중국 투자 벤처자본의 공간배치 메커니즘: 지역 법제시스템의 역할을 중심으로

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 지리학과, 2017. 2. 구양미.Abstract Spatial Allocation Mechanism of Venture Capital Invested in China - Role of the Regional Legal System – Xiao Wei Jin Department of Geography The Graduate School Seoul National University Through the empirical research of venture capital investment in China from 1992 to 2012, this paper examines the mechanism of the regional legal systems influence on geographical distribution of venture capital and further explores the implications of geography in the capital allocation process. Four sub-questions and corresponding research issues were deduced from the above main research object and the research was conducted as follows, namely: (1) the study of the characteristics of venture capital spatial allocation patterns, (2) the interpretation of the reason and process of the venture capital spatial allocation phenomenon, (3) the mechanism of the regional legal systems influence on venture capital spatial allocation, and (4) the implication of geography in the capital allocation process. Three analysis tools, i.e., the correlation analysis, the qualitative interpretation of legal provisions, and game theory based analysis, were used to discuss the above questions. The corresponding sub-conclusions can be summarized as follows. Firstly, there are two features of the geographical patterns of venture capital spatial allocation, i.e., the geographical separation of business operation location vs legally registered addresses, and the capital cycle division being scattered into different locations. The phenomenon where the registration location is separated from the actual place of business operation appears in all stages of venture capital investment cycle, namely, fund raising, establishment, investment, and exit. And within the same investment cycle, these four stages are often allocated in different geographical locations. There are three patterns of the capital allocation. The first pattern is the head-tail outside pattern, which dominated before 2000. In this pattern the fundraising, registration, and exiting locations are all located outside China, while only the investment activity remained within China. The second pattern is the mix location pattern, which means venture capitalist chose to locate the stages in a mixed way according to specific objectives and cases. This pattern appeared most during 2001-2006. The third pattern, which dominated after 2007, is the all stage bake in situ pattern where all stages returned to the registration location inside China. Second, after confirming that legislation has a strong correlation with the above phenomenon by correlation analysis, the qualitative analysis of the legal provision reveals that extra costs caused by law is the fundamental cause for the above phenomenon. Specifically, there always exists a mismatch between regional economic and legislation signals, thus incurs an extra costs or benefit caused by law. To minimize the extra costs or obtain the extra benefit from the regional legal system, venture capitals take the advantage of the scope feature of law and the divisible feature of capital to split the venture investment cycle into parts and allocate it into different locations. Third, the mechanism of legal impact on venture capital spatial allocation is virtually a game between the government and enterprises that choose different strategies as regards to law and location to maximize their own profits. The hidden costs caused by the local legal system and the nature of pursuing maximized corporate income is the fundamental principle and trigger of the mechanism. Fourth, there is a dual role of geography in the process of capital spatial allocation, i.e., the role of place and space. In the process of legally influenced capital spatial allocation, when enterprise choose to change their legal status to bypass the law, the actual business operation location and the firms registration location still remain within the region. This is because the extra benefits that it derives from the inherent attributes of the region are greater than the extra costs that are caused by the regional legal systems. The inherent attributes including the informal institutions - history, culture, customs, norms, moral, religious constrains of the region - as well as other attributes that are embedded in the region such as the external economic benefits and social networks are ones that the region may supply to the firm. In this case, the region is an irreplaceable place for the firm. On the contrary, when hidden costs caused by law exceed the extra benefits provided by the inherent attributes of the region, the firm will separate the registration location from the actual business operation location for the sake of survival and development. The pro forma legal registration address will be placed in an indiscriminate space that is concerned only with the location as a legal factor for the firm. In other words, in this case, the newly chosen location for the detached registration address is merely an indiscriminate legal space for the firm. In short, the regional legal system affects the capital spatial allocation through a dual mechanism, that is, explicit regulations on economic behaviors and implicit influence on the comprehensive income of the firm. Geography has two implications in this dual mechanism: One, when the impact of the regional legal system on the activity and comprehensive income of the firm is less than the benefits it gains from the regional inherence attributes, the region is an irreplaceable place for the firm, Otherwise, the corresponding region will merely be an indiscriminate legal space.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Research Objectives 1 1.1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.2 Research Objective 11 1.2 Data and Methodology 13 1.2.1 Data 13 1.2.2 Methodology 21 1.3 Framework of the Dissertation 24 Chapter 2 Literature Review 27 2.1 Researches on Spatial Allocation of Capital 27 2.1.1 Enterprise management on Capital Allocation 27 2.1.2 Regional Governance on Capital Allocation 33 2.2 Role of Legislation on Spatial Allocation of Venture Capital 38 2.2.1 Location strategies of The Venture Capital Industry 38 2.2.2 Games between Governments and Enterprises 41 2.2.3 Analyses Framework 44 Chapter 3 The Emergence and Development of The Venture Capital Industry 46 3.1 The Development of Global Venture Capital Industries and Legal Systems 46 3.1.1 The Development of Global Venture Capital Industries 46 3.1.2 The Development of Legal Systems for Global Venture Capital Industries 50 3.2 The Development of Venture Capital Industries and Legal Systems in China 55 3.2.1 Non-legal Environment for Development of Venture Capital in China 55 3.2.2 Legal Environment for the development of VC in China 59 Chapter 4 Legal Impact on VCs Geographical Patterns of Capital Allocation 65 4.1 Correlation Analysis of VC Capital Allocation and Legal System 65 4.1.1 Transition of the Geographical Patterns of the Venture Capital Investment in China 66 4.1.2 Correlation between Legal Systems and Geographical Patterns of Venture Capital Allocation 69 4.2 Legal Impact on Geographical Allocation of VC Capital 75 4.2.1 Legal Impact on Fundraising Stage 76 4.2.2 Legal Impact on Registration Stage 87 4.2.3 Legal Impact on Investment Stage 95 4.2.4 Legal Impact on Exiting Stage 103 4.3 Analysis of causes of legal impact on capital spatial allocation 108 4.3.1 Role of the mismatch between economic environment and legal environment 108 4.3.2 Role of the category characteristics of legislation and the detachable characteristics of capital 111 4.4 Summary 115 Chapter 5 Game Analysis of Legal Impact on Venture Capital Spatial Allocation 119 5.1 Modeling of the Game 119 5.1.1 Background Statement 119 5.1.2 Components of the Legal vs Capital Game 122 5.1.3 Description of the Legal vs Capital Game 126 5.2 Game Analysis and Interpretations 132 5.2.1 Analysis Results 132 5.2.2 Interpretation by Case Study 137 5.3 Summary 150 Chapter 6 Conclusion 154 Appendix 1 Venture Capital Legal Systems of China 164 Appendix 2 Venture Capital Legal Systems of China (Chinese Version) 177 Appendix 3 Coding Method for Legal Documents 190 References 195 국문초록 213Docto

