30 research outputs found
A Methodology for Hierarchical Reliability Analysis of Combat Systems Using FTA and BBN
μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ μ·¨μ½μ μ λΆμνμ¬ μ λ’°μ±μ λμ΄κΈ° μν λ§μ μ°κ΅¬κ° μλ€. μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ μ λ’°μ±μ λΆμνκΈ° μν΄μλ μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ λν λ€μν μν μμΈμ κ³ λ €νμ¬μΌ νλ€. λλΆλΆμ μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ λ’°μ± λΆμμ μΆ©λμ κ΄λ ¨λ μνμ ν λλ‘ μ λ’°μ±μ λΆμνμλ€. νμ§λ§ μΆ©λκ³Ό λλΆμ΄ μλμ§, 좩격, μ§λ λ±μ λ€μν μνμ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€. μ΅κ·Ό μλμ§, 좩격, μ§λ λ±μ κ°κ°μ μνμ λν μ°κ΅¬μ λλΆμ΄ μ΄λ¬ν μνλ€μ λμμ κ³ λ €ν΄μΌν νμμ±μ΄ λλλμλ€. νμ§λ§ λ€μν μνμ λμμ κ³ λ €νλ κ²μ λν μ§μ μ μΈ λ°©λ²μ μ°κ΅¬λμ§ μμλ€. μ΄μ μ ν¬μμ€ν
μ μ λ’°μ± λΆμμ μνμ¬ μΆ©λλΏλ§ μλλΌ μλμ§, 좩격, μ§λ λ± λ€μν μνμ λμμ κ³ λ €νλ λ°©λ²μ΄ νμνλ€. λν, κ΅¬μ± μμκ°μ μμ‘΄μ μΈ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ ννν μ μλ λΆμ κΈ°λ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ μ λ’°μ±μ λΆμνμ¬μΌ νλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ κ° μμμ νΉμ§λ€μ λ°λΌ FTA κΈ°λ²κ³Ό BBNμ μ¬μ©νμ¬ κ³μΈ΅μ μΌλ‘ μ λ’°μ±μ λΆμνλ λ°©λ²μ μ μνλ€. μ μνλ λ°©λ²μ 2κ°μ κ³μΈ΅μΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λμ΄ μλ€. νμ κ³μΈ΅μμλ FTA κΈ°λ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ κ° κ΅¬μ± μμμ κ³ μ₯ νλ₯ μ λμΆνλ€. κ΅¬μ± μμμ κ³ μ₯ νλ₯ μ κ΅¬μ± μμκ° κ°μ§ μ μλ λ€μν μνμ λμμ κ³ λ €νμ¬ λΆμλλ€. μμ κ³μΈ΅μμλ νμ κ³μΈ΅μμ λμΆλ κ΅¬μ± μμμ κ³ μ₯ νλ₯ μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ κΈ°λ₯ μμ€(function-level)μ μμ€ νλ₯ μ λΆμνμ¬ μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ μ λ’°μ±μ λΆμνλ€. μ΄λ κ΅¬μ± μμλ€μ κ³ μ₯μ λν μ’
μμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ³ λ €νκΈ° μνμ¬ BBNμ μ΄μ©νλ€.
μ΄λ¬ν λ°©λ²μ ν¨μ©μ±μ κ²μ¦νκΈ° μνμ¬ λμ μμ€ν
μ μ μνκ³ μ μνλ λ°©λ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ¬λ‘ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ§ννλ€. μ¬λ‘ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ μνλ λΆμ λ°©λ²μ λν κ³μ°μ μλννκΈ° μν΄ κ°λ°ν νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μ΄μ©νλ€. |There are many studies to analyze the vulnerability of combat system to improve reliability. To analyze the reliability of a combat system, various threats affecting the combat system should be considered. Most reliability analysis of the combat system analyzed reliability based on impact-related threats. However, there are various threats such as energy, shock, and vibration as well as impact. Recently, it is necessary to simultaneously consider the threats, in addition to studying various threats such as fire, shock, and energy. However, no method of integrating the threats has been studied. In order to analyze the reliability of the combat system, it is necessary to take an integrated approach to energy, shock, vibration, and impact. In addition, the reliability of the combat system should be analyzed using reliability techniques that can express all of the dependency relationships between components.
