Study on Evaluation of Sulfamethazine Content in Duck''s Liver Powder Using Self-Developed Near Infrared System

本研究以近紅外光技術(Near Infrared Spectroscopy，NIR)針對鴨肝粉中磺胺二甲嘧啶(Sulfamethazine，SMT)之殘留量進行掃描光譜。以自組近紅外線光譜分析儀，來量測鴨肝粉中SMT殘留量的反射光譜，以了解NIR對微量物的檢驗極限。利用多重線性迴歸、修正之部份最小平方迴歸、部份最小平方迴歸、主成份迴歸等模式，以光譜進行迴歸分析再與實際SMT濃度值進行比較。本研究樣本濃度從0.001ppm至10ppm共有70個，實驗結果顯示，校正組建立之校正方程式在選取四個波長組合,進行最佳分析模式(修正之部份最小平方迴歸)之結果為最佳，其校正決定係數為0.864、標準校正誤差為1.206、相對校正誤差為1.978%、標準差為3.125；而其預測決定係數為0.868、標準預測誤差為1.201、相對預測誤差為2.12%、標準差與標準較正誤差之比值為2.602，其值越大表示預測結果越佳。濃度為1ppm以上時即可有效預測出SMT殘留量之濃度。In this research,the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR ) was used to scan the spectrum of Sulfamethazine (SMT) in duck''s liver powder. Measuring the reflection spectrum of SMT in duck''s would help to evaluate the limit of measuring the low-concentration for self-developed NIR system. Multiple linear regression (MLR),modified partial least squares regression (MPLSR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR) were applied to proceed regression analysis of the spectrum, prediction versus real concentration values. There were 70 types of concentration of sample varied from 0.001 ppm to 10 ppm in this research. Four key wavelengths had chosen from the results to develop the calibration equation. Furthermore, the MPLSR analysis method produced the best result and shown as followings. The calibration coefficient of determination (Rc2) = 0.864, the standard error of calibration (SEC) = 1.206,and the relative standard error of calibration (RSEC) = 1.978% for the calibration sets. The coefficient of determination of predition (Rp2) = 0.868, standard deviation=3.125, the standard error of predition (SEP) = 1.201,the relative standard error of predition (RSEP) = 2.12%, and ratio of standard deviation to SEP (PRD) = 2.811 for the predition sets. This research verified the evaluating limit of concentration for the self-developed NIR system was 1ppm.誌謝 -------------------------------------------------- IV 摘要 -------------------------------------------------- V 目錄 -------------------------------------------------- VII 圖目錄 ------------------------------------------------ XI 表目錄 ------------------------------------------------ XIV 第一章 緒論 ------------------------------------------- 01 1.1 前言 ------------------------------------------ 01 2.1 研究目的 -------------------------------------- 02 第二章 文獻探討 --------------------------------------- 03 2.1 近紅外光譜與分析原理 -------------------------- 03 2.1.1 次毫米波時析光譜技術 ------------------------ 04 2.1.2 比爾定律 ------------------------------------ 05 2.1.3 近紅外光之應用 ------------------------------ 06 2.2 單光儀 ---------------------------------------- 09 2.2.1 閃耀光柵 ------------------------------------ 10 2.3 光子檢波器 ------------------------------------ 12 2.4 光學設計 -------------------------------------- 14 2.4.1 光線追跡 ------------------------------------ 14 VIII 2.5 迴歸分析 ------------------------------------- 15 2.6 磺胺二甲嘧啶 --------------------------------- 16 2.6.1 SMT的成分與應用 ---------------------------- 17 2.6.2 SMT化學名稱及結構式 ------------------------ 17 2.6.3 SMT 的外觀 --------------------------------- 17 2.6.4 SMT 的特性 --------------------------------- 17 2.6.5 SMT 的吸收 --------------------------------- 18 2.6.6 濃度調配方法 ------------------------------- 18 2.6.7 常見檢測磺胺劑的方法 ----------------------- 18 第三章 實驗設備與步驟 -------------------------------- 20 3.1 實驗設備 ------------------------------------- 21 3.1.1 近紅外光光譜分析儀 ------------------------- 21 3.1.1.1 單光儀 ----------------------------------- 22 3.1.1.2 光檢測器 --------------------------------- 23 3.1.1.3 控制軟體 --------------------------------- 25 3.1.2 光源 --------------------------------------- 25 3.1.3 光學元件 ----------------------------------- 26 3.2 樣本配置 ------------------------------------- 27 3.3 光學檢測 ------------------------------------- 29 IX 3.4 光譜處理分析 --------------------------------- 30 3.4.1 光譜雜訊分析 ------------------------------- 31 3.4.2 光譜分析流程 ------------------------------- 31 3.4.3 光譜前處理與樣本分組 ---------------------- 32 3.4.4 校正樣本與預測樣本之分組 ------------------- 33 3.4.5 最佳檢測模式之選擇 ------------------------- 33 3.4.6 交叉驗證模式 ------------------------------- 34 3.5 實驗材料 ------------------------------------- 36 3.5.1 磺胺藥劑 ----------------------------------- 36 3.5.2 鴨肝 --------------------------------------- 36 3.6 硬體規劃與設計方法 --------------------------- 37 3.7 實驗步驟 ------------------------------------- 40 第四章 結果與討論 ------------------------------------ 46 4.1 光學設計 ------------------------------------- 46 4.1.1 平行光源 ----------------------------------- 46 4.1.2 聚光鏡頭 ----------------------------------- 47 4.2 光源穩定度實驗 ------------------------------- 47 4.3 鴨肝粉末NIR 掃描光譜比較分析 ----------------- 49 4.3.1 原始吸收光譜 ------------------------------- 50 X 4.3.2 平滑化與一次微分處理 ----------------------- 52 4.3.3 平滑化與二次微分處理 ----------------------- 53 4.3.4 相關係數對波長關係圖 ----------------------- 55 4.3.5 SMT 殘留量濃度之MLR-stepwise 分析結果 ------ 56 4.4 SMT 殘留量分析 ------------------------------- 59 4.4.1 SMT 殘留量濃度之交叉驗證------------- 63 4.4.2 SMT 殘留量濃度之MPLSR 分析結果--------------- 63 4.4.3 SMT 殘留量濃度之PLSR 分析結果--------- 64 4.4.4 SMT 殘留量濃度之PCR 分析結果-------------- 65 4.4.5 SMT 殘留量濃度之MLR-stepwise 分析結果------ 65 4.4.6 分段討論----------------------------------- 70 第五章 結論與建議 ----------------------------------- 76 參考文獻 -------------------------------------------- 7