CTCF 단백질이 장기 기억과 대뇌피질 시냅스 가소성 조절에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 생명과학부, 2018. 2. 강봉균.The molecular mechanism of long-term memory has been extensively studied in the context of the hippocampus-dependent recent memory examined within several days. However, months-old remote memory maintained in the cortex for long-term has not been investigated much at the molecular level yet. Various epigenetic mechanisms are known to be important for long-term memory, but how the three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture and its regulator molecules contribute to neuronal plasticity and memory consolidation are still largely unknown. To assess memory upon the perturbation of the transcription and 3D chromatin structure, I chose the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a seven-zinc finger protein well known for its role as a transcription factor and a chromatin regulator. I generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which CTCF is lost in excitatory neurons during adulthood. The CTCF cKO mice showed normal recent memory in the contextual fear conditioning and spatial water maze tasks. However, they showed remarkable impairments in remote memory in both tasks. Underlying the remote memory-specific phenotypes, I observed that loss of CTCF disrupts cortical long-term potentiation (LTP), but not hippocampal LTP. Through RNA-sequencing, I observed that CTCF knockdown in cortical neuron culture caused altered expression of hundreds of genes. In the list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), more number of genes were downregulated than upregulated. Also, through gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, I found that many DEGs are highly involved in functions such as cell adhesion, synaptic plasticity, and memory. For further investigation on the function of CTCF in the brain, I generated another cKO mouse line, in which CTCF was specifically deleted in inhibitory neurons. However, due to embryonic lethality, I used CTCF heterozygous (CTCF HT) instead of homozygous KO mice for experiments. In the behavioral experiments, I observed partial impairment of remote memory in the CTCF HT mice, which suggests that CTCF has a similar function of regulating remote memory in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Moreover, as CTCF cKO mice have many number of genes with an abnormal expression level, I looked at CTCF cKO mice's brain to assess the long-term consequences of CTCF deletion. In the hippocampus and ACC of the aged CTCF cKO, I found strong signs of cell death and reactive gliosis, which are marks of neurodegeneration. Together, these results suggest that remote memory storage in the cortex requires CTCF-mediated transcription and chromatin regulation, while hippocampus-dependent short-term memory does not. Also, the results from aged CTCF cKO mice suggest that long-term CTCF deletion leads to neurodegeneration in two memory-related brain areas.Chapter I. Introduction 1 Background 2 Purpose of study 22 Chapter II. CTCF-mediated chromatin remodeling in forebrain excitatory neurons is necessary for remote memory and cortical synaptic plasticity 26 Introduction 27 Experimental Procedures 30 Results 37 Discussion 59 Chapter III. Function of CTCF in inhibitory neurons and signs of neurodegeneration in aged CTCF deficient mice 61 Introduction 62 Experimental Procedures 65 Results 70 Discussion 83 Chapter IV. Conclusion 87 References 93 국문초록 108Docto