In this paper, we propose a method to analyze reliability using FTA and BBN hierarchically according to the features of each element. This method consists of two layers: a lower layer and a upper layer. In the lower layer, the failure probability of each component of the combat system is analyzed using the FTA. The failure probability of a component is analyzed considering the possible threats of the component. In the upper layer, the loss probability of function-level is analyzed based on the failure probability of the components derived from the lower layer. And the reliability of combat system is analyzed using loss probability of function. BBN is used to consider the dependence of the failure of components.
To verify utility of the proposed method, we defines the target system and analyzes reliability of the system through the case study. we uses a program developed to automate the calculation of the proposed analysis method.μ 1 μ₯ μ λ‘ 1
μ 2 μ₯ κ΄λ ¨ μ°κ΅¬ 4
2.1 FTA κΈ°λ² 4
2.2 BBN 8
2.3 FTA κΈ°λ²κ³Ό BBNμ λΉκ΅ 11
μ 3 μ₯ FTAμ BBNμ μ΄μ©ν μ ν¬ μμ€ν
μ κ³μΈ΅μ μ λ’°μ± λΆμ 13
3.1 κ³μΈ΅μ μ λ’°μ± λΆμ λ°©λ² 13
3.2 νμ κ³μΈ΅ : κ΅¬μ± μμλ³ κ³ μ₯ νλ₯ λΆμ 16
3.3 μμ κ³μΈ΅ : κΈ°λ₯ μμ€μ μμ€ νλ₯ λΆμ 18
μ 4 μ₯ μ¬λ‘ μ°κ΅¬ 27
4.1 λΆμ λμ 27
4.2 μ λ’°μ± λΆμ 30
μ 5 μ₯ κ²° λ‘ 44
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 45Maste
κ°μμ μμ₯μ λ°©μ¬μ λ° μ΄μν κ²μ¬μ μ μ©ν λ€λͺ©μ μ‘°μμ μ κ°λ°
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμκ³Όλν μμνκ³Ό,2020. 2. μ΅λ―Όμ² .μμ₯μ νκ°νκΈ° μν΄ λ°©μ¬μ κ³Ό μ΄μνκ° κ°μ₯ ννκ² μ¬μ©λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μΌλ°μ μΈ κ²μ¬λ μμ₯μ 볡μ‘ν κ΅¬μ‘°λ‘ μΈν΄ νκ°μ μ νμ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ©° μ΄λ¬ν μ΄μ λ‘ μ‘°μμ κ° μμ₯μ μμνλ₯Ό ν₯μμν€κΈ° μν΄ μ¬μ©λλ©° λ³΄λ€ ν¨μ¨μ μΈ μμ₯μ νκ°λ₯Ό μν΄ λ°©μ¬μ κ³Ό μ΄μνμμ λμμ μ¬μ©κ°λ₯ν μ‘°μμ μ νμμ±μ΄ κ³ λ €λμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ λ°©μ¬μ κ³Ό μ΄μνμμ λμμ μ¬μ©κ°λ₯ν λ€λͺ©μ μ‘°μμ μ κ°λ°λ‘ 0.5%μ 카볡μλ©νΈμ
λ£°λ‘μ€μ€ (CMC)λ₯Ό μΈ κ°μ§ λ€λ₯Έ λλ (0.5, 1.0, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ 1.5 ml/kg)μ iohexol (300 mgI/ml)κ³Ό κ°κ° νΌν©ν μ‘°μμ κ° νκ°λμλ€. 8λ§λ¦¬μ 건κ°ν λΉκΈκ²¬μ λμμΌλ‘ νμμΌλ©° 10 ml/kgμ λ³νλ μ‘°μμ κ° μκ΄ νλΈλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ£Όμ
λμλ€. λ³νλ μ‘°μμ κ° κ·Όμ κ²°μ₯μ λλ¬ν λκΉμ§ 10λΆ κ°κ²©μΌλ‘ 볡배μκ³Ό μ°μΈμΈ‘μμ λ°©μ¬μ 촬μμ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘μΌλ©° μ΄μν κ²μ¬μ κ²½μ° 10λΆμ λ°©μ¬μ 촬μ κ°κ²© μ¬μ΄μ μνλμκ³ κ°μ²΄λ³λ‘ μΈ κ°μ§ λλ μ€νμ μΌμ£ΌμΌλ§λ€ μνλμμΌλ©° μ€ν ν μ΄λ ν λΆμμ©λ νμΈλμ§ μμλ€.