Technical Evaluation of Stress Release Structures for MEMS Acoustic Diaphragms

微機電電容式麥克風之性能會因為製程殘留應力的影響而顯著下降，因此常藉由應力釋放結構來減少薄膜之殘留應力以改善系統性能。本研究以CMOS標準製程為基礎之設計平台，運用大撓曲平板模型，以及等效剛體模型理論所分類之五種應力釋放結構，據以建構薄膜系統之有限元素分析模型，再透過多層平板和波紋結構薄膜理論之驗證，本研究根據所選用之六項綜合性能指標進行評估之後得知，樑支撐結構是五種應力釋放結構中表現最佳者，故針對樑支撐結構之關鍵特性參數來進行電容式麥克風綜合效能之改善。其結果顯示減少結構寬度可以同時提昇系統的機械敏感度和電敏感度；結構長度變動的效果最為敏感，但僅能提升機械敏感度；而改變結構個數會因為應力釋放結構與音效薄膜連接位置之不同而有不同的趨勢，並據此提出應力釋放結構較佳的設計程序。Residual stress generated by the manufacturing process of MEMS microphones significantly deteriorates system performance. As a result, it is normal to use stress release structure (SRS) to reduce residual stress and improve microphone’s performance. Using standard CMOS as the basis for design, this research utilizes large deflection plate theory and five different SRSs categorized by graph theory to construct the finite element models for the evaluation of MEMS microphones. The models are then verified by theories of multilayer plate and corrugated membrane. It is found that beam suspension structure is the best based on six evaluation indexes. According to the sensitivity analysis, reducing structure width can enhance both the mechanical and electric sensitivity, and structure length has the highest sensitivity but can only increase electric sensitivity. The number of SRS has varied effects on performance due to patterns of connection with the diaphragm. A design sequence can be recommended for better SRS

