从贝丘遗址看福建沿海先民的居住环境与资源开发

福建沿海贝丘遗址可分为河岸型、河口型和海湾型，原始人类更喜欢栖息于河口和海湾处；6000~2000多年前一直以贝类为主要食物资源，先民对水体资源的开发是逐渐增强的；迫使先民放弃水生食物资源不是自然环境引起，而是外来稻作文化的侵入

泥河湾早更新世早期人类遗物和环境

在河北泥河湾盆地小长梁遗址东北约600 m处的马圈沟发现一新的哺乳动物化石和旧石器文化层,共采获500多件哺乳动物化石和5件旧石器.经研究有化石21种,其中Allophaiomys deucalion,Borsodia chinensis和Yangia tingi等的存在为年代的确定提供了重要依据.据哺乳动物化石对比分析,旧石器的年代早于1.8 Ma BP,可能达2.0 Ma BP,这是华北最早人类活动证据,当时人类生活于温带干旱稀树草原环境.国家“九五”攀登专项资助项目(95-专-1

重庆云阳佘家嘴遗址2003年度发掘简报

重庆云阳县巴阳镇巴阳村佘家嘴遗址是三峡工程淹没区内的一处重要古文化遗址,厦门大学考古队于2000￣2003年连续四次对该遗址进行发掘,其中2003年度(春季)承担1000平方米的发掘任务。依据2002年度发掘状况及三峡淹没区二期(巴

东山在闽台旧石器时代文化交流中的地位

依据东山岛发现的306件石制品、东山海域发现的170件哺乳动物化石和“东山人”化石以及台湾海峡第四纪沉积物特征，结合分析台湾第四纪哺乳动物化石、旧石器和人类化石，从古生物、古人类、古文化、海平面变化诸方面阐述东山在闽台旧石器时代文化交流中的地位，认为漳州是古人类、哺乳动物迁徙台湾的出发地，东山是桥头堡，“东山陆桥”是连接大陆与台湾的纽带

江西南昌西汉海昏侯刘贺墓出土玉器

江西南昌西汉海昏侯刘贺墓（M1）出土玉器[1]约400件（套）,包括约40种器形。全部玉器分散存放在墓室的不同区域（墓室平面图参见本期第5页图一）,表现为不同区域器形有别,具有不同的功能属性。据此特点,本文按出土玉器的不同区域划分,共甄选出具有代表性的38件玉器介绍如下。一西藏椁（一）娱乐用器库共出土玉器13件,其中舞人玉佩、双龙首国家社科基金重大委托项目“海昏侯墓考古发掘与历史文化资料整理研究”(项目编号:16@ZH022)子课题“海昏侯墓出土文物研究”成果之

FOSSIL HUMAN HUMERUS OF LATE PLEISTOCENE FROM THE TAIWAN STRAITS

产自台湾海峡海底的人类右肱骨石化程度高 ;个体大而粗壮 ,三角肌粗隆发育 ,骨干上下两半段不在同一纵轴上 ,形成 6 5°的夹角 ,这些显示不同于新石器时代和现代人的原始性状 ,其演化水平和日本的港川人及欧洲的克罗马农人相当。与人化石一同捞出的哺乳动物化石有古菱齿象、野马、最后鬣狗、达氏四不像鹿等 ,表明其时代为晚更新世晚期In 1998, while fishing in the vast area of the Taiwan Straits from 23°30′—25°00′N and 119°20′—120°30′E, the fishermen of Xiangzhi village, Shishi City, Fujian Province salvaged more than five thousand pieces of fossil mammals,an almost complete fossil human humerus, 1 piece of bone artifact and several pieces of animal skeletons with marks of artificial cutting and scraping marks. This paper is a report of study on the fossil human humerus. The human right humerus is highly petritied. It is brown in color and lacks capitulum and trochlea. The specimen shows no sign of being worn. On the surface of bone there are remains of coral and polychaete attaching to it later. The size and robustness of the bone, the well developed deltoid tuberosity and greater and lesser tubercles and the completely fusion of the physis with the shaft show that it belongs to a male adult. Based on the length of the humerus after restoration, the stature of the individual is estimated as 170—172 cm. According to the coexistent fossil mammals, it may be determined that this fossil human is late Late Pleistocene and belongs to Late Homo sapiens. For convenience sake, it is referred to as “Straits man”. There are some fossil materials of Late Homo sapiens in China. Among them, however, those who have humeri are only “Ordos man” in Inner Mongolia [5] , “Jianping man” in Liaoning [6] and “Dongshan man” in Fujian [7] . There are two pieces of adult male left humeri of “Ordos man” but without description or measurement. Thus comparison is impossible. There remains only 57.9 mm length of the shaft of the right fossil humerus of “Dongshan man”. Therefore it is difficult to make comparison. The common point lies in the similar burying environment. Nevertheless, the extent of the petrification of “Dongshan man” is lower, indicating that the age of “Dongshan man” is later than that of “Straits man”. The comparison of the humerus of “Straits man” with the male humerus of “Jianping man” leads to the conclusion that the extent of petrification of “Jianping man” is lower. The humerus of “Straits man” looks thicker and stronger. And the deltoid tuberosity is well developed. The flexion at mid shaft is outward and the axes of the upper and lower parts are not on the same line. This is what can not be found in “Jianping man”. The sulcus for the radial nerve of “Straits man” is not so well developed as that of “Jianping man”, and the edges on the internal and external sides are not so sharp as theirs. Outside China, the comparable humeri in the stage is that of “Minatogawa man” of Okinawa and German “Obercassel man” who belongs to Cro Magnon. A comparison between the right humerus of “Straits man” and the male humerus of “Minatogawa man” shows that they are similar in the angles between head and shaft. Both have well developed deltoid tuberosity.The flexion at the mid shaft of the two is outward. The axes of upper and lower parts of the shaft make an angle. The angle of male “Minatogawa man” is 8°(Fig.1,A). The difference lies in the shapes of the cross section (Fig.1,B). Comparison between the humerus of “Straits man” and that of “Obercassel man ” shows that they are very much alike. They are similar in the length and thickness as well as the angles between head and shaft. Both have well developed deltoid tuberosity.The flexion at the mid shaft of the two is outward. The angle made by the upper and lower parts of the shaft of “Obercassel man” is 8.4°(Fig.1, A). The sulci for the radial nerves of both specimens are shallow and flat. The cross sections of the shaft are similar in both specimens. The subtle difference lies in the fact that the marginal ridges of the humerus of “Straits man” are duller, while those of “Obercassel man” sharper. The above comparison shows that the humeri of “Straits man” and “Obercassel man” are the most alike in shape. Next comes “Minatogawa man”. It is quite different from that of “Jianping man”. The brawy shaft and t