"New Challenges, New Opportunities" The 8th Annual Library Leadership Institute : 2010. 4. 23. ~ 4. 27.

Library Leadership Institute는 홍콩대학에서 주최하는 도서관 사서 리더십 프로그램으로 2003년 처음 시작한 이래 2010년 우리가 참가한 올해로 8회째를 맞이하였다. 올해는 New Challenges, New Opportunities 라는 주제로 변화하는 주위환경 속에서 도서관이 맞을 수 있 는 새로운 도전과 기회에 대해 여러 가지 강연과 팀 프로젝트를 통해서 생각해 볼 수 있는 시 간을 가지게 되었다. 이번 Institute는 중국 베이징에 있는 Lake View Hotel에서 4박 5일의 일 정을 소화하였으며 환영 만찬 및 박물관과 중국의 National Science Library등의 방문을 통해 중국 사서들과 교류할 수 있는 기회를 갖기도 했다. 생각했던 것보다 훨씬 추웠던 날씨 탓에 고생했지만, 선뜻 두꺼운 점퍼를 빌려주며 한국 드라마에 대해 관심이 많던 중국, 홍콩에서 온 사서들과의 대화는 추운 날씨를 잠시 잊게 해 줄만큼 재미있었다. 또한, 발표내용도 현재 맡고 있는 업무와 관련 있는 주제인 기관리포지터리(Institutional Repository) 및 cloud computing 과 그에 대한 적용 사례 등에 대한 것으로 실제 업무에 대한 적용가능성 및 응용방법을 생각 할 수 있는 기회를 가질 수 있었다. 그리고 Singapore Management University의 Paul B. Gandel 교수의 강의를 듣고 도서관 건립에 관해 조별 프로젝트로 진행한 case study는 이론 을 토대로 도서관 정책을 수립하는 흥미로운 발상을 할 수 있었던 체험기회였다

Full thickness skin grafts from the groin: donor site morbidity and graft survival rate from 50 cases

OBJECTIVES: Full thickness skin grafts (FTSG) offer several advantages; they are esthetically superb, have less postoperative shrinkage, and offer minimal postoperative pain and scar formation at the donor site. As a donor site of FTSG, the groin offers a relatively large area of skin with high elasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate FTSG from the groin for reconstruction in oral and maxillofacial surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, 50 patients (27 males, 23 females) who received FTSG from the groin were evaluated for their operation records, clinical photography, and medical records. RESULTS: The width of skin from the groin was distributed from 2-8 cm (mean: 5.1 cm) at the donor site, while the long axis length was distributed from 3-13 cm (mean: 7.4 cm). A high number of patients, 47 patients (94%) out of 50, showed good healing at the donor site. Wound impairment was seen in 3 patients (6%), minor wound dehiscence in 2 patients, and severe wound dehiscence in 1 patient. In the recipient site, delayed healing was observed in 2 patients (4%). CONCLUSION: FTSG from the groin to repair soft tissue defects in reconstruction surgery is a good method due to the relatively big size of the graft, decreasing morbidity at the donor site, and higher graft survival rates.ope

