น๊ตญ๊ฐํ์ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐโค์ฌํ ํน์ ์
๋ฒโคํ์ โค์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
ํด์ง๊ณ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ณํ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ ์์ญ์ด ํ์ฅ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ด ์์ ํ ๋์ฒด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฌ์ ์ ๊ท ํ์ ํตํ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ต์ ์ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ ํจํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ค๋๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์์๋ค์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ณต์กํ๊ณ ๋ค์ํด์ง ์ํฉ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์โค๋ฒ์น์ฃผ์ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ฒ์ง์ ์์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๋๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ํธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณตํ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ๋ถ ๋ด ๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ์
๋ฒ๋ถ์ธ ๊ตญํ๊ฐ ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ฌ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ธ์ฌ ๊ถํ์ ์นจํดํ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ์์น์ ์๋ฐฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๋จ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝํ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์์๋ด๊ฐ์ ์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ํ๋ฒ๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ ํ๋ฒ์ฌํ์ ์ฌํ๊ด๊ณผ ์ค์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ ์์์ ์
๋ฒ๋ถโคํ์ ๋ถโค์ฌ๋ฒ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์ผ๋น์จ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณํ๋ ๋ณต์ง๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋ถ ์ฐ์์ธ ํ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋๋๋ฌ์ง๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ ํ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋, ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญํ์ ์ ์ ํ ์ธ์ฌ๊ถ ํต์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ ๋นํํ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ชจ๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๊ตญํ๊ฐ ์์์ ์ถ์ฒํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ ์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋์งํ์ง ์๋ค. ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ํน์ฑ ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ด๋๊น์ง ์ธ์ ํ ์ ์๋์ง์ ๋ํ ํ์คํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต์ง๋ง, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฌ์์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ด ์ ๋๋ก ๊ตฌํ๋๋์ง๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ค์ ๋น์ถ์ด ์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ค์ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ด ์ด๋ ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ ์์ฒด์ ๋ชจํธํจ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ ์ผ๊ด์ ์ด์ง ์์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ ๋
ผ์๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋น์ ์ ์น ์ํฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ์๊ณ , ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ๋ถ ๋ด ์์ํ ์์ฒด์ ๋ํ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๊ณ ์์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถ ์นจํด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ๋์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ ๋ด ๊ฒฌ์ ์ฅ์น๊ฐ ๋์ฑ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ์๊ตฌ๋๋๋ฐ, ์์ํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์์์ด๋ ๊ถํ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์์ ๋ถ์ฒ๋ ์ค์ ๋ฒ์์ ํ์ ์์ํโค์๋ฌธ์์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ๋์
๋
ผ์์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์ค๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํจ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฆํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ํ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์นโง์ธ๊ถโง๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ณดํธ ๋ฑ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ท์ ๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ ๋ด์ง ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธโง๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ํ๋ ์ฌํ๋ถ์โคํต์๊ต์ญ ๋ฑ ์ฒจ์ํ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ ์ถฉ๋์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ๋ง์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ์์ํ๋ ์์ ์ ์์์ ๊ตญํ์ ๊ด์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฉ๋ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์์ํ๋ค์ด ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋จ์ฉ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๊ท์ ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ํด๋นํ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ํ์ธ ๊ตญํ์ ๊ฐ์
์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ฒ ์ธ์ ํ์๋ค๊ณ ํด์๋๋ค.
๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ฐ์๋ง ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋๋ค. ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ๋ ์ ๋น์ ์ ์น์ ์ญํ ์ด ์ ์ ์ค์ํด์ง๋ ์ํฉ์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌํ ์์์ ์ ๋๋ก ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๋ค ์ญ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค์์์ด๋ค. ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ํ์ฌ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋จผ์ , ํ๋ฒ๊ธฐ๊ด์ฒ๋ผ ์
๋ฒ๋ถโคํ์ ๋ถโค์ฌ๋ฒ๋ถ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์์์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ์์ํ๋ ์ด 4๊ฐ์๋๋ฐ 3๊ฐ ์์ํ(๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ณดํธ์์ํ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ๋ณด์์์ํ, ์ฃผ์๋ฐฑ์ง์ ํ์ฌ์ฌ์์ํ)๋ ๋ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋์์ด๋ ์์ํ ์ง๋ฌด ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ๋ณด์์์ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ด๋ฆฌ ์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ํ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ ํน๋ณํ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก 3๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์์๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ๋น์จ๋ก ๋๋์ด ์ถ์ฒํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ํ์ค์์ ์คํ๋ ค ์์ํ์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์ฑ์ ํดํ์ฌ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์, ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ๊ตญํ, ๊ตญํ์์ฅ, ๊ตญํ ์๊ด ์์์์ํ ์ค ์ด๋์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ตญํ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด๋ ํจ์จ์ ์๋ช
์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฌ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ด ์ ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋์ง ์๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ต์ญ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
์ํ ์์ํ๋ ์ง์ญ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ฐ์ ์์ํ์ ๋ถํ์ธ๊ถ์ฆ์ง์๋ฌธ์์ํ 2๊ฐ์๋๋ฐ, ์ ๋น๊ตญ๊ฐํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋นโคํ์ ๋ถ ๋ ์ผ๋น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์์ ๋์ฑ ์ค์ํด์ง๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ ๊ต์ญ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ตญ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ ๋์ด๊ณ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์์ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ๊ตญํ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ ์์์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ๋์
โค์ด์๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ๊ตญํ์ ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ ์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์๋ช
์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ํ ์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํํ ์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ์์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ฏ๋ก ํด๋น ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ์์๊ณผ ๊ถํ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ค๊ณํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.A committee is a consensus system that consists of multiple people who make collective decisions. As social issues become more complex and people's demands for democratic governance increase, various types of committees in the government are established to coordinate various conflicts of interests by engaging many experts and citizens in the policy process. In Korea, the government committee system was activated as diverse interests emerged from the rapid changes of Korean civil society since the 1990s. According to Ministry of the Interior and Safety(2019), the number of government committees set up and operated under the current administration is 558 committees under administrative agencies.
In order to fulfill its role as a consensus institution that does not remain a transit institution that justifies government policies, the fairness and objectivity of appointing committee members should be secured. This is because the substantial independence of the committee depends on how it is organized. As a result, there has been a move to enhance the fairness and representation of the committee members through the recommendation of the National Assembly, the people's representative. Many cases have been legislated to recognize the right to recommend the National Assembly to the government committee, and a lot of bills have been proposed in the 20th National Assembly.
Today, the principle of separation of powers has been transformed into a functional separation of power encompassing republics and cooperation among the parties of power, not a break between the legislative, administrative and judicial branches. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the legislature violates that principle of separation of powers just by appointing the members of the government committee. Rather, it could have the effect of enhancing the legitimacy of the committee. The Constitutional Court also ruled that the current law which allows the National Assembly, the President, and Chief of Supreme Court to have the right to organize a Private School Dispute Mediation Committee under the Ministry of Education, is fair and constitutional. Moreover, as the administration is gradually strengthening its power due to rising welfare demand, there is growing need for the legislative branch to control the executive branch properly.
However, it is questionable whether the National Assembly will recognize the right to recommend committees members without limit. Lawmakers legislative right to form legislation is not limitless. Article 66 Clause 4 of the Constitution stipulates that administrative power belongs to the government headed by the president, and Article 78 specifies the president's right to appoint civil servants. If the National Assembly excessively restricts administrative power beyond the scope of checks and balances, this is not only unconstitutional but could also cause many conflicts in the course of actual operation. Also, because the essence of separation of power is to guarantee the freedom and human rights through rationalization of power, it is not desirable to make National Assembly have the right to appoint members that in turn, will lower the committees expertise and efficiency. After all, it is an important constitutional task to check the president's arbitrary abuse of personnel rights while ensuring the responsibility and efficiency of state affairs without infringing on his right to appoint officials by other state agencies.
As for the traditional administrative organization such as the prime minister or the ministries, the scope and method of control of the National Assembly are somewhat institutionalized under related statutes like the Constitution, the National Assembly Act, and the Personnel Management Act. However, the committee-type administrative organization, which has been widely used in modern society due to the diversification of administrative needs and the emphasis on democracy in the administrative process, has not been dealt with sufficiently. The purpose of this paper is to compile and to analyze the current status of the Government Committee's recommendation authority to the National Assembly to find a reasonable distribution of power between the legislature and the administration.
The administrative bodies committee with the right to recommend the National Assembly was 18 out of a total of 558. It was difficult to find common features among them because setting the recommendation right depended on the individual political situation at that time without any specific criteria. Whether it is administrative or advisory committees, which are criteria under the Act, was not a significant standard. Also, both the scope of authority and organizational structure of the Committee were not important factor. I just illustrated that it is highly likely that the National Assembly will be allowed to participate in the selection of members of the committees which deals with policy areas of great concern to the people of the time or committees that require a lot of democratic legitimacy.
