영어 결과구문 학습에 미치는 모국어의 영향: 한국인 학습자 중간언어의 통사 및 의미 구조

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외국어교육과 영어전공, 2016. 8. 양현권.The present study explores the syntactic and semantic structures of the resultative construction, with special reference to English and Korean. It also investigates native Korean-speaking English learners comprehension and production of English resultative constructions (RC, hereafter). Resultative constructions show considerable variations across languages (Eckardt, 2003Legendre, 1997Nakazawa, 2008Napoli, 1992). English and Korean provide a case in point. English resultatives have been analyzed as complements denoting telic events (Goldberg, 1995Kearns, 2007). The present study shows that one of the most representative resultative phrases in Korean, AP-key phrase, is best analyzed as an adjunct that can denote atelic sense. Two experimental studies were undertaken to investigate Korean students comprehension and production of English resultative constructions. Study I (Comprehension Test) comprised an acceptability judgment task (AJT) and an elicited choice task (ECT), in which 99 Korean students and 17 native English speakers (NSs) participated. Study II (Production Test) was an elicited writing task (EWT), in which 97 Korean students participated. The results of the AJT showed that the Korean students comprehension of the target construction was significantly lower than that of the NSs. In contrast to the NS group, both high and low proficiency Korean learner groups failed to accept the grammatical RCs and failed to reject the syntactically and semantically ungrammatical RCs. The ECT results showed an asymmetry in preferences for English RCs between the Korean learner groups and the NS control group. The NSs showed significantly higher preferences for English RCs than the two Korean learner groups. Given a choice, the learners preferred adjunct expressions over RCs. This result was expected based on the assumption that the L1 Korean resultative construction, which is an adjunct, would influence the learners L2 behavior. In the EWT, the Korean participants produced non-target-like sentences, using adjunct-type resultative phrases. This error also seems to result from L1 influence on the learning of L2 RCs, which has been observed in previous acquisition studies (Slabakova, 2002Whong-Barr, 2005). In a nutshell, resultative constructions in English and Korean differ syntactically and semantically, and the Korean students comprehension and production of English resultative constructions were heavily influenced by their L1. Hence, due consideration needs to be given to developing systematic and efficient ways to help Korean students learn English RCs.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The Motivation and Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. The Scope of the Investigation 5 1.3. Research Questions and Hypothesis 5 1.4. Organization of the Thesis 8 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 9 2.1. Resultative Constructions and Language Variation 10 2.2. Syntactic Discussion: Complement versus Adjunct 15 2.2.1. English Resultatives as Complements 15 2.2.2. Korean Resultatives as Adjuncts 20 2.3. Semantic Discussion: Telicity 30 2.3.1. Semantic Restrictions on English Resultatives and Korean AP-key Constructions 30 2.3.2. Atelicity of Korean AP-key Phrase 33 2.3.3. Modifier Survey 37 2.3.4. Syntax-Semantics Interface 39 2.4. Previous Acquisition Studies 42 CHAPTER 3. METHODS 53 3.1. A Pilot Study 53 3.1.1. Participants 53 3.1.2. Instrument and Procedures 54 3.1.3. Results 55 3.2. Study I (Comprehension Test) 59 3.2.1. Participants 59 3.2.2 Instruments and Procedures 63 3.3. Study II (Production Test) 74 3.3.1. Participants 74 3.3.2. Instruments and Procedures 76 3.3.3 Coding and Analysis 78 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 79 4.1. Study I (Comprehension Test) 79 4.1.1. Comprehension of the English Resultative Construction across Groups 79 4.1.2. Preference for English Resultative Constructions across Groups 90 4.2. Study II (Production Test) 93 4.2.1 Korean Learners Use of the Target Structure 93 4.2.2 Korean Learners Error Types 95 4.2.3 Verb-Specific Analysis 99 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 103 5.1 L1 Influence on Korean Learners Comprehension of English Resultative Constructions 104 5.1.1 L1 Linguistic Properties and Learners Interpretation of English RCs 104 5.1.2 Rethinking the Test Items: Pseudo-Resultatives 109 5.2 L1 Influence on Korean Learners Production of English Resultative Constructions 112 5.2.1 L1 Influence on the Use of Adjuncts 112 5.2.2 L1 Influence on the Use of Other Constructions 115 5.2.3 The Scope of the Korean Resulative Construction 120 5.2.4 Alternative Views on the Verb-Specific Analysis 122 5.3 The L1 Influence Revisited: Data from Filler Items and Heritage Speakers 126 5.3.1 Data from Filler Items: Learning Potential 126 5.3.2 Data from Heritage Speakers: Problems at the Syntax-Semantics Interface 130 5.4. Pedagogical Considerations 136 5.4.1 Korean Students Experience of Learning English Resultative Constructions and Implications 136 5.4.2 Necessity of Teaching English Resultative Constructions 141 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 145 6.1. Major Findings and Pedagogical Implications 145 6.2. Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research 150 APPENDICES 169 국문 초록 202Docto