Partial Necrosis of the Mandibular Proximal Segment Following Transoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy

Transoral vertical ramus osteotomy (TOVRO) procedure can result in a variety of complications. Complications commonly reported include extensive bleeding due to major blood vessel injury, unpredictable fracture, postoperative infection, neurosensory deficit related Inferior alveolar nerve, insufficient osteosynthesis, and temporomandibular joint problem. The authors describe a case of partial necrosis of the mandibular proximal segment following TOVRO, a rarely reported complication. A 37-year-old otherwise healthy woman underwent Lefort l osteotomy and TOVRO to correct mandibular prognathism. Postoperatively, she developed pain and swelling in the right submandibular region and was found to have a partial necrosis of proximal segment.ope

An orthotopic nude mouse model of tongue carcinoma

Introduction: Development of carcinoma on oral tongue may cause bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis, rapid invasion and growth of the cancer cells due to rich blood supply in muscle tissues. It is not only difficult to develop an animal experimental model, but also to proceed follow-up research after the development of such model as the induction of cancer lead to difficulty in taking nutrition for the experimental animals that often causes early death. Materials and Methods: IIn this study, author have transplanted YD-10Bmod cells into nude mouse oral tongues with different cells number (5×104, 5×105, 5×106 cells/mouse) and observed the development aspect of oral tongue cancers. Results: The cancer developed from orthotopic transplantation of YD-10Bmod cells into nude mouse oral tongue show invasion and central necrosis of the tumor, similar to the cancers developed human oral tongue cancer. The difference in tumor size and the time of central necrosis development depending on the number of transplanted tumor cells shows the feasibility of extending the survival period of the nude mouse by limiting the transplanted tumor cells to <5×104 cells/mouse or under per nude mouse. Conclusion: This nude mouse model could be used effectively in developing effective chemotheray agent and establishing an animal experimental model that can be used to study the mechanism of cervical lymph node metastasis of the oral tongue cancer.ope

Mandibular reconstruction with vascularized osseous free flaps: a review of the literature

PURPOSE: This article reviews a few of the commonly used types of vascularized osseous free flaps in maxillofacial reconstruction, which still represents the gold standard of restoration. We also discuss the developing concepts in maxillofacial reconstruction. RECENT FINDINGS: Most of the literature reconfirms the established patterns of reconstruction with the aid of vascularized osseous free flaps. This method of free-tissue transfer is also feasible in cases of osteoradionecrosis or bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. These flaps are also suitable for prosthetic restoration using osseointegrated dental implants. SUMMARY: Vascularized osseous free flaps still remain the standard of care. Improvements upon the free-tissue transfer method employing vascularized osseous free flaps, such as distraction osteogenesis, tissue engineering, and imaging techniques, currently require further development, but these technologies could lead to improved outcomes of maxillofacial reconstruction in the near future.ope

A Study on the Analysis of ⟪Raua Needmine⟫ for Tenor Solo, Bass Solo, Mixed Chorus with Shaman Drum by Veljo Tormis

