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    ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์ž๋…€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์›

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์ง„๋ฏธ์ •.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•„๋™์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์ด์›ƒ๊ฐ„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ง€์› ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์›ƒ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์› ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์›์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์•„๋™์„ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง€์›์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์•„๋™ํŒจ๋„(PSKC)์˜ 2014๋…„ 7์ฐจ ํŒจ๋„์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ 1,527๋ช…์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง€์›์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •์„œ์ , ๋„๊ตฌ์ , ์‚ฌ๊ต์ , ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ„์„, ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง€์›์€ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ฐ’ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€์›์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด์ , ์ •์„œ์ , ์‚ฌ๊ต์ , ๋„๊ตฌ์  ์ง€์› ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ทจ์—… ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋น„์ทจ์—…๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์—…๋ชจ๋ณด๋‹ค, ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์›์„ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘ ์ง€์—ญ ์‹œ์„ค ์ด์šฉ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ, ๊ณต์›, ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™” ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ด์›ƒ ์ง€์›์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ ํ˜น์€ ์ด์›ƒ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์œ ์น˜์›, ์‚ฌ์„คํ•™์Šต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ด์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์›ƒ ์ง€์›์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์›์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์–ด์ดŒ ๊ฐ„ ์ด์›ƒ ์ง€์›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ์  ์ง€์›์— ํ•œํ•ด ๋†์–ด์ดŒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋„ยท๋† ๊ฐ„ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต์  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์  ์ธํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„๊ณผ ๊ต์œก ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ƒ, ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์› ํ–‰ํƒœ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship of neighborhood characteristics and neighbors support of mothers with preschool aged child. In this study, 1,527 respondents to the 7th panel of the Korea Children's Panel (PSKC) were examined. This study analyzed which neighborhood characteristics affected emotional, instrumental, sociable and informational support from neighbors. Frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted to identify the research questions. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the support received from their neighbors was found to be about the median value of the scale. By type of support, informational, emotional, sociable, and instrumental support was shown in order. Non-employed mothers and mothers who dont live with parents or parents-in-law received relatively more support from neighbors. Second, use frequency of local facilities was significantly related with neighbors support. The more mothers use the local facilities such as playgrounds, parks and libraries, the more support they received from their neighbors. Public and cultural facilities in the neighborhood work as a place where it forms a network of neighbors and exchange support. Third, the hours at daycare centers, kindergartens and private learning institutions were positively associated with neighbors support their mothers received. It can be interpreted that mothers received the support from neighbors for the information of facilities and education as their children spend more time at those facilities. Fourth, the difference in neighbors support between cities and rural areas was partially significant. For emotional and instrumental support only, mothers living in rural areas received higher levels of support from their neighbors than mothers living in cities. There is a limitation in that this study used subjective measurement. This study also did not identify the casual relationship between neighborhood characteristics and neighbors support. Nevertheless, the findings are meaningful by shedding light on the relationship between neighborhood factors and neighbors' supporting behavior of mothers with preschool aged child.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๏ผ— ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๏ผ˜ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์› ๏ผ˜ 1. ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๏ผ˜ 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์› 1๏ผ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์› ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 1๏ผ“ 1. ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 1๏ผ“ (1) ๋„ยท๋† ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 1๏ผ“ (2) ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 1๏ผ• (3) ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณด์œก ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์‹œ์„ค 1๏ผ— 2. ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 1๏ผ˜ ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2๏ผ‘ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 2๏ผ‘ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ 23 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2๏ผ˜ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 2๏ผ˜ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3๏ผ‘ ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 3๏ผ˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 4๏ผ”Maste

    ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋„์ž… ์ดํ›„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 8. John Hong.๊ฐ„ํŒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์†์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฆฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ„ํŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž…๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋ฆฐ์น˜์™€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฒค์ถ”๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ฉด์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ indentity๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธ์ƒ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„๋กœ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” structure๋กœ์จ ์œ„์น˜๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ํŒ์€ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” meaning์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ way-findingํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž…๋ฉด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€, ํ˜„ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์—ญ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ƒ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 55๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ์ ‘๋„๋กœ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ณ€์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…๋ฉด์ด ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋Š˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์—†์ด ์ •๋ˆ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ด€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฆฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Signboards play an important role and function in the process of people recognizing cities and finding destinations. Understanding how to recognize a city through a signboard is the basis for solving the problem at a time when the problem of indiscriminate confusion arises due to the goal of signboards that make one's own among the numerous information in the city more visible. In particular, the role of the building's elevation and signboard among the components of the commercial street can be understood based on the theories of Kevin Lynch and Robert Venturi. Elevation mainly delivers the ephysiognomic message as an identity of a building, and also delivers the locational message as a structure that forms a relationship with the road. On the other hand, signboards communicate with pedestrians by delivering the heraldic messages as meaning that contains information and meaning. They play their respective roles and help pedestrians in the process of way-finding to their destination. However, their roles may be mixed or replaced depending on certain situations, especially as the physical shape of the signboard changes due to the regulation of the signboard, the building's elevation is also directly affected, and the relationship between the signboard and the elevation changes. The analysis of the relationship between signboards and elevation is the basis for examining the validity of whether the current sign regulations are functioning appropriately to solve urban problems. With the aim of this analysis, this study investigates the signboards and elevation status of a total of 55 buildings on two of the commercial streets near Gangnam Station. The relationship between the signboard and the elevation of the target site appears as a result of the method of responding to sign regulations, especially depending on the size of the adjacent road. In the case of buildings adjacent to the boulevard, the visibility and advertising functions of the signboard are not very important due to the nature of the road environment, so there is little need for the elevation to supplement the role of the signboard. In the case of buildings adjacent to alleys, the size of signboards has become very small due to regulations on signboards, and functions such as visibility and advertising have almost been lost, so the design of the elevation has become important and its proportion has increased. As a result of examining the validity of sign regulations based on these studies, it was determined that sign regulations function appropriately in each environment in that the application of regulations on both boulevards and alleys solved the problem of signboards and improved aesthetics.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 2. ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 2.1. ๋„์‹œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ„ํŒ 11 2.1.1. ์ƒ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ 11 2.1.2. ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ์—ญํ•  12 2.1.3. ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 15 2.2. ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ 16 2.2.1. ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ๋„์ž… 16 2.2.2. ์ธ์ ‘๋„๋กœ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ 21 2.2.3. ์šฉ๋„์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 25 3. ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์–‘์ƒ 27 3.1. ์˜ฅ์™ธ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ•œ 27 3.2. ๊ทœ์ œ ์ ์šฉ ์ด์ „/์ดํ›„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋น„๊ต 29 3.2.1. ์ž…๋ฉด๋„ ๋น„๊ต 29 3.2.2. ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๋น„๊ต 33 3.3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 37 4. ์ธ์ ‘๋„๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ 38 4.1. ๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๋†’์ด 38 4.2. ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฉด์  39 4.2.1. ๋„๋กœ A ์ธ์ ‘ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ตฐ 40 4.2.2. ๋„๋กœ B ์ธ์ ‘ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ตฐ 42 4.3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 46 5. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 49 5.1. ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ž…๋ฉด์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 51 5.1.1. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 1 51 5.1.2. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 2 53 5.1.3. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 3 56 5.1.4. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 4 58 5.2. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 60 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 68์„

    ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์•ˆ๋•๊ทผ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๊น€ ์•„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๊ตํ™˜์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1997๋…„์— ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ธก๋ฉด์—๋งŒ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€์ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์—๋งŒ ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธก, ์ œ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstract Mobile Payments in Global Trade Governance AYoung Kim International Commerce, International Studies Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University The technological development has enabled us to live in a way our ancestors never imagined. The barters evolved into commerce, creating a banking system. The advent of electronic devices and internet accelerated such development. In 1997, the first mobile payment transaction happened. Since then, the m-commerce market grew fast, and numerous studies were done on mobile payments. Despite the increasing use of mobile payments and number of research, the research topic has been limited. Scholars focused on the same topics: consumer adoptions and technology aspects. However, as some academic community suggested, studies should be done in diverse perspectives. This includes legal and regulatory analysis. Even few studies done legally focused on domestic regulation. Therefore, this paper will investigate the mobile payments in global trade governance. First, it will have an introduction on mobile payments and review on previous mobile payment research topics. Then, it will examine whether the current global trade governance is applicable to the mobile payments. The possibly relevant provisions will be assessed. The future of the mobile payment will be predicted.I. Introduction 1 II. Mobile Payments 2 1. Definition 2 2. Overview 3 3. The Current Market Trend 4 4. Mobile Revolution in Emerging Markets 5 5. Mobile Payment Research Review 7 6. Research Question. 8 III. Applicability of the WTO Rule 9 1. Classification Issue 9 2. Relevant Provision 9 2.1. Financial Service 9 2.2. E-Commerce 11 3. Result 11 IV. Applicability of the FTA Rule 12 1. Analysis on KORUS FTA and TPP Chapter 12 2. Analysis on TTIP Chapter 14 3. Results 16 3.1. The US Perspective 17 3.2. The EU Perspective 18 V. Future of Mobile Payments in Global Trade Governance 18 VI. Conclusion 21 Bibliography 22 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 28Maste

