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    ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ „๋ฒ”์„.Alpha-synuclein (ฮฑSyn) propagation and neuroinflammation may play key roles in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the association between the involvement of inflammation and pathologic ฮฑSyn progression are not yet well understood. In this study, using a PD mouse model injected with intrastriatal ฮฑSyn preformed fibril (PFF), the differential responses of the two innate immune cells in the CNS and the temporal evolution of inflammation and neurodegeneration according to ฮฑSyn propagation were explored. And it was evaluated whether activated or decreased inflammatory modification affect the ฮฑSyn accumulation. This study found that microglial activation was more prominent than astroglial activation in the striatum of the mouse brain after PFF injection. In addition, after the PFF injection, inflammation was activated with an increased soluble ฮฑSyn expression, followed by an increased insoluble ฮฑSyn accumulation and neurodegeneration. The increased inflammation by endotoxin facilitated the ฮฑSyn propagation. In reverse, the inhibition of the microglial activity by a CSF1R inhibitor decreased the ฮฑSyn transmission and accumulation. This relationship between the ฮฑSyn propagation and inflammation may give a hint on the pathomechanism of PD and on a promising therapeutic target. Its underlying molecular mechanism needs to be evaluated for further understanding.์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ (alpha-synuclein[ฮฑSyn]) ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‘์ง‘๊ณผ ์ถ•์ ์€ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ(neuroinflammation)์ด ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ๋ณ‘์ธ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ(ฮฑSyn preformed fibril [PFF])์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ณ‘์  ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ(microglia)์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ(astrocyte) ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์ถ•์ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋…์†Œ(endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides)๋กœ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ์‘์ง‘๊ณผ ์ถ•์ ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์‘์ง‘๊ณผ ์ถ•์ ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ณ‘์ธ์— ์ข€ ๋” ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background. 1 1.2 Purpose of Research. 3 Chapter 2. Study schematics and methods 3 2.1 Study Schematics. 3 2.2 Method of Research 5 2.2.1. Preparation of fibrillarฮฑSyn. 5 2.2.2. PD mouse model. 8 2.2.3. Immunofluorescence & Immunohistochemistry of brain tissue . 9 2.2.4. Western blot. 10 2.2.5. Analysis . 11 Chapter 3. Result 12 3.1. Study 12 3.1.1. Intrastriatal injection of ฮฑSyn PFF induced widespread ฮฑSyn propagation in the brain. 12 3.1.2. Microglial activation was associated with ฮฑSyn propagation in the striatum. 13 3.1.3. Astroglial activation was not significantly associated with ฮฑSynuclein propagation in the striatum . 16 3.2. Study 2 17 3.2.1. Intrastriatal injection of ฮฑSyn PFF induced rapidly spreading of ฮฑSyn accumulation in the various brain regions with time. 17 3.2.2. Dopaminergic neurons degenerated during pathological ฮฑSyn transmission. 20 3.2.3. Inflammation showed early distinct activation in the striatum and whole brain. 21 3.2.4. Temporal progression of neuroinflammation, ฮฑSyn propagation, and neurodegeneration. 23 3.3 Study 3 24 3.3.1. Inflammatory activation by LPS aggravate ฮฑSyn propagation. 24 3.3.2. Microglial inhibition by CSF1R inhibitor decrease ฮฑSyn propagation. 25 Chapter 4. Discussion. 27 Chapter 5. Conclusion. 30 Bibliography. 31 Abstract in English. 34๋ฐ•

    The Urban Spatial Characteristics of Jegi-dong Viewed from Concentration of the Elderly