λ³νλ μ‘°μμ κ° μ λ΄λ‘ μ£Όμ
λ¨κ³Ό λμμ λ΄μ©λ¬Όμ΄ λμ΄κ°κΈ° μμνμμΌλ©° μμ₯μ νκ· ν΅κ³Ό μκ°μ 86λΆμΌλ‘ λΉ λ₯΄κ² νμΈλμλ€. λ°©μ¬μ μμ μΈ κ°μ§ λ€λ₯Έ λλμ¬μ΄μ μ μλ―Έν μ°¨μ΄ (p<0.05)λ₯Ό λνλμΌλ©° κ³ λλ (1.5 ml/kg)μ iohexolμμ κ°μ₯ μ’μ μμ νμ§μ νλν μ μμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ€κ°λλ (1.0 ml/kg)μμλ μμ₯μ΄ νκ° κ°λ₯ν μ λμ μμ νμ§μ΄ νμΈλμλ€. μ΄μνμμλ λͺ¨λ λλμμ κ°μνμ μμ΄ λ΄κ°κ³Ό λ°λνΈ λ²½μ νμΈ ν μ μμ΄ μ’μ νμ§μ μμμ μ»μ μ μμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘ κ³ λλ (1.5 ml/kg)μ iohexolμ μ΄μ©ν λ³νλ μ‘°μμ μ 경ꡬ ν¬μ¬ μ‘°μμ μ λ°©μ¬μ κ³Ό μ΄μν κ²μ¬ λμ μμ νκ³ , λΉμ©μ΄ μ λ ΄νλ©°, μΆ©λΆν μμ₯ νμ₯ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λΉ λ₯Έ κ²μ¬μκ°λΏλ§ μλλΌ νλ₯ν μμνμ§μ μ»μ μ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ νμΈλμ΄ μμνμμ μμ₯ μ§νμ κ²μ¬νλλ° μ μ©ν κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€.Radiography and ultrasonography are common imaging modalities used to evaluate the small intestine. A contrast medium is commonly used to improve the visualization of the small intestine as it has a complex structure. Thus, this study aimed to develop a contrast medium that can be simultaneously used in radiography and ultrasonography to effectively evaluate the small intestine.
Carboxymethylcellulose with 0.5% medium viscosity was mixed with iohexol (300 mg iodine/mL) at three different doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL/kg). Eight healthy beagles were selected, and 10 mL/kg of modified contrast medium (MCM) was administered via an orogastric tube.
Gastric emptying started immediately after the administration of MCM. The transit time (mean: 86 min) in the small intestine was rapid. The radiographic image with the best quality was obtained with high-dose MCM (1.5 mL/kg, p<0.05). However, the medium dose (1.0 mL/kg) also obtained favorable outcomes. At all MCM doses, ultrasonography obtained outstanding images of the intestinal segments, including the lumen and the other side of the wall, without any interferences.
In conclusion, the oral administration of MCM with iohexol at a dose of 1.5 mL/kg obtained an image with an excellent quality, and it was safe to use and facilitated proper distension of the small intestine and rapid transit time during radiography and ultrasonography. The use of MCM in radiography and ultrasonography was effective in assessing the small intestine in the field of veterinary medicine.Introduction β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 1
Materials and Methods β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 4
1. Animals β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 4
2. Modified contrast medium β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 4
3. Radiographic examinations β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 5
4. Ultrasonographic examinations β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 5
5. Image analysis β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 6
6. Statistical analysis β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 7