    Heart Transplantation in a Patient with Complex Congenital Heart Disease, Physiologic Single Lung, and Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

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    Here we report a case of successful heart transplantation (HT) in a patient with high risk on HT due to her complex congenital heart disease and its consequent complications; physiologic single lung and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. HT was successfully performed in our patient using meticulous perioperative management techniques, such as control of collateral vessels, appropriate donor selection, pulmonary vasodilator therapy, post-transplant extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support, and atrial septostomy for right ventricular unloading.ope

    Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 breakthrough infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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    To provide a comparative meta-analysis and systematic review of the risk and clinical outcomes of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Eighteen studies of COVID-19 infections in fully vaccinated ("breakthrough infections") and unvaccinated individuals were reviewed from Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The meta-analysis examined the summary effects and between-study heterogeneity regarding differences in the risk of infection, hospitalization, treatments, and mortality between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. he overall risk of infection was lower for the fully vaccinated compared to that of the unvaccinated (relative risk [RR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.21), especially for variants other than Delta (Delta: RR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13-0.65; other variants: RR 0.06, 95% CI: 0.04-0.08). The risk of asymptomatic infection was not statistically significantly different between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated (RR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.27-1.19). There were neither statistically significant differences in risk of hospitalization (RR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.38-2.93), invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 1.65, 95% CI: 0.90-3.06), or mortality (RR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.79-1.78). Conversely, the risk of supplemental oxygen during hospitalization was significantly higher for the unvaccinated (RR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08-1.82). Unvaccinated people were more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection than fully vaccinated for all variants. Once infected, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation, or mortality. Still, unvaccinated showed an increased need for oxygen supplementation. Further prospective analysis, including patients' risk factors, COVID-19 variants, and the utilized treatment strategies, would be warranted.ope

    Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Underwent Transcatheter Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect

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    Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to an atrial septal defect (ASD) poses a challenge to transcatheter closure of an ASD (tcASD). We aimed to determine the predictors for remaining PAH (rPAH) post-tcASD. This retrospective study was conducted at a single tertiary university hospital. Adult patients with an ASD and PAH were divided into three groups according to pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Normalization of pulmonary atrial systolic pressure (PASP) was defined as an estimated right ventricular systolic pressure < 40 mmHg and was determined using transthoracic echocardiography. Among 119 patients, 80% showed PAH normalization post-tcASD. Normalization of PAH post-tcASD was observed in 100%, 56.2%, and 28.6% of patients in mild, moderate, and severe PVR groups, respectively. The patientsโ€™ New York Heart Association functional class improved. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age and high PVR were significant risk factors for rPAH. A receiving operator curve analysis showed a PASP cutoff value > 67.5 mmHg to be predictive of rPAH post-tcASD, with an area under the curve value of 0.944 (sensitivity, 0.922; specificity 0.933). Most patients, including moderate-to-severe PAH patients, improved hemodynamically and clinically with tcASD. Since patients with severe PAH are at a risk of rPAH, tcASD should be performed by selecting the patient carefully based on pre-procedure medication, a vasoreactivity test, and a balloon occlusion test.ope

    Early to Mid-Term Follow-Up Outcomes of Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects Using Recent Generation Devices: a Single-Center Experience

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    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe our early to mid-term experience with transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure using the Occlutech Figullaยฎ Flex II device (FSO), Goreยฎ Cardioform septal occluder (GSO), and Amplatzerยฎ septal occluder (ASO) after they were first approved in Korea in 2014, and to compare the three aforementioned kinds of ASD closure devices. METHODS: Between September 2014 and August 2016, 267 patients underwent transcatheter ASD closure in our institution. Baseline characteristics, hemodynamic features, comorbidities, and procedural success and complication rates were analyzed retrospectively. The unpaired Student t-test or variance analysis was used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The FSO was most commonly used (n=152, 56.9%), followed by the ASO (n=98, 36.7%) and GSO (n=17, 6.4%). Baseline characteristics and hemodynamic features were similar between the devices, except that the defect size and pulmonary flow-to-systemic flow ratio were lower in the GSO group than in the other groups. Overall, the procedural success rate remained at 100%, and major complication rate was <1%. No late complication occurred during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The FSO and GSO are feasible, safe options for use in transcatheter ASD closure, and they are comparable to the ASO.ope