치아파스에서 콜리마까지 ― 멕시코 여행(4)

1월 10일 오아하카에서 야간 버스를 타고 산크리스토발 데 라스 카사스에 도착했다. 약칭 산크리스토발이라고 부르는 이곳은 해발 2,120미터에 위치해 있어서 고원 기후가 피부에 신선하게 와 닿는 곳이다. 주위가 높은 산들로 둘러싸여 있는 작은 도시이지만 그 역사는 깊다. 이미 식민 시대 초기인 1528년 스페인 인의 이주가 시작되어 식민 시대풍의 시가지가 정비됐다. 1893년 툭스틀라쿠티에레스로 이전하기까지 이곳은 치아파스 주의 주도였다. 물론 지금도 아름다운 성당이나 아치가 시내 곳곳에 남아 있다. 주변에는 옛 생활을 그대로 영위하는 원주민 마을이 많기에 산크리스토발은 그들이 교역하는 주 무대이기도 하다. 이 도시는 스페인 후손들과 지역 원주민들 사이의 고되고 오랜 갈등의 역사를 지니고 있다. 1994년 사파티스타 무장봉기가 시작된 곳도 바로 여기다. 시내에는 아직도 정부군이 주둔하고 있다. 사파티스타 민족해방 군은 멕시코의 작은 농민 무장단체이지만 전 세계적으로 알려진 유명한 게릴라이기도 하다. 민족해방군이란 그럴 듯한 이름을 가지고 있는 이들은 검은 복면을 쓰고 총과 칼 대신 인터넷으로 자기네 주장을 펼친다. 전 세계 언론들은 사파티스타 민족해방군에 대해 긍정적이다

MERGE: A Multinational, Multicenter Observational Registry for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Asia, including Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria

Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders of the bone marrow, and are associated with a high disease burden, reduced quality of life (QOL), and shortened survival. This multinational, multicenter, non-interventional registry "MERGE" was initiated with an objective to collect data on the epidemiological indices of classical Ph-MPNs, existing treatment patterns, and impact of MPNs on health-related QOL in various countries/regions in Asia, including the Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria. Of the 884 eligible patients with MPNs, 169 had myelofibrosis (MF), 301 had polycythemia vera (PV), 373 had essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 41 had unclassified MPNs. The median age was 58 years (range, 47-66 years), and 50% of patients were males. The prevalence and incidence of MPNs were estimated to be 57-81 and 12-15 per 100 000 hospital patients per year over the last 4 years, respectively, in these countries. Total symptom score (mean [standard deviation; SD]) at baseline was highest in patients with MF (23.5 [17.47]) compared with patients with ET (14.6 [14.26]) and PV (16.6 [14.84]). Patients with ET had a lower mean (SD) number of inpatient visits (0.9 [0.77] days), and patients with MF had more outpatient visits (5.2 [3.17] days) on an average, compared with the entire MPN group. The study showed that patients with MPNs have a severe disease burden and reduced QOL. A discordance between physician and patient perception of symptom assessment was observed in this study (International clinical trials registry ID: CTRI/2014/05/004598).ope