Resultsβ¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 8
Discussion β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 18
References β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 23
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ 28Maste
λμ€κ΅ν΄ μΏ λ‘μμ€ λλ₯λΆ μ μ μ μ₯μ£ΌκΈ° λ³λμ±
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμ°κ³Όνλν μ§κ΅¬νκ²½κ³ΌνλΆ,2020. 2. λνλ.A westward shift of the Kuroshio toward the continental shelf in the East China Sea (ECS) contributes an exchange of different water masses between the western boundary current and the shelf region, and plays a key role in the regional ecosystem and climate over the ECS. The Kuroshio shelf intrusion (KSI) is known to occur during winter associated with the weakening of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. This study reveals that interannual to decadal variability of the KSI is as significant as the seasonal variability, and investigates the long-term KSI associated changes in the ECS by analyzing various datasets including 25-year-long satellite altimetry, high-resolution ocean reanalysis products, surface drifters, etc. A series of composite analysis confirms that the KSI is related to the strengthening of the northeasterly wind, increase of the upward heat flux and overall surface warming in the ECS. Subsurface temperature, however, decreases in the shallow shelf region during the KSI events, possibly due to the topographic effect. Sub-mesoscale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) exhibits increase in the shelf region during the KSI, whereas the mesoscale EKE does not show significant changes associated with the KSI.λμ€κ΅ν΄μμ μΏ λ‘μμ€ ν΄λ₯κ° μ€ν€λμ 골 μμͺ½ λλ₯λΆ λ°©ν₯μΌλ‘ μΉμ°μΉλ νμμ μΏ λ‘μμ€ λλ₯λΆ μ μ
(Kuroshio shelf intrusion; KSI) μ΄λΌκ³ νλ€. μ΄λ λλ₯λΆ ν΄μκ³Ό μμκ²½κ³λ₯ ν΄μ μ¬μ΄μ μκ΄΄ κ΅νμ μΌμΌν€κ³ , λμ€κ΅ν΄ μ£Όλ³ μνκ³μ κΈ°νμ ν° μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ€. KSIλ λλ§ λμͺ½ μΏ λ‘μμ€ ν΄λ₯κ° μ½ν΄μ§ λ λνλλ©°, μ¬λ¦μ² μ λΉν΄ 겨μΈμ² μ λμ± λΉλ²νκ² λ°μνλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ KSIμ κ²½λ
λ° μλ
μ£ΌκΈ° λ³λ νΉμ±μ λ°νκΈ° μν΄ μΈκ³΅μμ± κ³ λκ³, κ³ ν΄μλ μ¬λΆμμ₯ κ²°κ³Ό, νμΈ΅ λ°κ°μ κ°μ λ€μν μλ£λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ λμ€κ΅ν΄μμ μΌμ΄λλ KSIμ κ΄λ ¨λ ν΄μ λ³νλ₯Ό λΆμνμλ€. Composite λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ KSI νμμ΄ λμ€κ΅ν΄ ν΄μμ λΆλν κ°ν, ν΄μμμ λκΈ°λ‘μ μ΄ λ°©μΆ μ¦κ°, νμΈ΅ μμ¨ μ¦κ°μ κ΄λ ¨λμ΄ μμμ νμΈνμλ€. μΏ λ‘μμ€ μ£ΌμΆμ΄ λλ₯λΆ μͺ½μΌλ‘ μ΄λν¨μ λ°λΌ μμ¬μ΄ κΉμ μ€ν€λμ 골 λΆκ·Όμμλ μνμΈ΅ μμ¨ μμ μ¦κ°νμ§λ§, μμ¬μ΄ μμ λλ₯λΆ ν΄μ μνμΈ΅μμλ μ§ν ν¨κ³Όλ‘ μΈν΄ μμ¨μ΄ μ€νλ € κ°μνλ κ²μΌλ‘ λνλ¬λ€. λν KSI κ° μΌμ΄λ λ μ€κ·λͺ¨ μμ©λμ΄μ μ΄λμλμ§ λ³νλ³΄λ€ μμ€κ·λͺ¨ μμ©λμ΄μ μ΄λμλμ§ λ³νκ° μΏ λ‘μμ€ μ£ΌμΆ λΆκ·Όκ³Ό λλ₯λΆ ν΄μμμ λ ν¬κ² λνλ¬λ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ λμ€κ΅ν΄μ κΈ°νμ μνκ³μ μν₯μ μ£Όλ KSI νμμ κ΄ν κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό νμΈ΅μμ μνμΈ΅μΌλ‘, μ€κ·λͺ¨ λ³λμμ μμ€κ·λͺ¨ λ³λμΌλ‘ νμ₯νμ¬ κ²½λ
λ° μλ
μ£ΌκΈ°μ KSI λ³λ λ° μ΄μ κ΄λ ¨λ λ³νλ₯Ό μ΄ν΄νλλ° κΈ°μ¬νμλ€.1. Introduction 1
2. Data and Methods 6