Evaluation of a Chinese medicine herb prescription as a feed additive in early-weaned piglets

中藥草為具有特定生物活性之天然植物，常以複方的形式使用達到全身性之調節。本試驗以常用於治療人類腹瀉、下痢、厭食等症狀之中藥草做為飼料添加物，進行離乳仔豬飼養試驗，以期改善仔豬離乳期間的下痢及生長緩慢等問題。先以體外試驗（in vitro）評估中藥草複方對豬隻血液PMN（polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMN）免疫能力之影響，再進行動物試驗（in vivo），以中藥草複方粉末做為飼料添加物，評估其對離乳仔豬生長表現及下痢發生之改善，並且分析仔豬糞便、腸道及血液樣品，以探討中藥草複方對離乳仔豬腸道健康及免疫生理之影響。In vitro 試驗結果顯示，本試驗所探討之中藥草複方水萃液，具有抑制Escherichia coli O157:H7及Salmonella typhimurium E29菌株生長之效果，並可顯著提升豬隻血液PMN呼吸爆發強度、NO產量及殺滅沙門氏菌（P < 0.05）。動物試驗以 240 頭 28 日齡之三品種雜交離乳仔豬（平均體重為7公斤），逢機分配至四飼糧處理組，分別為控制組（CT）、0.1%中藥草（LC）、0.3%中藥草（HC）及抗生素（AB）組。結果顯示，LC 及 HC 組仔豬離乳後2週之生長表現均顯著較 CT 組為佳（P < 0.05），且HC組仔豬離乳後10日內之下痢指數顯著低於其他各組。試驗第7日測定各組仔豬血液PMN呼吸爆發強度及殺滅沙門氏菌之能力，LC及HC組皆顯著較 CT 組為高（P < 0.05）。LC及HC 組仔豬離乳後4週糞便之 coliform 菌數與AB組無顯著差異，而顯著低於CT組（P < 0.05）。試驗第14日進行腸道組織採樣，結果顯示添加中藥草使仔豬腸道 pH 值降低（P=0.099），並顯著增加結腸 lactobacilli 菌數（P < 0.05）；HC 組仔豬小腸澱粉酶及蛋白酶活性顯著高於 CT 組（P < 0.05），與AB組無顯著差異；LC、HC 組仔豬小腸絨毛高度與腺窩深度比皆顯著高於 CT 組（P < 0.05），而HC組與AB組則無顯著差異，且中藥草處理組仔豬之小腸壁肌肉層較薄。試驗第25日餵飼含 Cr2O3 飼糧，結果顯示 HC 組仔豬對乾物質、粗蛋白質及總能之消化率皆顯著高於 CT 組（P < 0.05），達到與AB組無顯著差異之水準。综上所述，於飼糧中添加0.1%中藥草複方可提升離乳仔豬免疫能力並改善腸道健康，添加0.3%則可進一步減緩下痢之發生，改善體增重，有助於仔豬度過離乳障礙。Diarrhea and growth lag has been a handicap in pig industry. Chinese medicine herbs were natural plates with particular bio-activities. They have been used as a prescription to an all over cure. The aim of this study is to evaluate a Chinese medicine prescription (CMH), combined with six species, supplementation replace antibiotic on weanling piglets. In vitro experiments were done to evaluate the bio-effects in this prescription on pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Then, weanling piglets were raised and sacrificed to evaluate their gastrointestinal status in feeding experiment with Chinese medicine herb supplement diet compare with antibiotic. In in vitro trail, the water extract of CMH inhibited Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium E29. It significantly promoted PMN' respiratory burst, nitric oxide production, and Salmonella-killing ability. Two hundred fifty six 28-day old Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc weanling piglets (average body weight 7 kg) were allotted to 4 diets supplemented with 0.1% CMH (low concentrate, LC), 0.3% CMH (high concentrate, HC), antibiotic (AB) , and basal diet control (CT). The results showed that, on day 14, average daily gain of HC and AB group were higher than LC and CT group, and feed conversion in LC, HC, and AB group were better than CT group. HC group had the least diarrhea score in ten days after weanling. Furthermore, we investigated the PMN' respiratory burst and Salmonella-killing ability in HC and LC group were significantly better than CT and AB group (P < 0.05). Fecal coliform in LC and HC group were not different from AB group, but less than CT group (P < 0.05), at 4th week of experiment. We also found that CMH-supplemented groups had lower gastrointestinal pH value, and more lactobacilli in colon (P < 0.05). The intestinal amylase and protease activities of HC group were not different from AB group, but higher than CT (P < 0.05). In intestinal histological morphology, CMH-supplemented groups were higher in villi/crypt ratio than CT group (P < 0.05), and HC group was not different from AB group. HC group had higher dry matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities than CT group (P < 0.05), and which were not different from AB group. In conclusion, CMH supplement promoted immunity in weanling piglets and improved gastrointestinal tract to overcome weanling check.