A Study on the Hand-Geometry's Feature Extraction Algorithm

Biometrics is getting more and more attention in recent years for security and other purpose. So far, only fingerprint has seen limited success for on-line security check, since other biometrics verification and identification systems require more complicated and expensive acquisition interfaces and recognition processes. Hand-Geometry has been used for biometric verification and identification because of its acquisition convenience and good verification and identification performance. Therefore, this paper propose Hand-Geometry recognition system based on geometrical of hand. From anatomical point of view, human hand can be characterized by its length, width, thickness, geometrical composition, shapes of the palm, and shape and geometry of the fingers. Unlike palmprint verification Hand-Geometry does not involve extraction of detailed features of the hand(for example, wrinkles on the skin). Whole system is consisted of image acquisition part, processing part, actuator part. Image acquisition part is consisted of image capture board and CCD camera that is image acquisition system. Processing part extracts feature points in hand image that inputted from CCD camera using GAs that imitates nature evolution and has excellent performance in search algorithm. And after extract feature points, image of inputted color scale changes to gray scale, and extracts characteristic data. Finally, feature data that is gotten from processing part is transmitted by printer port and confirmed result of Hand-Geometry recognition through actuator part. This paper proposes Hand-Geometry recognition system having with function such as upside. This system presents verification results based on hand measurements of 100 data about 20 individuals captured over real time. The recognition process has been tested on a size of 320 × 240 image, and result of the recognition process have hit rate of 94％ and FAR of 0.021.Abstract 제 1 장 서 론 1 제 2 장 Hand-Geometry 3 제 3 장 영상 획득 시스템 6 3.1 영상 획득 시스템의 구성 6 3.2 이미지 캡쳐 보드 7 3.3 Hand-Geometry의 영상 획득 9 3.4 Hand-Geometry인식의 전반적인 처리 과정 10 제 4 장 GAs를 이용한 특징 데이터 추출 12 4.1 Hand-Geometry의 특징 데이터 13 4.2 GAs를 이용한 특징점 추출 19 제 5 장 Hand-Geometry 특징 데이터 인식 알고리즘 32 5.1 Hand-Geometry의 특징 데이터 인식 32 5.2 Hand-Geometry의 특징 데이터의 인식 실험 35 제 6 장 PC 기반 Hand-Geometry인식 시스템 구현 및 실험 36 6.1 Hand-Geometry인식 시스템 36 6.2 Hand-Geometry인식 시스템의 실험 및 결과 40 제 7 장 결 론 46 참 고 문 헌 47 부 록 4

베라크루스에서 오아하카까지 ― 멕시코 여행(3)

대서양으로 향하기 전 할라파에서 1월 7일 수요일: 할라파 시내 답사―베라크루스로 이동―베라크루스 지역 박물관―소칼 로―워터프론트 할라파(Jalapa 또는 Xalapa)는 멕시코의 동부, 대서양에 맞닿은 베라 크루스 주의 주도다. 멕시코시티에서 베라크루스까지 한걸음에 달리기엔 너무도 먼 거리. 우리는 잠시 할라파에 들려 하루 정도 휴식의 시간을 가 졌다. 해발 약 1,400미터에 위치한 도시라 기후가 선선한 편이었지만, 터 미널에 도착했을 때 그 동안 느끼지 못했던 습기를 잔뜩 느낄 수 있었다. 점점 바닷가 근처로 왔다는 것이 실감나기 시작했다. 할라파는 작가, 예술가, 대학생, 음악가의 집단지로 묘사된다. 이러한 다채로운 문화적 매력 때문에 베라크루스의 아테네라고 불리기도 한 다. 대학도시답게 젊음의 에너지가 있으며, 분주한 현대 도시다. 우리가 다닌 여러 지역 가운데 교복 입은 학생들을 가장 많이 본 곳이기도 하다. 이 지역에 유달리 중ㆍ고등학교가 많은지 소칼로에서만 여러 종류의 교복 을 관찰할 수 있었다. 우리나라와 달리 교복을 입고 다니는 초등학생도 눈에 띄었다