In conclusion, the issue of allowing the government committee to intervene in the National Assembly's personnel affairs was largely decided as a result of political compromise or referring to previous cases without much thought. The government system needs to be designed and operated in such a way as to effectively guarantee the people's freedom and rights through rationalization of power. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully design whether or not the National Assembly will make the right to recommend members of government committee, taking into account the committee's status and authority.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ํ๋์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ ์ ๊ฐ 7
์ 1 ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ 7
์ 2 ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐ 9
โ
. ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก 9
1. ๋กํฌ(J. Locke) 9
2. ๋ชฝํ
์คํค์ธ(Montesquieu) 10
3. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ค(Founding Fathers) 12
4. ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ ํน์ง 14
โ
ก. 20์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ ๋ณ์ฉ 15
1. ์บ๊ธฐ(W. Kรคgi) 15
2. ๋ขฐ๋ฒค์ํ์ธ(K. Loewenstein) 16
3. ์ํ
๋ฅธ(K. Stern) 17
4. ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋ก ์ ํน์ง 18
์ 3 ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ดํ ํ๋ฒํด์๋
ผ์ 20
โ
. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์์ฌ: ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ชจํธ์ฑ 20
โ
ก. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋๋ฒ์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ ํด์๋ก 20
โ
ข. ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝํด์๋ก ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ 23
์ 4 ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธ 24
โ
. ์์ค 24
โ
ก. ์๋ก์ด ํ์ ์กฐ์ง์ธ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ 25
1. ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋
25
2. ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ 27
3. ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ํ๊ณ 29
โ
ข. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ์๋์ ๋ณํ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ 30
1. ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ์ 30
2. ํ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ์ 31
3. ์ ๋น์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ๋ 32
โ
ฃ. ์๋ก์ด ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์ ํน์ง 33
1. ๋ค์ํ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ณด์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ฑ์ฅ 33
2. ๋ค์ธต์ ์์ญ์ผ๋ก์ ํ์ฅ 35
3. ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๋ถ๋ฆฝ์๋ฆฌ์ ์กด์ 36
์ 5 ์ ์๊ฒฐ 37
์ 3 ์ฅ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ๋์
ํํฉ 40
์ 1 ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ ์ค์น ํํฉ 40
์ 2 ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ ํํฉ 42
โ
. ๊ฐ๊ด 42
โ
ก. ์์ํ๋ณ ๊ฒํ 44
1. ์์๋จ๊ณ๋ถํฐ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 44
2. ๊ตญํ์ฌ์ฌ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 59
3. ๊ตญํ์์ ์ค์ง์ ์ฌ์ฌ ์์ด ์ ์น์ ํํ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ ์ค๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 67
์ 3 ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ๋์
๋
ผ์ ์ค์ธ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ ํํฉ 74
โ
. ๊ฐ๊ด 74
โ
ก. ์์๋ณ ๊ฒํ 75
1. 3๋ถ(้จ)๊ฐ ์์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ค๋ ์์ 75
2. ๊ตญํ์ ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ ์ ์คํ๋ ค๋ ์์ 76
์ 4 ์ ์๊ฒฐ 80
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ํ์ ๋ถ์ 82
์ 1 ์ ์์ค 82
์ 2 ์ ํ๋ฒ์ง์์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ์ ๋ 84
์ 3 ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ์ด ์ธ์ ๋ ์์ํ์ ์ง์์ ๊ถํ 87
โ
. ์์ํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ง์ ๋ฐ ๊ถํ ๊ฒํ ์ ํ์์ฑ 87
โ
ก. ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์์๊ธฐ๊ด 88
1. ์์ํ ์ค์น๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 88
2. ์์ํ ์์๊ธฐ๊ด 89
โ
ข. ํ์ ์์ํโค์๋ฌธ์์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ 91
โ
ฃ. ์์ํ ๋ฒ์ ๊ถํ 92
โ
ค. ์์ํ ์
๋ฌด๋ถ์ผ 95
โ
ฅ. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์์ํ ์ฌ๋ถ 97
์ 4 ์ ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ๋ฐฉ์ 98
โ
. ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ํ์ฌ์ฃผ์ฒด 98
1. 3๋ถ(้จ)๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์์์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ 98
2. ๊ตญํ ๋ด ์ถ์ฒ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ฐจ์ด 99
3. ์๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ดโค๋จ์ฒด์ ์ถ์ฒ๊ถ ์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ถ 100
โ
ก. ๊ต์ญ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ญํ ๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋ถ 101
โ
ข. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ ์ ๋ 104
1. ๊ตญํ์ถ์ฒ ์ธ์์ 104
2. ์๊ฒฉ์๊ฑด 104
3. ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ ๋ฑ ์ง์์กฐ์ง 105
์ 5 ์ ์๊ฒฐ 106
์ 5 ์ฅ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 108
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 114
Abstract 119Maste
Framework of technology patent monitoring on strategic standpoint and development of technology patent map
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฐ์
๊ณตํ๊ณผ,2005.Maste
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