7 research outputs found
Differences in kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation : a comparison of the first four step cycles during gait initiation to steady sta
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[μλ¬Έ]Gait initiation is a transitional process from the balanced upright standing to the beginning of steady-state walking. Steady-state walking represents the start of repeated gait pattern with steady-state walking speed within one gait cycle. 20 healthy young volunteers were recruited for this study.
This study was performed under two research purposes. The first was to investigate biomechanical characteristics during the gait initiation period, which was defined as the first step period of each limb from the upright standing. The second was to compare the kinematic, kinetic, and muscle activation characteristics of the first four step cycles during gait initiation to its steady-state walking. Ground reaction forces, movement of net center of pressure, angular changes of lower limb joints, and dynamic EMG activities of the lower limb were measured and analysed for this study.
Walking speed was slower during the gait initiation period than during the steady-state walking. Step and stride length during the gait initiation period, however, were similar to those of steady-state walking. Patterns of joint angle changes in lower extremities were different. The amount of the joint angular changes during the early gait initiation period was in general smaller than that of steady-state walking except the degree of maximal ankle dorsi-flexion of the stance limb and maximal hip flexion of the swing limb were greater during the gait initiation period. The pattern of stance limb joint angular changes became similar to those of steady-state walking from toe off of first step. The ground reaction forces of both limbs increased to their peak values and decreased, however, the swing limb ground reaction force started to increase and reached to its peak value earlier than stance limb. The magnitudes of stance peak ground reaction forces during the first movement of center of pressure under both limbs were smaller than those of steady-state walking, however the peak stance limb ground reaction forces during the push-off phase closely approached to those of steady-state walking.
In this thesis, the first gait cycle was defined as the first full gait cycle of each limb after the gait initiation period. Walking speed was clearly increased, and stride time was noticeably decreased in the first gait cycle of both limbs. The special gait factors such as step and stride length were not considerably different between gait initiation period and first gait cycle of each limb, however, they increased gradually at each period and approached gradually to steady-state walking. Overall patterns of joint angular changes of the swing limb in the first gait cycle became similar to those of steady-state walking, however they were delayed compared to those of steady-state walking. Ground reaction forces in the first gait cycle of the swing limb were considerably different from those of steady-state walking especially between initial contact and terminal stance. During the pre-swing phase, the peak ground reaction forces approached to those of steady-state walking, but those were also delayed. Overall patterns of joint moments and powers in the first gait cycle of swing limb were similar to those of steady-state walking, conversely the timing was delayed. In the first gait cycle of the stance limb, the peak angular changes of each joints reached to that of steady-state walking. The peak values of joint moments and powers reached to those of steady-state walking, however, the overall patterns of joint moment and power changes were still delayed. The ground reaction forces during the initial contact and mid-stance were considerably different between the first gait cycle and steady-state walking, but the peak ground reaction forces in terminal stance phase were similar to steady-state walking except medio-lateral forces.ope