대사공학적으로 설계된 재조합 효모를 이용한 목질계 바이오매스로부터 2,3-butanediol 생산

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농생명공학부, 2014. 2. 서진호.2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) is a platform chemical with wide industrial applications. Most microbial fermentations for 2,3-BD production have been focused on pathogenic bacteria, which makes large-scale fermentation difficult in terms of safety and industrialization. Since Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a popular GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) microorganism, is known to produce a trace amount of 2,3-BD naturally, the bakers yeast was metabolically engineered for efficient production of 2,3-BD by introducing the 2,3-BD metabolic pathways and by modulating the central carbon metabolism. A fed-batch fermentation strategy was optimized in order to enhance a final 2,3-BD concentration. To intensify the 2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway, the alsS gene encoding α-acetolactate synthase and the alsD gene encoding α-acetolactate decarboxylase both from Bacillus subtilis and the endogenous BDH1 gene coding for 2,3-BD dehydrogenase were overexpressed in the wild-type S. cerevisiae (D452-2). The resulting strain of S. cerevisiae BD0 showed approximately a 10-fold increase in 2,3-BD production compared to the wild strain, but still produced unfavorable ethanol as a major metabolite. To increase 2,3-BD production through eliminating ethanol production, a pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc)-deficient mutant (SOS4) was used as a host for 2,3-BD production. The SOS4 strain grew in a glucose medium and accumulated pyruvate from glucose, a key intermediate for 2,3-BD, without ethanol production. When the alsS and alsD genes from B. subtilis and the endogenous BDH1 gene were overexpressed in the SOS4, the resulting strain (BD4) not only produced 2,3-BD with a high yield of 0.34 g 2,3-BD/g glucose, but also consumed glucose faster than the parental strain. In a fed-batch fermentation under the optimum aeration condition, 2,3-BD concentration increased up to 96.2 g/L from glucose. The use of xylose that is abundant in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate would make the production of 2,3-BD more sustainable and economical. However, S. cerevisiae cannot ferment xylose as a sole carbon source. For xylose utilization, the XYL1, XYL2, and XYL3 genes coding for xylose reductase (XR), xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), and xylulokinase (XK) derived from Scheffersomyces stipitis were introduced into the SOS4 strain. The resulting strain (SOS4X) accumulated pyruvate by using xylose without ethanol production. Additionally, the alsS and alsD genes from B. subtilis and the endogenous BDH1 gene were overexpressed in the SOS4X for production of 2,3-BD from xylose. As a result, the resulting strain (BD4X) produced 20.7 g/L 2,3-BD with a yield of 0.27 g 2,3-BD/g xylose, showing that (R, R)-2,3-BD was dominantly produced. The titer of 2,3-BD from xylose increased up to 43.6 g/L in a fed-batch fermentation. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae might be a promising host for producing 2,3-BD from lignocellulosic biomass for industrial applications.Chapter 1 Literature review: Characteristics and microbial production of 2,3-butandiol (2,3-BD) 1 1.1. 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) 2 1.2. Biosynthesis of 2,3-BD in bacteria 5 1.3. Biosynthesis of 2,3-BD in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6 1.4. Pyruvate decarboxylase-deficient S. cerevisiae 8 1.5. Objectives of the dissertation 11 Chapter 2 Production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) through complementing the 2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 19 2.1. Summary 20 2.2. Introduction 21 2.3. Materials and Methods 23 2.4. Results 26 2.4.1. 2,3-BD tolerance test of S. cerevisiae 26 2.4.2. Construction of the efficient 2,3-BD biosynthesis pathway of S. cerevisiae 27 2.5. Discussion 28 Chapter 3 Production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) by pyruvate decarboxylase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae 34 3.1. Summary 35 3.2. Introduction 36 3.3. Materials and Methods 39 3.4. Results 43 3.4.1. Confirmation of the evolved Pdc-deficient S. cerevisiae (SOS4) 43 3.4.2. Production of 2,3-BD by the SOS4 strain with the 2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway (BD4) 44 3.4.3. Effect of oxygen supply on 2,3-BD production by the BD4 strain 46 3.4.4. Fed-batch fermentations and cell-recycling fermentation by the BD4 strain 47 3.5. Discussion 49 Chapter 4 Production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) from xylose by pyruvate decarboxylase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae 70 4.1. Summary 71 4.2. Introduction 73 4.3. Materials and Methods 76 4.4. Results 80 4.4.1. Construction of a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae accumulating pyruvate (SOS4X) 80 4.4.2. 2,3-BD production from xylose by the SOS4X strain with the 2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway (BD4X) 81 4.4.3. Characterization of stereoisomer of 2,3-BD produced from sugars by the BD4X strain 82 4.4.4. Enhanced 2,3-BD production by the BD4X strain under fed-batch fermentation conditions 83 4.5. Discussion 85 Chapter 5 Conclusions 103 References 107 국문 초록 122 Appendix A. Deletion of the PDC1 and PDC5 genes and laboratory evolution for construction of the SOS4 strain 125 B. List of primers used in this study 126 C. Production of 2,3-BD by the SOS4 strain harboring genes involved in 2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway 128Docto