벨요 토르미스(Veljo Tormis, 1930-2017)는 북유럽의 발트 해 지역에 위치한 3 개국 중 하나인 에스토니아의 뛰어난 20세기 작곡가이다. 그의 음악은 에스토니아의 민속 음악적 바탕에 20세기 현대음악의 요소들을 접목시킨다. 토르미스는 에스토니아가 소비에트 연방공화국의 지배를 받던 당시에 탈린 음악고등학교에서 이론과 작곡을 가르쳤으며 1960년대 후반부터 동유럽과 소비에트 연방을 중심으로 이름이 알려지기 시작하였다. 그러나 1970년대 후반부터는 작품이 반(反)소비에트 성향이라는 이유로 대중에게 공연되지도 않고 악보가 팔리지도 못했다. 1991년 에스토니아의 재 독립 이후 세계적으로 인정받는 국제적인 작곡가가 되었다. 1972년에 작곡된《Raua Needmine[라우아 니드미네]》(철에 대한 저주)는 그의 대표 작품으로서, 에스토니아의 전통 민요인‘레기라울(Regilaul)’의 선율의 요소와 핀란드의 민족 서사시‘칼레발라(Kalevala)’의 가사로 작곡되어 있다. 《Raua Needmine》는 전쟁의 악의에 관한 이야기를 구성하기 위해 고대 샤머니즘적 음향으로 시작한다. 전쟁에서 사용하는 철을 전쟁의 악마로 묘사하는 내용을 위해서는 몇 가지의 불협화 음정 관계와 화음들 그리고 여러 합창 기법들을 통해 전쟁을 반대하는 정신이 명백하게 드러난다. 이와 같은 현대 음악적 요소들은 에스토니아의 민속적 요소들과 공존하여 민족 특유의 작품을 만들었다. 《Raua Needmine》를 연구함에 있어 그 배경이 되는 에스토니아의 합창 음악, 토르미스의 생애와 그의 음악 세계를 살펴본 후, 곡의 형식, 가사, 음정 및 선율, 그리고 리듬에 따라 분석함을 본 논문의 목적으로 둔다.;Veljo Tormis (1930-2017) is one of the great composers of the 20th century in Estonia, which is one of the three countries in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. His music combines the elements of 20th-century music with Estonian folk musical base. At the time when Estonia was ruled by the Soviet Union, Tormis taught music theories and compositions at Tallinn Music High School, and began to emerge out of obscurity around Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1960s. Since the late 1970s, however, his music had not been performed or sold due to the anti-Soviet tendencies of his music. Since the independence of Estonia in 1991, he has been eventually being acclaimed as a globally recognized composer. 《Raua Needmine [raua neːdmine] 》(Curse Upon Iron) is his major work, which was composed in 1972 with melodies and tunes based on Estonian folk music ‘Regilaul’ and lyrics on Finnish traditional poem ‘Kalevala’. 《Raua Needmine》 begins with ancient shamanistic sounds to form a story about the evils of war. For the portrayal of the iron used in war as the devil, several dissonant tone relationships, chords, and various choral techniques were used and thus clearly reveal his spirit of opposing to war. These modern musical elements coexist with the folk elements of Estonia to create an ethnically distinctive work. The purpose of this paper is to explore the background of Estonian choir music and the life and the musical world of Tormis, and analyze 《Raua Needmine》 by form, lyrics, tune, melody, and rhythm.Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 에스토니아의 합창 음악 2 Ⅱ. 본론 5 A. 토르미스(Veljo Tormis)와 음악 어법 5 1. 토르미스의 생애 5 2. 토르미스의 합창 작품 6 3. 토르미스의 음악 어법 7 가. 선율과 리듬 7 나. 가사 9 B. 토르미스의 Raua Needmine악곡 분석 10 1. 작품 개요 10 2. 악곡 분석 12 가. 형식 및 가사 12 나. 리듬에 따른 분석 23 다. 음정 및 선율에 따른 분석 28 Ⅲ. 결론 62 참고문헌 64 ABSTRACT 6