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ(๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ „๊ณต), 2016. 8. ๊น€์„ธํ›ˆ.์ตœ๊ทผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์šฐ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž„์Šนํ•˜์ฐจ์ œ๋„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์€ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์ž ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์—ฎ์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ-์—ฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๊ตฌํš๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜คํ”ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ๋„“๊ณ  ํ™• ํŠธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ตํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ 30๋งŒ์› ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋งž์ถฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 10,000์›์”ฉ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž˜ ์„ธํŒ…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์€ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์งœ์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋œ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋””ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ, ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋œ ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ง€์†๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ์ธต(50์„ธ-60์„ธ)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ • ์ด์œ  3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 3์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ์ • 8 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 1์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 9 1. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์˜ 9 2. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 10 2์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ–‰ํŠน์„ฑ 11 1. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 11 2. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰ ํŠน์„ฑ 18 3์ ˆ. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 1. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋™๊ฒฝ ์Šค๊ฐ€๋ชจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 20 2. ์„œ์šธ ์ข…๋ฌ˜๊ณต์› 24 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ 28 1์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 28 1. ๋…ธ์ธ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 28 2. ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™ ์ผ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 30 2์ ˆ. ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 34 1. ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์™€ ํ†ตํ–‰์ˆ˜๋‹จ 34 2. ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 40 3์ ˆ. ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํŠน์„ฑ 47 1. ์ฝœ๋ผํ… ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋„๊ต์Šต์†Œ 47 2. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ์ˆ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ 51 3. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์‰ผํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 54 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋…ธ์ธ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋™์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„ 56 1์ ˆ. ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šคํ™”๋œ ์ผ์ƒ-์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œตํ•ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 56 2์ ˆ. ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 64 3์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 68 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  73 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 76 ๋ถ€๋ก 80 Abstract 82Maste

    Distribution patterns and characteristics of naturalized plants in coastal sand dunes of Gyeonggi bay, Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์ด์€์ฃผ.ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ์œก์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ „์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ฒ™์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์‹์ƒ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ 7๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ transect ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœํ˜„์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ† ์–‘ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์š”์ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ TWINSPAN ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ CCA ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹์ƒ์€ 22๊ณผ 49์† 54์ข… 5๋ณ€์ข…์˜ ์ด 59๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ท€ํ™”์œจ 23.7, ๋„์‹œํ™”์ง€์ˆ˜ 2.6, ๊ต๋ž€์œจ 12.5๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์‹์ƒ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์€ ๊ฐฏ์‡ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ-์–ต์ƒˆ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ๊ฐฏ๊ทธ๋ น-์ˆœ๋น„๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด-๋ฐฉ์šธ๋น„์งœ๋ฃจ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ๊ฐฏ๊ทธ๋ น ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ๊ฐฏ๋ฉ”๊ฝƒ-ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ดˆ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ๊ฐฏ๋ฉ”๊ฝƒ-์ข€๋ณด๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ดˆ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ๋ฐ”๋žญ์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ์ข€๋ณด๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ดˆ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ, ์ทจ๋ช…์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๋“ฑ 8๊ฐœ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์€ ๋งŒ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ๋จผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์›์‚ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์—์„œ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํœด๋ฉดํ˜•์€ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ๋…„์ƒ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข…์ž์‚ฐํฌํ˜•์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์‚ฐํฌํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์œจ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์ธ ์ทจ๋ช…์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋น„์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ž์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋žญ์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ด ๋งŒ์กฐ์„ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ฒด ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ 14์ข… ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์ด ์œ ์ž…๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์นจ์ž…์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋ณด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ต๋ž€์•ผ์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ƒ์ถ”์™€ ํ™˜์‚ผ๋ฉ๊ตด์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์— ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.Coastal sand dunes are of high ecological value, as are the ecotone of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, most of them have been destroyed by human activities, especially in Gyeonggi bay, where various development and reclamation projects have been carried out. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the current status of vegetation in the coastal sand dunes of Gyeonggi bay and to identify the characteristics and distribution of naturalized plants in Gyeonggi bay and to provide them as basic data for establishing effective management measures. For this purpose, the emerged species were investigated using the transect method in seven areas of Gyeonggi bay. The soil analysis was carried out to investigate the environmental factors and to calculate the environmental assessment indices. The classification of colonies using TWINSPAN analysis was then conducted, and the correlation between environmental factors and colonies was identified using CCA analysis. In addition, the west coastal sand dune naturalized plants and the Gyeonggi bay coastal sand dune naturalized plants were compared by referring to the preceding literatures. The survey showed that the vegetation in the coastal sand dunes of Gyeonggi bay was included 59 taxa in total: 22 families, 49 genera, 54 species, and 5 varieties. The environmental assessment indices of Gyeonggi bay were 23.7 of naturalized index, 2.6 of urbanized index, and 12.5 disturbed index. The coastal sand dune colony in Gyeonggi bay was divided into eight colonies, including Ischaemum anthephoroides-Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Elymus mollis-Vitex rotundifolia-Asparagus oligoclonos, Elymus mollis, Calystegia soldanella-Carex kobomugi, Calystegia soldanella-Carex pumila, Digitaria ciliaris, Carex pumila, Chenopodium glaucum appeared in order that was distant to the high-tide line. As a result of organizing the naturalized plants in the west coastal sand dunes for comparison with them in Gyeonggi bay, most of their origins were in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, North Africa and Europe, and they were not much different in Gyeonggi bay. The dormancy type had the highest percentage of annual plants in both coastal dunes and Gyeonggi bay and the seed dispersal type had the largest portion of dispersion of gravity in both. According to the study, the naturalized index of Gyeonggi bay was relatively high. And as naturalized plants such as Chenopodium glaucum colony and non-coastal plants such as Digitaria ciliaris have invaded close to the high-tide line, it was deemed necessary to manage non-coastal plants as well as naturalized plants. Since the chracteristics of naturalized plants in Gyeonggi bay was not much different from that of naturalized plants in the entire coastal sand dunes, there is a possibility that other species will be introduced in addition to the 14 confirmed species. Therefore, it is thought that measures are needed to manage naturalized plants in coastal dunes and preserve dunes in Gyeonggi bay, where invasion is expected. In particular, Lactuca scariola and Humulus japonicus, which are ecological disturbance wild plants with high growth and breeding rates, appear in Gyeonggi bay, thus requiring continuous monitoring and management.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  7 1. ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ •์˜ 7 2. ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์‹๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 10 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  13 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 1. ํ˜„์žฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 14 1.1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ™ฉ 14 1.2. ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹์ƒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 14 1.3. ํ† ์–‘ ๋ถ„์„ 19 1.4. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ง€์ˆ˜ 19 1.5. ์‹์ƒ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 20 1.6. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 20 2. ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 21 2.1 ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 21 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 23 1. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ถœํ˜„ ์‹๋ฌผ์ข… 23 2. ํ† ์–‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 25 3. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ 26 4. ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 27 4.1. TWINSPAN ๋ถ„์„ 27 4.2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 29 5. ํ•ด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ 30 6. ๊ท€ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 34 6.1. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ณผ) 34 6.2. ์›์‚ฐ์ง€ 36 6.3. ํœด๋ฉดํ˜• 38 6.4. ์ข…์ž์‚ฐํฌํ˜• 39 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  41 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 45 ๋ถ€๋ก 49 Abstract 61Maste