완전 비선형 포물 편미분 방정식의 정칙 이론과 그 응용

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 수리과학부, 2013. 8. 이기암.이 학위 논문에서는 비발산 구조를 갖는 완전 비선형 포물 방정식의 해의 정칙 이론과 그 응용에 대하여 연구하였다. 첫번째 장은 완전 비선형 고른 포물형 및 퇴화된 포물형 방정식의 해의 점근적 행동 양상에 대한 연구이다. 먼저, 포물 방정식의 정규화 된 해가 시간이 흐름에 따라 방정식과 관련된 완전 비선형 타원 작용소의 제 1 고유 함수로 수렴함을 증명하였다. 또한 볼록한 영역에서 오목한 완전 비선형 제차 작용소가 주어졌을때, 포물형 해의 초기 기하적 구조-특정한 오목성(log-concavity, power concavity)-가 보존되는 것을 보였다. 위의 수렴성을 이용하면 제 1 고유 함수 또한 같은 기하적 구조를 가짐을 알 수 있다. 두번째 장에서는 완전 리만 다양체 위에서 완전 비선형 포물 방정식의 해를 다루었는데, 특히 정칙 이론의 초석이 되는 포물형 Harnack 부등식을 증명하였다. 선형 작용소에 대해서는 거리 함수로 정의된 특정한 조건을 가정하고 정칙인 해의 대역적 Harnack 부등식을 얻었다. 또 단면 곡률의 하한을 가지는 다양체에 대해 비선형 작용소의 국소적 Harnack 부등식을 보였다. 마지막으로 Jensen의 sup- and inf-convolution을 이용하여, 연속 해인 viscosity 해에 대한 Harnack 부등식을 증명하였다.Abstract 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Long-time asymptotics for parabolic equations 2 1.2 Parabolic Harnack inequality on Riemannian manifolds 4 2 Preliminaries 8 2.1 Viscosity solutions 8 2.1.1 Uniformly elliptic operator 8 2.1.2 Viscosity solutions 10 2.1.3 Regularity for uniformly elliptic and parabolic equations 11 2.2 Riemannian geometry 12 2.2.1 Variation formulas and Volume comparison 15 2.2.2 Semi-concavity 18 2.2.3 Viscosity solutions on Riemannian manifolds 19 3 Asymptotic behavior of parabolic equations 22 3.1 Uniformly parabolic equations 22 3.1.1 Elliptic eigenvalue problem 22 3.1.2 Long-time asymptotics for uniformly parabolic equations 23 3.1.3 Log-concavity 29 3.2 Degenerate parabolic equations 39 3.2.1 Sub-linear elliptic eigenvalue problems 39 3.2.2 Long-time asymptotics for degenerate parabolic equations 42 3.2.3 Square-root concavity of thepressure 47 4 Harnack inequality on Riemannian manifolds 69 4.1 Harnack inequality for linear parabolic operators 69 4.1.1 ABP-Krylov-Tso type estimate 70 4.1.2 Barrier functions 78 4.1.3 Parabolic version of the Calderon-Zygmund decomposition 90 4.1.4 Proof of parabolic Harnack inequality 94 4.1.5 Weak Harnack inequality 107 4.2 Harnack inequality for nonlinear parabolic operators 110 4.3 Harnack inequality for viscosity solutions 121 4.3.1 Sup-and inf-convolution 121 4.3.2 Proof of parabolic Harnack inequality 132 Abstract (in Korean)Docto