The New Idea of Modern Human Origin and the Classification of Beijing Homo erectus

最近有学者提出北京猿人等直立人不属于人的范畴 ,这是对人类起源的认识存在误区造成的。现代人类有多地区起源和单一地区起源这两种假说 ,分子生物学新近研究的结果更多地支持单一地区起源说 ,但它仍存在诸多缺陷。即使由分子生物学支持的单一地区起源说是可以成立的科学假设 ,北京猿人等直立人仍然是处于人类演化过程中的旁支 ,而不应被排拒出古人类的范畴。单一地区起源说表明要修改的 ,只不过是北京猿人等直立人不是现代中国人的直接祖先而已。The new molecular study on DNA formulates the so-called Eve theory which advocates that modern human beings originated in Africa about 0.20Ma B.P. and their descendants later migrated to China as well as other parts of the world. As a result some scholars claim that all of the Homo erectus including Beijing Homo erectus in China before that time do not belong to the realm of human beings. The writer of this paper holds that the idea is caused by misunderstanding the origin of early and modern mankind.There are two main hypotheses about modern human origin: uniregional and multiregional evolution . The "Eve" theory mainly supports uniregional evolution hypothesis but there are many shortcomings in molecular study. If the uniregional evolution hypothesis was right, Homo erectus would be an aberrant extinct branch in human evolution. Even if Beijing and other Homo erectus are not the direct ancestor of modern Chinese people, they still belong to the realm of human beings

A Query on Si Agriculture in Hemudu Culture

骨耜的真正用途是认定河姆渡文化稻作农业发展阶段的关键,考古发掘新证据说明骨耜用来深掘灰坑和柱洞,它与干栏式建筑密不可分。生物学分析表明栽培稻是野生稻的一个亚种,栽培稻内的籼稻和粳稻之分不是亚种间的差别,而是气候生态型的差异;出现籼、粳和普通野稻组合是原始栽培稻的体现。前人夸大了河姆渡文化的稻谷数量,缺乏收割和加工谷物工具也是稻谷作为食物所占比例较小的反映。稻作不是河姆渡文化主要经济形态,定居的前提不一定以农业为主。这些观点动摇了河姆渡文化“耜耕农业”发展阶段说。The use of si,i.e.the bone spade,is the key factor to determine the developing stage of rice planting of Hemudu culture.The new evidence of field archaeology indicates that the si was used to dig deep ash-pits and post holes and was thus closely related with pile-supported timber buildings.Biologically, the cultivated rice(Oryza sativa) is just a subspecies of Asian common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon).The division of indica and japonica cultivated rice is not the disparity of subspecies but the difference of weather-ecology type.The assemblage of indica——japonica cultivated rice with common wild rice in Hemudu site reflects the primitive character of cultivated rice.The paddy quantity of Hemudu site has been exaggerated so far and the lack of machine tools also reflects the less proportion of paddy used as food.Fishing,hunting,gathering and rice agriculture were actually equal in the economic position of Hemudu culture.As rice planting at the time was still at a primitive stage,agriculture was hardly the essential prerequisite of settlement.Therefore the theory of the development of si agriculture of Hemudu culture seems not well founded.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40471012

Culture and Environment across the Hangzhou Bay in the Neolithic Age

杭州湾两岸新石器时代文化内涵显示 ,杭嘉湖平原和宁绍平原两支不同考古学文化发展阶段相一致 ,发生阶段性变化基本与降温事件吻合 ;两岸新石器时代文化经历“相似趋异渗透趋同”过程 ,它与中全新世海平面变化引起的杭州海湾钱塘江河口湾杭州至湖州古河口湾的形成演变、人类征服自然能力的逐渐增强和两岸文化发展的不平衡等有关The Neolithic culture across the Hangzhou B ay shows that the cultural development in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain was similar to that in the Ningbo-S haoxing Plain. They both coincided with the falling down of the temperature. The y underwent the process of similarity to dissimilarity to infiltration to being identical. They were related with the formation of Hangzhou Bay, Qiantang River Delta and the old river delta between Hangzhou and Huzhou resulted from the cha nge of the sea level, as well as the intensifying of human activities and the im balance of cultural development across the Bay.国家社会科学规划基金资助项目 (99BZS0 0 6