초등학교 6학년 아동의 사회인구학적 특성과 체위 특성에 따른 식습관과 영양지식에 관한 연구

본 연구는 초등학생 6학년 아동을 대상으로 사회인구학적 특성과 체위특성에 따른 식습관 및 영양지식이 어떤 관계가 있는지 파악하고, 영양지식수준과의 관계, 이들간의 상관관계를 분석함으로써, 학령기 아동들의 과학적이고 올바른 식습관을 형성하도록 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 서울일부지역 초등학교 6학년 남자 329명, 여자 351명을 대상으로 설문지 조사를 통하여 조사대상아동의 사회인구학적 특성과 체위특성, 일반적 식습관, 간식습관, 김치섭취실태, 영양지식수준에 관련된 내용 등에 대한 자료를 수집하여 통계적으로 분석하였다. 1. 조사대상아동의 평균신장은 남녀 각각 149.5cm, 150.0cm, 평균체중은 43.8kg, 42.8kg, 평균 BMI는 19.4, 18.9로 나타났다. 2. 조사대상아동의 식습관은 사회인구학적 특성과 체위 특성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 어머니의 학력이 높고(P&amp;lt;0.05), 경제수준이 넉넉할수록(P&amp;lt;0.01), 식사의 규칙성이 높았으며, 경제수준이 넉넉할수록 가족과 대화를 하며 식사를 하는 비율이 높았으며(P&amp;lt;0.05), 어머니의 직업이 없는 경우 가족과 함께 식사를 하는 비율이 높았다(P&amp;lt;0.01). 식사속도 및 식사양은 남아가 여아에 비해 빠른 속도로 배불리 먹는 것으로 나타났다(P&amp;lt;0.001). 편식여부를 조사한 결과 전혀 편식하지 않는다고 응답한 아동은 15%, 가려먹는 음식이 약간 있다가 70%, 가려먹는 음식이 많다가 15%로 응답하였으며, BMI의 경우 15th percentile이하의 편식율은 92.2%로 더 높았고, 85th percentile이상일 경우의 아동들의 편식율이 낮게 나타났다(P&amp;lt;0.01). 외식횟수는 가족수가 적고(P&amp;lt;0.05) 어머니의 학력이 높으며(P&amp;lt;0.01), 경제수준이 넉넉할수록(P&amp;lt;0.01), BMI가 15th percentile이하일 때(P&amp;lt;0.05) 자주 외식을 먹는 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 간식횟수의 조사결과 여아의 간식횟수가 유의적으로 더 높게 나타났고(P&amp;lt;0.01), 어머니의 직업이 없는 경우(P&amp;lt;0.01)와 가족수가 적을수록(P&amp;lt;0.05), 경제수준이 넉넉할수록(P&amp;lt;0.05) 집에서 직접 간식을 만들어 주는 것으로 나타났다. 간식의 선호도는 과자나 빵류가 39%, 과일류가 28%, 우유, 요구르트가 17%, 청량음료가 9%, 라면과 튀김류가 6%로 나타났다. 4. 김치 선호도를 보면 전체 아동 중 김치를 좋아한다고 응답한 아동 59.7%, 보통이다가 31%, 싫어한다는 9%로 과반수 이상이 김치를 좋아하는 것으로 나타났으며, 하루 세끼 모두 김치를 먹는다고 응답한 아동은 41%, 하루의 두끼만 먹는다는 31%, 하루의 한끼만 먹는다는 17%, 거의 먹지 않는다는 11%로 나타났다. 어머니의 직업이 있고(P&amp;lt;0.05), 경제수준이 넉넉할수록(P&amp;lt;0.01) 김치섭취횟수, 하루 총 김치 섭취량이 높게 나타났다. 5. 영양지식점수에 있어서 하위집단이 42.8%, 중위집단이 31.0%, 상위집단은 26.2%로 나타났다. 평균점수는 총점을 11점 기준으로 남아는 6.7±2.4, 여아는 6.9±2.3으로 여아의 지식수준이 남아에 비해 높았으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 6. 사회인구학적 특성과 체위 특성 및 식습관에 따른 영양지식의 수준에 있어서는 유의적 차이는 없었고, 여아가 남아 보다 영양지식을 생활에 반영하는 비율이 높았으며, BMI의 경우 85th percentile이상일 때, 영양지식수준이 상위일수록, 실생활에 반영한다는 응답율이 높게 나타났다(P&amp;lt;0.05). 영양지식의 정보 급원에 대하여는 대중매체가 42%로 가장 높아 매스컴의 영향력이 상당함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 학령기 아동들의 올바른 식습관 및 영양지식의 형성을 위해서는 학교 현장에서의 적정한 지도도 중요하지만 가족 구성원들간의 유대관계를 도외시 할 수 없음을 알 수 있다. 이는 어머니의 직업유무, 어머니의 학력, 경제수준, BMI에 따라 아동의 육체적·정신적의 발달에 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그외에도 의식적 혹은 무의적으로 접하는 TV를 비롯한 매스미디어의 영향력도 앞으로 점점 증대될 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 학령기 아동의 올바른 식습관 및 영양지식의 형성을 위한 가장 올바른 방향은 학교에서의 정확한 영양지식 및 식습관 지도와 가정에서의 아동의 실천에 대한 지대한 관심, 그리고 무분별한 매스미디어의 접촉을 제한할 수 있는 사회적 환경의 조성등의 세요소를 효율적으로 형성해 나가야 하겠다.;This study has been carried out from June 25, 2001 until June 30, with the subjects of 329 boys and 351 girls in the 6th grade of 4 elementary schools, located in Dongjak-gu, in Seoul. The result of this study are as follows: 1. The average height and weight for the children, was 149.5cm and 43.8kg for the boys and 150.0cm and 42.8kg for the girls and the average BMI for the boys was 19.4 and 18.9 for the girls. 