헬륨 상압 플라즈마 불렛의 진행 특성

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 에너지시스템공학부, 2014. 2. 김곤호.헬륨 상압 플라즈마 제트(He-APPJ)는 대기압의 조건에서 작동 가능하고 그 이용이 저압 플라즈마에 비해 간편하며 반응성이 큰 OH, O3, NO와 같은 라디컬이 다량 생성된다는 장점을 가진다. 이로 인해 바이오, 의료 분야에서 살균, 암 치료, 미용 등의 목적으로 APPJ가 이용되고 있지만, 실험이나 치료 결과의 재현성이 떨어져 일정한 효과를 기대하기가 어렵고, 플라즈마와 처리 대상간의 상관관계를 도출하는 데 어려움이 있다. APPJ 소스는 주변 공기의 상태에 의해서 제트의 특성이 변할 수 있기 때문이며, 특별히 제트의 형상을 구성하는 불렛과 주변 공기와의 관계에 대한 이해가 선행되어야만 한다. 본 학위 논문에서는 주변 혼합 가스의 조건에 따라 변화하는 불렛 속도 및 불렛 진행 메커니즘에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 헬륨 APPJ로부터 발생한 불렛은 주로 공기 중에서 진행하기 때문에 헬륨과 주변 질소, 산소와의 반응이 중요하다. 질소와 산소의 이온화 에너지는 헬륨 준안정준위 종의 에너지보다 낮아 페닝 이온화로 인하여 N2+, O2+ 등의 이온과 전자를 생성한다. 특히 산소는 페닝과 동시에 음이온을 생성하여 전자 밀도를 감소시키는 역할도 하기 때문에, 주변 가스 중 산소의 분율은 불렛의 전자 밀도 및 불렛 진행 속도에 영향을 준다. 본 실험에서는 외부 공기와 차단된 챔버 내에서 대기 환경을 조절할 수 있도록 하였으며, N2와 O2의 분율을 변화시켜 불렛 속도를 측정하였다. Intensified Charge-Coupled Device (ICCD) 카메라의 50 nsec의 노출 속도 조건에서 이미지 촬영을 통하여 불렛의 속도를 도출하였고, 발광분석법(Optical Emission Spectroscopy, OES)을 통해 제트의 위치에 따른 여기종과 이온화종의 정보를 얻고, 전기장을 계산하였다. 기존의 스트리머 이론의 모델에 근거하여, 전자 밀도와 유리관 내부 방전에 의한 전기장 효과를 반영하는 불렛 속도 모델을 제시하고, 실험결과와 함께 비교하였다. 불렛 속도는 주변 대기의 질소, 산소 가스의 혼합률에 상관없이 모두 세 개의 단계로 구분됨을 확인하였다. 첫 번째 단계는 가속 단계로, 외부에서 유입된 질소와 산소가 헬륨 준안정준위로 인해 페닝 이온화를 일으켜 전자 밀도를 증가시키고, 시간에 따라 불렛의 속도가 지수적으로 증가한다. 이 영역에서 음이온으로 인한 전자 손실은 전자-중성자 충돌 및 페닝 이온화에 의한 생성에 비해 무시가능하기 때문에, 주변의 산소 분율이 증가할수록, 불렛 속도가 증가하는 비율도 함께 증가한다. 두 번째 단계에서는 유리관 내부에 방전이 발생하고, 이로 인해 불렛의 진행에 반대되는 방향의 전기장이 발생하여 가속도가 감소하고 일정한 속도를 유지하며 진행한다. 이는 유리관 내 방전이 불렛의 처음 생성뿐 아니라 진행에서도 영향을 줄 수 있음을 나타내며, 연속적으로 변화하는 가스 조건에서 갑작스런 가속도의 변화를 설명해준다. 불렛이 진행할수록 제트 내부로 유입하는 산소의 분율은 증가하고, 헬륨 밀도가 감소하면서 불렛의 속도가 감소하는 세 번째 단계에 진입한다. 주변 대기의 산소 분율이 높을수록 두 번째 단계의 길이가 감소하고, 전체 제트의 길이 또한 감소한다. 불렛의 속도가 공기 중에서 세 단계의 분포를 가지고 있음은 불렛에 의해 생성된 전하와 라디칼 또한 공간 분포를 가지고 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 전하와 라디칼의 역할이 중요한 바이오 및 의학 분야의 적용을 위해서는 처리 목적에 부합하는 결과를 위하여 불렛 속도의 공간 특성을 고려한 처리 조건의 수립이 필요하다.Helium Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets (He-APPJs) are frequently used for bio-medical treatments due to the advantages of easy to use, high production of reactive radicals and low gas temperature. In spite of the efforts of application on bio-medical fields, difficulties for securing the reproducibility among experiments still exist. This is caused by the lack of understanding APPJ plumes in which the discrete bullets are continuously propagating. Spatial distribution of bullet velocity and radical density cause the treatment results of target, which varied with the location in APPJ plume. In this thesis, the bullet propagation mechanisms along the plasma plume are studied. Because the bullet propagates in ambient gas, the ratio of N2/O2 and He in plasma plume is an important parameter so the molar fraction ratio of N2 and O2 in ambient gas is controlled in this study. To measure the bullet velocity, Intensified Charge-Coupled Device (ICCD) camera was employed with the exposure time of 50 nsec. Optical Emission Spectroscopy method also introduced to monitor the excited, ionized species and to estimate the electric field in the plasma plume. The effect of ambient gas mixture on bullet propagation was analyzed with the bullet velocity model which was developed from the cathode-directed streamer. Reactor discharge effect was also considered in field analysis in the plume. ICCD results show that bullet velocity is distributed along the plasma plume and it can be classified with the three of velocity phases. In the phase 1, the bullet gets out the quartz tube exit and the Penning ionization of N2 and O2 entrained from the ambient enhances the speed of bullet propagation. In the phase 2, plasma is discharged in reactor quartz tube and the electric field from accumulated charges on quartz drags the bullet propagation, resulting that the acceleration force becomes zero and the bullet velocity is maintained constant during until the reactor discharge is off. In the phase 3, the excessive O2 entrain into He causes the electron loss by attachment to O2 so the discharge becomes weaker and the bullet velocity linearly decreases with time. The analysis reveals that the reactor discharge should be considered to understand the bullet behavior in space. In addition, it can be inferred that the position of bio-medical targets is important for the proper purpose of that treatment because it changes the gas flow and molar fraction in plasma plume which have crucial roles in bullet propagation and the spatial distribution of charges and radicals.Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................. 1 1.1 Helium Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets (He-APPJs) and Bullet Formation ................................................ 1 1.2 Necessity of Bullet Propagation Velocity and Mechanisms in space for the treatments ............................................................ 5 1.3 Previous Studies for Bullet Propagation Mechanisms .......... 7 Chapter 2 Experimental Setup ................................................ 11 2.1 Ambient Gas Controllable APPJ and the Diagnostic System .................................................................................. 11 2.2 Bullet Velocity Measurement by ICCD Images .......... 15 Chapter 3 Experimental Results ............................................. 17 3.1 Bullet Velocity and V-I in Ambient air and N2/O2 Mixtures ................................................................................ 17 3.2 Optical Emissions from APPJ Plume .......................... 26 Chapter 4 Discussion .............................................................. 28 4.1 The Bullet Velocity Model .......................................... 28 4.2 Bullet Velocity in Phase 1 : Acceleration Region ...... 38 4.3 Bullet Velocity in Phase 2 : Constant Velocity Region 50 4.4 Bullet Velocity in Phase 3 : Deceleration Region .... 53 Chapter 5 Conclusion .............................................................. 58 References ................................................................................... 61Maste