2.1. Data 6
2.2. KSIS index 7
3. Results 10
3.1. Interannual to decadal variability of the KSI 10
3.2. Subsurface temperature variability 14
3.3. Sub-mesoscale variability 18
4. Discussion and Conclusion 22
References 30
Abstract in Korean 39Maste
Normal distribution of lysozyme secreting cells in eustachian tube of mongolian gerbil
μνκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
μ€μ΄μ μ΄κ΄μ μ λ§ νλ©΄μ λ€λ₯Έ μκΈ°λ μ λ§κ³Ό λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘ μ λ§μ¬λͺ¨ μ νμμ©(mucociliary clearance), λ©΄μμμ©, λ° ν¨μ λΆλΉ κΈ°λ₯ λ±μ λ€μν μ λ§ λ°©μ΄κΈ°μ μ μν΄ λ³΄νΈλκ³ μλ€. κ·Έ μ€ ν¨μ λΆλΉ κΈ°λ₯μ μ λ§ λ°©μ΄ κΈ°μ μ μμ΄μ μ€μν μν μ λ΄λΉνκ³ μλ€. λΆλΉ ν¨μμ€μ νλμΈ λΌμ΄μμμμ μΈμ²΄μ μ¬λ¬ μ λ§ μ‘°μ§κ³Ό κ·Έ μ λ§ μ‘°μ§μμ λΆλΉλλ λΆλΉμ‘- λλ¬Ό, κΈ°κ΄μ§, λΉμ λ§, μΉ¨μ, μμ λ§, μμ₯ μ λ§, μκΆ κ²½λΆ λ΄λ§μ μ‘΄μ¬ν¨μ΄ νμΈλμλ€. λΌμ΄μμμμ μ΄κ· ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ―λ‘ μ λ§μ κ΅μκ°μΌμ λν λ°©μ΄μμ©μ κΈ°μ¬νλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. μ§κΈκΉμ§μ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§μ λΌμ΄μμμ μ‘΄μ¬μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬λ‘λ μ£Όλ‘ μΈκ°, chinchilla, guinea-pig λ±μ μ¬μ©ν΄ μμΌλ mongolian gerbilμ λν μ°κ΅¬κ° μμμΌλ―λ‘, μ΄μ μ μλ€μ mongolian gerbilμ μ μ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§μμ λΌμ΄μμμ λΆλΉμΈν¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λΆν¬λ₯Ό μ‘°μ§ννμ λ° λ©΄μννμ λ°©λ²μ ν΅νμ¬ μ‘°μ¬νμ¬ μ μμ΄κ΄ μ λ§μμμ λΆλΉ ν¨μμ λν νννμ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄νκ³ , μμΌλ‘μ μ€μ΄μ§νμ μ λ° μ€νμ μ°μΌ λλ¬Όλ‘ μ¬λ¬ μ₯μ μ κ°μΆ mongolian gerbilμ λμμΌλ‘ ν λλ¬Ό μ€νμ νννμ κΈ°μ΄ μλ£λ₯Ό λ§λ ¨νκ³ μ νμλ€.
μ€μ΄ μΌμ¦μ΄ μλ 건κ°ν μν 90-120μΌμ mongolian gerbil 10λ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ΄κ΄ λΆμ μ‘°μ§μ H-E μΌμ, AB-PAS μΌμ λ° λΌμ΄μμμ ν체(rabbit antihuman lysozyme antibody)λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν λ©΄μμ‘°μ§νν μΌμμ μννμ¬ μ μ mongolian gerbilμ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§μ κ΄μ°°νμ¬ ν μΈκ· λΆλΉ ν¨μμΈ λΌμ΄μμμμ λΆν¬μμμ μμλ³΄κ³ μ ν μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μλ€.
1. λΌμ΄μμμμ mongolian gerbilμ μ μ μ΄κ΄μ λ§μ μνΌνμ (subepithelial gland)μ μ₯μ‘λΆλΉμΈν¬μμ μμ±λμλ€.
2. λΌμ΄μμμμ mongolian gerbilμ μ μ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§μ μ€μ΄ κ°κ΅¬λΆμμ μνΌμΈν¬μ€ μΌλΆ λΆλΉμΈν¬μμλ μμ±λμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘ νμΈκ· ν¨μλ‘μμ λΌμ΄μμμμ mongolian gerbilμ μ μ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§λ΄μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ©° μ΄λ μ΄κ΄ μ λ§ λ°©μ΄ κΈ°μ μ€μ νλλ‘ μ€μν κΈ°λ₯μ νλ κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬λ£λμλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Mucosal surfaces are protected by several complex defense mechanisms, namely mucociliary clearnce, immunoglobulins,
cellular components, and antibacterial secretory enzymes. The secretory enzyme, lysozyme has been found in various mucosal
tissues, and it has been suggested that this enzyme contribute to the defense against local mucosal infections.