2. The eating habits of the subjects were different by the sociodemographic characteristics and physical characteristics. The higher the education of the mother (P&amp;lt;0.05) and the higher the economic level of the family (P&amp;lt;0.01), the meals were more regular. The higher the economic level of the family, the rate of conversing with the family during the meal time were high (P&amp;lt;0.05). The rate of having a meal with the family was high (P&amp;lt;0.01) when mothers did not work. There was a significant difference in the speed of eating and the amount of food eaten, according the sex of the children and the boys have a higher change of being obese than the girls (P&amp;lt;0.001). When the children were studied if they had an unbalanced diet, there was no significant difference in the sociodemography and the when the BMI was less than the 15th percentile, the rate of unbalanced diet was higher at 92.2% and when the BMI was higher than the 85th percentile, the rate of unbalanced diet was lower (P&amp;lt;0.01). There were no significant difference between the sex of the children and if the mother worked in the rate of eating out and the lesser the members in a family (P&amp;lt;0.05), the higher the education of the mother (P&amp;lt;0.01), the higher the economic level of the family (P&amp;lt;0.01), when the BMI was lower than the 15th percentile, (P&amp;lt;0.05) the rate of eating out was higher. 3. Through the research, it could be seen that the amount of snacks between meals were significantly higher for the girls (P&amp;lt;0.01) and when the BMI was &amp;gt;85th, intake of snacks were high in specific times and it showed significant difference (P&amp;lt;0.01). The rate of the girls choosing the snacks were much lower than the boys and there was significant high difference (P&amp;lt;0.001). 4. When the preference of Kimchi was looked into, there were no significant difference following the sociodemographic characteristics and physical characteristics. Working mothers (P&amp;lt;0.05), the higher the economic level of the family (P&amp;lt;0.01), the amount and the frequency of Kimchi intake in a day was higher. 5. The results of the nutritional knowledge test are as following : 42.8% in the lower group, 31.0% in the middle group and 26.2% in the upper group. The nutritional knowledge of girls were higher than that of boys and there were no significant difference. 6. When the level of knowledge on nutritions were studied following the sociodemographic characteristics, physical characteristics and the habits of eating, there were no significant differences. The difference in the knowledge on nutritions were significantly high (p&amp;lt;0.05) when the children had dinner with the family. 7. There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge on nutritions and the girls reflected the knowledge on nutritions to their lifes, more than the boys and the higher the concern of mothers, on the diet of children (P&amp;lt;0.001), when the BMI is higher than the 85th percentile, the higher the knowledge on nutritions, the knowledge on nutritions reflected in real life were high (P&amp;lt; 0.05). When the results above are observed, for the right knowledge on nutritions for school aged children and to form good dietary habits, besides proper guidance from school, three elements of proper practise at home, the right knowledge on nutritions of society on the whole and promotion of good eating habit cultural atmosphere, have to be formed effectively.논문개요 = viii I. 서론 = 1 II. 이론적 배경 = 3 A. 학령기 아동의 특성 = 3 B. 학령기 아동의 식습관 = 5 C. 학령기 아동의 영양지식 = 6 III. 연구방법 = 8 A. 조사대상 및 기간 = 8 B. 조사도구 = 8 C. 자료처리 및 분석방법 = 10 IV. 연구결과 및 고찰 = 11 A. 인구학적 특성과 체위 특성 = 11 1. 사회인구학적 특성 = 11 2. 조사대상의 신체계측 및 BMI 분포 = 13 B. 사회인구학적 특성과 체위 특성에 따른 식습관과의 관계 = 14 1. 일반적 식습관 = 14 2. 간식실태 = 31 3. 김치섭취실태 = 37 C. 영양지식수준 = 43 D. 사회인구학적 특성과 체위 특성에 따른 영양지식 수준과의 관계 = 45 E. 식습관과 영양지식 수준과의 관계 = 47 F. 기타 영양지식 관련내용 = 51 IV. 요약 및 결론 = 55 참고문헌 = 58 부록 = 65 Abstract = 7