第壹章 前言.............................................1 第貳章 文獻檢討.........................................2 第参章 In vitro 試驗評估中藥草複方水萃液之抑菌作用及其對豬隻PMN（polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMN）免疫活性之影響.................................................... 14 一、前言...............................................14 二、材料與方法.........................................14 (一)中藥草水萃液之製備.................................14 (二)對病原菌之抑菌作用.................................14 (三)對豬隻Polymorphoneuclear neutrophil（PMN）免疫活性之影響.....................................................14 1.分離豬隻血液PMN......................................14 2.NO產量之測定.........................................15 3.呼吸爆發之測定.......................................15 4.PMN之殺菌能力測定....................................15 (四)統計分析...........................................15 三、結果與討論.........................................16 (一)對病原菌之抑菌作用.................................16 (二)呼吸爆發...........................................18 (三)NO產量.............................................19 (四)殺菌能力...........................................21 四、結論...............................................22 第肆章 以動物試驗探討中藥草複方做為飼料添加物對早期離乳仔豬生長、免疫及腸道性狀之影響...........................23 一、前言...............................................23 二、材料與方法.........................................23 (一)試驗設計...........................................23 (二)生長與下痢指數之觀察...............................25 (三)糞便及血液樣品採集.................................25 (四)豬隻犧牲與腸道取樣.................................25 (五)分析項目與方法.....................................25 1.血液PMN免疫活性測定..................................27 (1)分離血液PMN.........................................27 (2)呼吸爆發之測定......................................27 (3)PMN之殺菌能力.......................................27 2.脾臟單核球增生能力測定...............................27 3.血清免疫球蛋白immunoglobulin G（IgG）及immunoglobulin A（IgA）濃度測定........................................27 4.糞便及腸道內容物菌相.................................28 (1)Coliform 菌數.......................................28 (2)Lactobacilli 菌數...................................28 5.製作小腸組織切片.....................................28 6.小腸消化酵素活性.....................................28 (1)粗酵素液之製備......................................28 (2)澱粉酶之測定........................................28 (3)蛋白酶之測定........................................29 (4)蛋白質濃度測定......................................29 (六)消化率之測定.......................................29 1.乾物質之分析.........................................30 2.粗蛋白質之分析.......................................30 3.總能之分析...........................................30 4.三氧化二鉻之分析.....................................30 (七)統計分析...........................................30 三、結果與討論.........................................31 (一)中藥草作為飼料添加物對早期離乳仔豬生長性狀之影響...31 (二)中藥草作為飼料添加物對早期離乳仔豬下痢指數之影響...33 (三)中藥草作為飼料添加物對早期離乳仔豬免疫性狀之影響...34 1.血液PMN免疫活性......................................35 (1)呼吸爆發............................................35 (2)PMN對Salmonella typhimurium殺菌能力.................36 2.脾臟單核免疫細胞增生能力.............................38 3.血清抗體IgA及IgG濃度.................................39 (四)中藥草飼糧對仔豬腸道性狀之影響.....................41 1.腸道重量.............................................41 2.腸道pH值.............................................42 3.腸道菌相.............................................43 4.糞便菌相.............................................44 5.小腸組織學型態之觀察.................................46 6.小腸消化酵素活性.....................................48 7.中藥草作為飼料添加物對仔豬飼糧消化率之影響...........50 四、結論...............................................51 第伍章 總結論........................................52 第陸章 參考文獻......................................5