The distribution of the antibacterial enzyme, lysozyme secreting cells in the tubotympanum of the normal mongolian gerbils was studied using an histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The results are as follows :
1. Lysozyme was produced by some secreting cells in the tympanic portion of epithelium of the eustachian tube of normal
mongolian gerbil.
2 Lysozyme was produced by serous cells of subepithelial glands of the eustachian tube of normal mongolian gerbil.
These results are consistent with the concept that secretion of antibacterial enzymes is an integral part of the normal
mucosal defense system in the tubotympanum.restrictio
Cognitive co-regulation of scientifically gifted students in small group activity
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : κ³Όνκ΅μ‘κ³Ό, 2015. 2. μ΅μΉμΈ.κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘
μ΅κ·Ό μ¬νμ ꡬμ±μ£Όμμ κ΄μ μΌλ‘λΆν° 곡λμ‘°μ μ λν μ€μμ±μ΄ κ°μ‘°λκ³ μμΌλ©°, μ€μ μμ
μμμ μ‘°μ μ μ΄ν΄νκΈ° μν΄μλ μκΈ°μ‘°μ λΏλ§ μλλΌ μ¬νμ ννμ μ‘°μ μ κ³ λ €ν΄μΌ νλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ€νκ΅ κ³Όνμμ¬ νμλ€μ λμμΌλ‘ ν
λΌν¬λ°μ΄λ μ£Όμ μ κ°λ°©ν κ³Όμ λ₯Ό λΆμ¬νμμΌλ©°, ν
λΌν¬λ° μκ·Έλ£Ή νλμμ λνλλ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μμμ νμ
νκ³ μ νμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ λ§κ² 곡λμ‘°μ μ λ λλ λ λ§μ λλ£λ€κ³Όμ μνΈμμ©μ ν΅ν΄ μ‘°μ λλ μλμ μΈ μ‘°μ κ³Όμ μ΄λΌκ³ μ μνμμΌλ©°, μΈμ§μ μΈ λΆλΆμ μ΄μ μ λ§μΆμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μμμ ν¨κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κΈ° μν΄μλ μκ·Έλ£Ή ꡬμ±μλ€ κ°μ μνΈμμ©μ΄ νλ°ν΄μΌνλ―λ‘ μ ν΄μ§ λ΅μ΄ μλ ν
λΌν¬λ° μκ·Έλ£Ή νλ μμ
μ μ€μνμλ€. ν
λΌν¬λ°μ΄λ μ§κ΅¬ μΈμ λ€λ₯Έ μ²μ²΄λ₯Ό μ§κ΅¬μ λΉμ·νκ² λκΈ° λ° μ¨λ, μνκ³λ₯Ό λ°κΎΈμ΄ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ΄ μ μλ νκ²½μΌλ‘ λ§λ€μ΄μ£Όλ μμ
μ λ§νλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μμΈμ μμ¬ Gμμ¬μμ μμλ κΈ°μ΄λ° 34λͺ
νμλ€μ λμμΌλ‘ νμμΌλ©°, μ΄ μ€ κΈμ± λ κ·Έλ£Ήκ³Ό νμ± λ κ·Έλ£Ήμ λνμ¬ μ¬μΈ΅μ μΌλ‘ λΆμνμλ€. ν
λΌν¬λ°μ λν κ·Έλ£Ήμ κ°μ ν μλ₯Ό λΉλ‘―ν μ 체μ μΈ νλ κ³Όμ μ 촬μνκ³ λ
Ήμν ν λͺ¨λ λ΄μ©μ μ μ¬νμλ€. μ΄κ²μ λνμ¬ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μ μΈμ΄μ μνΈμμ© κΈ°λ° λ΄ν λΆμμ μ€μνμκ³ μ μ¬λ λ΄μ©μ νμΈνκΈ° μνμ¬ μΈν°λ·°λ₯Ό μννμλ€. λν, λ¬Έν μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ κ³ μν ν
λΌν¬λ° λΆμνκ³Ό μκ°μ νλ¦μ λ°λΌ ν
λΌν¬λ° νλμ μ 리ν νμν
μ΄λΈμ ν΅ν΄ κ° κ·Έλ£Ήμ ν
λΌν¬λ° νΉμ§μ μ μ±μ μΌλ‘ λΆμνμλ€.
λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό, ν
λΌν¬λ°μ νΉμ§μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, κΈμ±κ³Ό νμ±μ ν
λΌν¬λ°μμ λκΈ° μμΈμ μ§μ€μ μΌλ‘ λ€λ£¨μμΌλ©°, κ·Έμ λν μ‘°μ λ°©λ²μ΄ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€. κ·Έ μ΄μ λ ν
λΌν¬λ° νλμμ κΈμ±μ λμ κΈ°μ¨κ³Ό κΈ°μ, νμ±μ ν¬λ°ν λκΈ°μΈ΅μ΄ κ°μ₯ ν° λμ μ΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. λμ§Έ, μ‘°μ λ°©λ²μ 맀κ°λ‘ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μμΈλ€μ΄ μ°κ²°λ μ μμλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, λκΈ°κΆμ κ°ννκΈ° μν΄ νμ±μ μ§λμ λλ € μ€λ ₯μ λμ΄μλ μ‘°μ λ°©λ²μ΄ μ μλμλ€λ©΄ λκΈ° μμΈκ³Ό μ€λ ₯ μμΈμ΄ μ°μμ μΌλ‘ λ
Όμλ μ μλ€. μ
μ§Έ, ν κ°μ§ μ‘°μ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ μ¬λ¬ μμΈλ€μμ λ°μνλ λ¬Έμ μ λ€μ ν΄κ²°νλ €λ κ²½ν₯μ 보μλ€.
λ€μμΌλ‘ ν
λΌν¬λ° μκ·Έλ£Ή νλμμ λνλλ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μ λνμ¬ μ΄ν΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό, λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ μμμ 보μλ€. 첫째, ν
λΌν¬λ° μκ·Έλ£Ή νλμμμ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μ κ³ν, μ κ², νκ°μ κ³Όμ μ κ±°μΉλ©° μΌμ΄λ¬λ€. λμ§Έ, νμλ€μ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μ ν΅ν΄ ν
λΌν¬λ°μμ κ³ λ €ν΄μΌ ν μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μμΈλ€μ μ°κ²° μ§μ΄μ μκ°νλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μ΄λ ν μμΈμ λν μ‘°μ λ°©λ²μ μ μνλ€κ±°λ λΆμ° μ€λͺ
νκΈ° μν΄ λ€λ₯Έ μμΈμΌλ‘ νμ κ° μ νλ μ μμλ€. μ
μ§Έ, μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ κ³Όμ μ μννλ©΄μ μμ΄λμ΄κ° μ΄μ§λκ³ μ΅μ λ μ μμλ€. νμλ€μ΄ κ³Όμ μν©μ΄λ λ΄μ©μ μλ‘ μ κ²νλ©΄μ μμ΄λμ΄κ° ꡬ체νλκ³ μλ‘μ΄ μμ΄λμ΄κ° μμ±λκΈ°λ νλ©°, μ μλ μμ΄λμ΄κ° 보λ₯λκ±°λ κ±°λΆλ μ μλ€.
κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘ μκ·Έλ£Ή νλμμ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μ κ³Όμ μ κ±°μΉλ©΄μ ν
λΌν¬λ°μμ κ³ λ €ν΄μΌ ν μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μμΈμ μ°κ²° μ§μ΄ μκ°ν μ μμΌλ©°, λ€μν μμ΄λμ΄κ° μ μλλ€λ κ²μ μ μ μμλ€. μ¦, 곡λμ κ³Όμ λ₯Ό ν¨κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ μμνκΈ° μν΄μλ μκ·Έλ£Ή ꡬμ±μ κ°μ νλ°ν μνΈμμ©μ ν΅ν΄ μ λ°λλ μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ κ³Όμ μ΄ νμμ μ΄λ―λ‘ μ΄μ λν μ λ΅μ΄ μ립λκΈΈ κΈ°λν΄ λ³Έλ€.λͺ© μ°¨
β
. μλ‘ 1
1. μ°κ΅¬μ νμμ± λ° λͺ©μ 1
2. μ°κ΅¬ λ¬Έμ 4
β
‘. μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ 5
1. ν
λΌν¬λ° 5
1) ν
λΌν¬λ° κ°λ
5
2) κ΄λ ¨ μ νμ°κ΅¬ 6
2. 곡λμ‘°μ νμ΅ 9
1) 곡λμ‘°μ κ°λ
10
2) μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ 11
3) κ΄λ ¨ μ νμ°κ΅¬ 12
β
’. μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ² 15
1. μ°κ΅¬ μ μ°¨ 15
2. μ°κ΅¬ λμ 17
3. λ¬Έν μ°κ΅¬ 19
1) 곡λμ‘°μ 19
2) ν
λΌν¬λ° 19
4. μ€λ¬Έμ§ λ° μμ
μλ£ κ°λ° 22
5. μμ
μ νλ¦ 23
6. μλ£ μμ§ λ° λΆμ 25
1) μλ£ μμ§ 25
2) ν
λΌν¬λ° λΆμν 26
3) μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ λΆμ 28
β
£. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό 30
1. ν
λΌν¬λ° νΉμ§ 30
1) κΈμ±μ ν
λΌν¬λ° μ¬λ‘ 31
2) νμ±μ ν
λΌν¬λ° μ¬λ‘ 41
2. μΈμ§μ 곡λμ‘°μ μμ 50
1) μ΄μ§ 51
(1) ꡬ체ν 51
(2) μμ± 54
2) μ΅μ 58
(1) 보λ₯ 58
(2) κ±°λΆ 60
β
€. κ²°λ‘ λ° μ μΈ 63
1. κ²°λ‘ 63
2. μ μΈ 66
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 67
λΆλ‘ 75
[λΆλ‘ 1] 곡λμ‘°μ νμ΅μ λν μΈμ μ‘°μ¬ μ€λ¬Έμ§ 75
[λΆλ‘ 2] νμ νλμ§ 77
Abstract 83Maste
μ μκ°μ κ°μ§λ μκ³μ΄ λͺ¨νμμμ λͺ¨μ λ³ν κ²μ κ³Ό λ‘λ²μ€νΈ μΆμ λ°©λ²
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : ν΅κ³νκ³Ό, 2014. 2. μ΄μμ΄.In this thesis, we consider the parameter change test and the robust estimation
for integer-valued time series models.
First, we consider the problem of testing for a parameter change in a first order
random coefficient integer-valued autoregressive (RCINAR(1)) model.