일차성 쇼그렌증후군 환자에서 항CCP항체양성의 임상적 의의

Background: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) is a specific marker for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. However, this antibody can be detected in other rheumatic diseases and even in healthy people. This study aims to determine the prevalence and the clinical significance of anti-CCP in patients with primary Sjögren`s syndrome (pSS). Material and methods: We analyzed the clinical and laboratory data of 95 patients with pSS by retrospective review of their medical records. Anti-CCP was measured by ELISA kit and rheumatoid factor (RF) by latex agglutination. The clinical and laboratory data were investigated. Result: Twenty-one patients (22.1%) had positive anti-CCP (mean titer 61.6 ± 15.6 U/ml) and 40 patients (42.1%) had positive RF (mean titer 98.8 ± 22.7 IU/ml). Seventy-nine patients (83.1%) had arthralgia, and 31 patients (32.6%) had non-erosive arthritis on physical examination and radiologic images out of 79 patients. Anti-CCP-positive patients had more frequently positive RF (71.4% vs. 41.8%, P = 0.01) and anti-SS-A antibody (85.7% vs. 60.8%, P = 0.03). Anti-CCP-positive patients had non-erosive arthritis more frequently than anti-CCP-negative patients (76.1% vs. 21.6%, P &amp;lt; 0.01). The prevalence of anti-CCP was 22.1% in pSS, and anti-CCP was associated with non-erosive arthritis, and positivity of RF and anti-SS-A antibody. Conclusion: Some of the patients with pSS shouwed anti-CCP-positive, which seems to be closely associated with the prevalence of non-erosive arthritis. Anti-CCP positivity in patients with pSS therefore may be a predictor of potential progressor to RA.;항CCP항체는 류마티스관절염진단의 특이항체이나 다른 류마티스 질환에서도 발견된다. 이 연구에서는 일차성 쇼그렌증후군에서 발견되는 항CCP항체의 이환률과 그 임상적 의의를 조사하였다. 2002년ACR기준에 의해 분류된 95명의 일차성 쇼그렌환자들을 대상으로 임상증상 및 징후, 혈청학적 검사 등을 조사하였다. 이 중 항CCP항체양성을 보인 환자는 22.1%였다. 방사선학적 또는 관절초음파 상 비미란성 관절염을 가진 환자는 32.6%였다. 항CCP항체양성 환자들은 음성 환자들에 비해 비미란성 관절염을 약 54% 정도 더 가지고 있었다. 비미란성 관절염을 가진 환자들은 항CCP항체양성을 관절염이 없는 환자들 보다 약 42%에서 더 가지고 있었으며, Pearson 분석에서도 이 둘 사이에는 유의한 연계성을 보였다. 반면, 예상과 달리 류마토이드인자 양성 환자들에게서는 비미란성 관절염이 더 많이 발현되지도 않았고, 비미란성 관절염과 유의한 연계성도 발견되지 않았다. 결론적으로 일차성 쇼그렌증후군 환자들 중 항CCP항체양성을 가지고 있을 경우 비미란성 관절염이 발현될 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 그러나, 일차성쇼그렌 환자에서 항CCP항체가 발현된 환자들이 얼마 후에 류마티스관절염으로 이환 되는지 여부와 비미란성 관절염의 치료가 이 환자들에게 어떤 도움이 될 수 있는가에 대한 좀 더 광범위한 연구가 필요하다.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SUBJECTS AND METHOD 4 A. Subjects 4 B. Determination of antibodies 5 C. Radiographic assessment of non-erosive arthritis 6 D. Statistical analysis 6 III. RESULT 7 A. Clinical characteristics 7 B. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of anti-CCP-positive patients 9 C. Clinical characteristics of rheumatoid factor positive patients 12 D. Characteristics of serology with non-erosive arthritis patients 14 E. Correlation of non-erosive arthritis and anti-CCP antibody 15 IV. DISCUSSION 16 REFERENCE 21 국문초록 2