그래핀 기반 플렉시블 전송선로의 RF 특성에 관한 연구

This thesis deals with RF characteristics of graphene-based flexible transmission line on PET substrate and studied about making-process of graphene-based flexible transmission line. To make graphene-based flexible transmission line, we use photolithography process and rGO(reduced Ghapene Oxide) paste. PET Substrate’s thickness was 200 um, permittivity was 3.7. According to measured results, graphene-based flexible transmission line showed higher attenuation constant than conventional one. And it’s phase constant showed similar to conventional one. And graphene-based flexible transmission line’s impedance was 270 Ω.제 1 장 연구 배경 및 목적 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1 제 2 장 기존 플렉시블 선로의 RF 특성 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3 2.1 Gold 기반의 플렉시블 선로‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3 2.1.1 Gold 기반의 플렉시블 선로의 RF 특성‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3 2.1.2 Gold 기반의 플렉시블 선로의 문제점‥‥‥‥‥‥‥12 2.2 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12 제 3 장 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로의 제작 과정 ‥‥‥‥‥15 제 4 장 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로의 RF 특성 ‥‥‥‥‥‥21 4.1 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로의 손실특성‥‥‥‥‥‥‥21 4.2 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로의 전송특성‥‥‥‥‥‥‥24 4.3 그래핀 기반의 플렉시블 전송선로의 특성 임피던스‥‥‥‥25 제 5 장 결 론 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥27 참고문헌 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥29Maste

Influence of Anhedonia and Self-Esteem on Daily-Life Decision-Making in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Objectives Decision-making in patients with schizophrenia has been known to be inefficient in both cognitive and affective aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of anhedonia and self-esteem on the decision-making process in schizophrenia. Methods Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy controls performed the 'apparel purchase decision-making task', during which they were asked to respond to the preference, fitness, and price suitability, before making the final purchase decision. Generalized estimating equation and correlation analysis were conducted to explore for the difference of decision making patterns and influential factors between the two groups. Results The patients showed lower odds ratio (OR) of the fitness on the apparel purchase decision than the controls [OR 0.190 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.047-0.762, p = 0.019). In the patient group, there was no correlation between the number of purchased trials and the severity of anhedonia, but the number of purchased trials was negatively correlated with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score at a trend level (R = -0.436, p = 0.055). Conclusions Patients with schizophrenia considered the fitness of clothes less than healthy controls on apparel purchasing decisions. Schizophrenia patients with lower self-esteem were intended to buy more clothes.ope