    Intracardiac Echocardiogram: Feasibility, Efficacy, and Safety for Guidance of Transcatheter Multiple Atrial Septal Defects Closure

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    We aimed to determine the feasibility, efficacy, success, and safety of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in transcatheter multiple atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. Of 185 patients with multiple ASDs who underwent transcatheter closure, 140 (76%) patients who weighed 7 mm was high, and more cases required โ‰ฅ2 devices in the 3D TEE group than those in the ICE group (p < 0.0001). All patients in the 3D TEE group and seven patients (5%) in the ICE group were operated on under general anesthesia (p < 0.0001). The fluoroscopic time was shorter in the ICE group (13.98 ยฑ 6.24 min vs. 24.86 ยฑ 16.47 min, p = 0.0005). No difference in the complete closure rate and complications was observed. ICE-guided transcatheter and 3D TEE were feasible, safe, and effective in successful multiple ASD device closures, especially for young children and patients at high risk under general anesthesia.ope

    Thrombosis patterns and clinical outcome of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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    Objectives: To meta-analyse the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and mortality of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) after adenoviral vector vaccination. Methods: Eighteen studies of VITT after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or Ad26.COV2.S vaccine administration were reviewed from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis estimated the summary effects and between-study heterogeneity regarding the incidence, manifestations, sites of thrombosis, diagnostic findings, and clinical outcomes. Results: The incidence of total venous thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination was 28 (95% CI 12-52, I2=100%) per 100,000 doses administered. Of 664 patients included in the quantitative analysis (10 studies), the mean age of patients with VITT was 45.6 years (95% CI 43.8-47.4, I2=57%), with a female predominance (70%). Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), and splanchnic vein thrombosis occurred in 54%, 36%, and 19% of patients with VITT, respectively. The pooled incidence rate of CVT after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination (23 per 100,000 person-years) was higher than that reported in the pre-pandemic general population (0.9 per 100,000 person-years). Intracranial haemorrhage and extracranial thrombosis accompanied 47% and 33% of all patients with CVT, respectively. The antiplatelet factor 4 antibody positivity rate was 91% (95% CI 88-94, I2=0%) and the overall mortality was 32% (95% CI 24-41, I2=69%), and no significant difference was observed between heparin- and non-heparin-based anticoagulation treatments (risk ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.47-1.50, I2=0%). Conclusions: Patients with VITT after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination most frequently presented with CVT following DVT/PE and splanchnic vein thrombosis, and about one-third of patients had a fatal outcome. This meta-analysis should provide a better understanding of VITT and assist clinicians in identifying VITT early to improve outcomes and optimise management.ope

    Retrospective Multicenter Study of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Korean Children with Congenital Heart Diseases

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    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We conducted a review of current data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis with palivizumab, in Korean children with congenital heart diseases (CHD). In 2009, the Korean guideline for RSV prophylaxis had established up to five shots monthly per RSV season, only for children <1 year of age with hemodynamic significance CHD (HS-CHD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: During the RSV seasons in 2009-2015, we performed a retrospective review of data for 466 infants with CHD, examined at six centers in Korea. RESULTS: Infants received an average of 3.7ยฑ1.9 (range, 1-10) injections during the RSV season. Fifty-seven HS-CHD patients (12.2%) were hospitalized with breakthrough RSV bronchiolitis, with a recurrence in three patients, one year after the initial check-up. Among patients with simple CHD, only five (1.1%) patients received one additional dose postoperatively, as per the limitations set by the Korean guideline. Among the 30 deaths (6.4%), five (1.1%) were attributed to RSV infection; three to simple CHD, one to Tetralogy of Fallot, and one to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Of the three HCM patients that exceeded guidelines for RSV prophylaxis, two (66.6%) were hospitalized, and one died of RSV infection (33.3%). CONCLUSION: In accordance to the Korean guideline, minimal injections of palivizumab were administered to patients having HS-CHD <one year of age during the RSV season; the risk of RSV infection remains significant among children with simple CHD, cardiomyopathy, and children above the age of one year with HS-CHD.ope
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