整合Kano模式與品質機能展開法運用於智慧型手機設計之研究

[[abstract]]本研究希望深入了解消費者對於行動電話，心中想要、需要以及所重視的是什麼，再運用品質機能展開技術，將顧客心聲（Voice ofCustomer, VoC）融入行動電話產品設計。研究之目的包括以下四點： 一、 得知消費者對於行動電話品質構面之重要度看法。 二、 I Phone、HTC與Samsung三個品牌的行動電話之競爭分析。 三、 將行動電話品質構面依照Kano品質要素來分類探討。 四、 將消費者的需求運用品質機能展開法轉換成行動電話設計與發展的作業。 　　透過成對問題的Kano問卷（一題正面與一題反面）來將行動電話品質構面分類為Kano品質要素。最後整合Kano模式與品質機能展開這兩個方法來進行I Phone行動電話設計展開作業。以下分別敘述各個研究結果： 一、 對於十個行動電話品質構面之期望重要度，消費者最重視的是「外觀造型」、「通話品質」與「售後服務」。 二、 消費者對於I Phone行動電話認知滿意度都接近滿意。 三、 在10個行動電話品質構面中，其中「外觀造型」、「通話品質」、「操作簡便」、「品牌價值」、「售後服務」與「配件」等6個項目被歸類為「一元化品質」。而「防護措施」、「儲存功能」、「螢幕按鍵」、「視聽娛樂」被歸類為「當然品質」。 四、 不同顧客屬性對行動電話品質構面之看法有明顯差異。 五、 以消費者與學生為主要市場區隔之行動電話產品設計，應該將焦點於前十五項功能或服務依據

Study on Evaluation of Sulfamethazine Content in Duck's Liver Powder Using Self-Developed Near Infrared System

本研究以近紅外光技術(Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIR)針對鴨肝粉中磺胺二甲嘧啶(Sulfamethazine, SMT)之殘留量進行掃描光譜。以自組近紅外線光譜分析儀，來量測鴨肝粉中SMT殘留量的反射光譜，以了解NIR對微量物的檢驗極限。利用多重線性迴歸(MLR)、修正之部份最小平方迴歸(MPLSR)、部份最小平方迴歸(PLSR)、主成份迴歸(PCR)等模式，以光譜進行迴歸分析再與實際SMT濃度值進行比較。本研究樣本濃度從0.001ppm至10ppm共有70個，以自組近紅外線光譜分析儀進行550至1100nm的光譜掃瞄。實驗結果顯示，校正組建立之校正方程式在選取四個波長組合，進行最佳模式分析其中以MPLSR之結果為最佳，其校正決定係數為0.864、標準校正誤差為1.206、相對校正誤差為1.978%、標準差為3.125；而其預測決定係數為0.858、標準預測誤差為1.201、相對預測誤差為2.12%、標準差與標準預測誤差之比值為2.602，其值越大表示預測結果越佳。當SMT濃度為1ppm以上時即可有效預測出SMT殘留量之濃度。The near infrared (NIR) technology was applied to determine the Sulfamethazine (SMT) concentration of duck's liver powder in this study. The reflectance absorbance spectra of duck's liver powder were scanned by the selfdeveloped NIR spectrometer, and were analyzed to evaluate the limitation of the prediction ability for the low concentration of the measuring object. The prediction models of SMT concentration were analyzed by multi-linear regression (MLR), modified partial least square regression (MPLSR), partial least square regression (PLSR) and principle component regression (PCR) through spectra then made comparison between the actual SMT values and predicted values. The SMT concentrations of 70 samples were varied from 0.001 ppm to 10 ppm. The calibration results of MPLSR, using the spectra with the first derivative math-treatment and wavelength range from 550 to 1100 nm, were the best according to the prediction accuracy. The calibration coefficient of determination (R(subscript c^2)) was equal to 0.864, the standard error of calibration (SEC) was equal to 1.206, and the relative standard error of calibration (RSEC) was equal to 1.978% for the calibration sets. The coefficient of determination of prediction (R(subscript p^2)) was equal to 0.858, standard deviation was equal to 3.125, the standard error of prediction (SEP) was equal to 1.201, the relative standard error of prediction (RSEP) was equal to 2.12%, and ratio of standard deviation to SEP (PRD) was equal to 2.602 for the prediction sets. This study verified the evaluating limitation of SMT concentration of duck's powder by the self-developed NIR system was 1 ppm

燃料電池遙控車及製氫站

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