    Analysis of Severe Hypoglycemia Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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    Importance: Previous studies have indicated that liver cirrhosis is associated with hypoglycemia, but there have been no studies investigating the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypoglycemia in noncirrhotic populations with type 2 diabetes. Objective: To explore the association of NAFLD with severe hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes. Design, setting, and participants: This nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance System of South Korea included individuals aged 20 years or older who had undergone a medical health examination between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, and were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Participants were followed up until December 31, 2015. Data analyses were performed between January 1, 2019, and February 2, 2021. Exposures: The baseline fatty liver index (FLI) was used as a surrogate marker for NAFLD. Main outcomes and measures: The outcome of interest, severe hypoglycemia, was measured using hospital admission and emergency department visit records with a primary diagnosis of hypoglycemia. Results: Among 1 946 581 individuals with type 2 diabetes, 1 125 187 (57.8%) were male. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 5.2 (4.1-6.1) years, 45 135 (2.3%) experienced 1 or more severe hypoglycemia events. Participants with severe hypoglycemia, vs those without severe hypoglycemia, were older (mean [SD] age, 67.9 [9.9] years vs 57.2 [12.3] years; P < .001) and had lower mean (SD) body mass index (24.2 [3.43] vs 25.1 [3.4]; P < .001). Patients with NAFLD tended to have less severe hypoglycemia without consideration of obesity status. However, after adjustment of multiple clinical covariates, including body mass index, there was a J-shaped association between FLI and severe hypoglycemia (5th decile: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83-0.90; 9th decile: aHR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.08; 10th decile: aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.22-1.37), and the estimated risk of hypoglycemia was higher in participants with NAFLD (aHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.22-1.30). The association was more prominent in female participants (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.36) and those with underweight (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.02-2.88). Conclusions and relevance: In this study, NAFLD was associated with a higher risk of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of obesity status. Presence of NAFLD should be considered when evaluating vulnerability to hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.ope

    Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors as an Add-on Therapy to Metformin Plus Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