For a test, we employ the cumulative sum (CUSUM) test based on the conditional least-squares(CLS)
and modified quasi-likelihood(MQL) estimators. It is shown that under regularity
conditions, the CUSUM test has the same limiting distribution as the supremum of
the squares of independent Brownian bridges. The CUSUM test is then applied to the
analysis of the monthly polio counts data set.
Second, we consider the problem of testing for a parameter change in Poisson
autoregressive models. We suggest two types of CUSUM tests: estimates-based and
residual-based tests. We first demonstrate that the conditional maximum likelihood
estimator (CMLE) is strongly consistent and asymptotically normal and construct the
CMLE-based CUSUM test. It is shown that under regularity conditions, its limiting
null distribution is a functional of independent
Brownian bridges. Next, we construct the residual-based CUSUM test and derive its
limiting null distribution. Simulation results are provided for illustration. A real
data analysis is performed for the polio incidence data and campylobacterosis infections
data. Finally, we study the robust estimation for Poisson autoregressive models.
As a robust estimator, we consider a minimum density power divergence estimator (MDPDE).
It is shown that under regularity conditions, the MDPDE is strongly consistent and
asymptotically normal. We perform a simulation study and a real data analysis to
compare the proposed estimator with MLE.Abstract i
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
1 Introduction 1
2 Reviews 6
2.1 The integer-valued time series models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 The cumulative sum (CUSUM) test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 The minimum density power divergence estimator (MDPDE) . . . . . 10
3 Parameter Change Test for Random Coefficient Integer-Valued Autoregressive
Processes with Application to Polio Data Analysis 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Estimation for RCINAR(1) models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
iii
3.3 Change point test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 Real data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Parameter Change Test for Poisson Autoregressive Models 41
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Estimation for Poisson autoregressive model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.1 Poisson autoregressive model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.2 INGARCH(1,1) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 Change point test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3.1 Estimates-based CUSUM test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.2 Residual-based CUSUM test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4.1 INGARCH(1,1) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4.2 Poisson threshold autoregressive model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Real data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.8 Supplementary material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5 Minimum Density Power Divergence Estimator for Poisson Autoreiv
gressive Models 87
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2 MDPDE in Poisson autoregressive models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.3 Asymptotic properties of MDPDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.5 Real data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
BibliographyDocto
Astaxanthinμ΄ CClβλ‘ μ²λ¦¬ν λ°±μμ κ°λ μ±κ³Ό κ°μ μ§μ§κ³Όμ°ν λ° νμ°ν ν¨μλ€μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνμμνκ³Ό,1998.Maste