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    Purpose: To date, no study has compared the effects of adding sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors to the combination of metformin plus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors to the effects of adding other conventional anti-diabetic drugs (ADDs) to the dual therapy. We aimed to compare the effect of adding SGLT-2 inhibitors with that of adding sulfonylurea (SU) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients inadequately controlled with metformin plus DPP-4 inhibitors. Materials and methods: This study was designed to evaluate the non-inferiority of SGLT-2 inhibitor to SU as an add-on therapy to the dual combination of metformin plus DPP-4 inhibitors. A total of 292 T2D patients who started SU or SGLT-2 inhibitors as an add-on therapy to metformin plus DPP-4 inhibitors due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia, defined as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) โ‰ฅ7%, were recruited. After propensity score matching, 90 pairs of patients remained, and 12-week changes in HbA1c levels were reviewed to assess glycemic effectiveness. Data from these patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results: After 12 weeks of triple therapy, both groups showed significant changes in HbA1c levels, with a mean of -0.9% in each group. The inter-group difference was 0.01% [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.26-0.27], and the upper limit of the 95% CI was within the limit for non-inferiority (0.40%). There were no inter-group differences in the changes of liver enzyme levels and kidney function. Conclusion: Adding SGLT-2 inhibitors is not inferior to adding SU as a third-line ADD to metformin plus DPP-4 inhibitor combination therapy.ope

    Ezetimibe combination therapy with statin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial (ESSENTIAL study)

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    Background: The effect of ezetimibe, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 inhibitor, on liver fat is not clearly elucidated. Our primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ezetimibe plus rosuvastatin versus rosuvastatin monotherapy to reduce liver fat using magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A randomized controlled, open-label trial of 70 participants with NAFLD confirmed by ultrasound who were assigned to receive either ezetimibe 10 mg plus rosuvastatin 5 mg daily or rosuvastatin 5 mg for up to 24 weeks. The liver fat change was measured as average values in each of nine liver segments by MRI-PDFF. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) was used to measure liver fibrosis change. Results: Combination therapy significantly reduced liver fat compared with monotherapy by MRI-PDFF (mean difference: 3.2%; p = 0.020). There were significant reductions from baseline to study completion by MRI-PDFF for both the combination and monotherapy groups, respectively (18.1 to 12.3%; p 0.05). Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) by transient elastography was significantly reduced in the combination group (321 to 287 dB/m; p = 0.018), but not in the monotherapy group (323 to 311 dB/m; p = 0.104). Conclusions: Ezetimibe and rosuvastatin were found to be safe to treat participants with NAFLD. Furthermore, ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin significantly reduced liver fat in this population. Trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03434613 ).ope

    Hypoxia-inducible factor-1ฮฑ regulates microglial functions affecting neuronal survival in the acute phase of ischemic stroke in mice

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    Cells universally adapt to ischemic conditions by turning on a transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), in which its role is known to differ widely across many different types of cells. Given that microglia have been reported as an essential mediator of neuroinflammation in many brain diseases, we examined the role of HIF in microglia in the progression of an acute phase of ischemic stroke by challenging our novel strains of myeloid-specific Hif-1ฮฑ or Hif-2ฮฑ knockout (KO) mice created by Cre-loxP system via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We observed that Hif-1ฮฑ but not Hif-2ฮฑ KO mice exhibited an improved recovery compared to wild-type (WT) mice determined by behavioral tests. Immunostaining analyses revealed that there were increased numbers of both mature and immature neurons while microglia and apoptotic cells were significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus of Hif-1ฮฑ KO mice following MCAO. By isolating microglia with fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we found that HIF-1ฮฑ-deficient microglia were impaired in phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumor necrosis factor-ฮฑ (TNF-ฮฑ) secretion. We further observed a significant decrease in the expression of Cd36 and milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (Mfg-e8) genes, both of which contain hypoxia-responsive element (HRE). Knocking down either of these genes in BV2 microglial cells was sufficient to abrogate HIF-mediated increase in phagocytosis, production of intracellular ROS, or TNF-ฮฑ secretion. Our results therefore suggest that HIF-1ฮฑ in microglia is a novel therapeutic target to protect neuronal survival following an acute phase of ischemic stroke.1

    ๋ฒจ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ†ก ํ˜„์•…4์ค‘์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ์ œ4๋ฒˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์Œ์•…๊ณผ Cello์ „๊ณต,1997.Maste

    ์ผ์ฐจ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ํฐ์ฅ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ Thrombin์— ์˜ํ•œ Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ธฐ์ „

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste
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