地理空間結構變遷下台灣行政區劃調整之研究

我國行政區域之劃分，自民國39年以後即未有大幅變動。而歷經時代更迭、政府層級體制轉變，加以人口、產業、經濟、區域發展以及全球化所造成地理空間結構之變遷，不但於現況產生許多問題，亦未能配合未來國家發展與國土政策之趨勢與需求，實有重新檢討、調整之必要性。因此，本研究以「經濟生活圈」之觀點與現象為出發，配合各國制度比較、台灣地理空間分析以及專家學者問卷結果，探討地理空間結構變遷下，台灣行政區劃之現況問題與未來調整之方式，並檢視現行行政區劃於行政治理、實質規劃、經濟產業與生活環境等面向所存在之問題，進而據以擬定台灣行政區劃調整之建議方案。 本研究藉由區域及都市體系理論、網路及網絡城市相關理論，歸結至經濟生活圈與「中地網絡體系」觀點而為論述基礎，探討地理空間結構變遷下台灣行政區劃調整之課題。爰此，主要研究結論與建議有： 一、經概述台灣、日本兩國近代國土政策之演變以及日本市町村合併之沿革後，可發現台灣之國土政策理念深受日本所影響，而日本透過市町村合併減少地方行政區數量之過程與精神，亦值得台灣參考；綜以台灣自明鄭時期以後行政區劃沿革之概述，以及各國行政區劃與政府層級之比較，亦能發現台灣地方行政區劃數量過多、地方政府層級架構不對稱之問題，以及人口/面積原則考量之重要性。 二、藉由北部區域城市層級體系、自然與社經空間、交通以及流動空間之分析結果，除證明地理空間結構確有產生變遷之事實外，更凸顯區域發展空間極化、公共設施配置與財政問題、「住—學」「住—業」失調以及行政區劃與生活圈範疇不盡一致之問題。 三、依據上述比較與分析之結果，設計三種不同考量之行政區劃調整方案，並藉以：1.透過專家學者問卷驗證台灣行政區劃之問題與調整方式、比較調整方案之優劣，據以提出「6市10縣2特別行政區」之建議方案。2.透過鄉（鎮、市、區）級行政區劃之整併，將鄉（鎮、市、區）數由368個減少為182個。3.基於廣域行政「區域合作」模式之運用，劃設跨域「都會聯盟」之治理範圍。 關鍵字：行政區劃、地理空間、網絡城市、經濟生活圈、區域合

Investigation of neural mechanisms of risky choice behavior in the rat

「風險決策」行為非常普遍的存在於吾人之日常生活中，而選項所帶來的風險和獎勵是吾人進行決策時的重要考量因素。風險選擇的適當與否，對於個體的生存扮演著相當重要的角色。在以往的文獻中，對於決策的行為歷程已有所關注及探討，但對於風險選擇行為的神經生理機制迄今未明。本研究藉由大白鼠於T字迷津中，選擇確定之低酬賞或高不確定性之高酬賞的行為表現，進行風險選擇行為的探討。本研究中以兩項主要實驗，探討風險選擇行為之神經行為機制。實驗1a中，確定之低酬賞端固定呈現1顆食物粒，而高不確定性之高酬賞端則同時操弄酬賞物機率(50%、25%及12.5%)以及酬賞物的量(2、4及8顆)，以系統性地檢驗期望值(0.5、1和2)於此風險選擇行為中扮演的角色。行為結果顯示當風險較低時，大白鼠會選擇高不確定性之高酬賞端；而風險較高時，則轉為選擇確定之低酬賞端。實驗1b中，系統性地施打不同劑量之安非他命，探討多巴胺系統在此風險選擇行為中之機制。實驗結果顯示施打安非他命後，大白鼠表現出相對地追求風險之行為，亦即選擇高不確定之高酬賞端之比例顯著高於控制組。實驗2中，藉由毀除大腦特定部位(依核、背外側之紋狀體、眶前額皮質、內側之前額皮質)，檢驗風險選擇行為之神經基礎。毀除後之結果顯示，僅有依核受到毀除之大白鼠表現出相對地趨避風險之選擇行為。綜合以上結果，本研究建立之風險選擇行為與多巴胺有關，而依核在此行為歷程中扮演重要的調節角色。Many decisions people make every day involve uncertainty where both risks and rewards associated with each option need to be considered. Behavioral performance associated to risk-based choice appears wildly over the lifespan, and the fitness of risky choice behavior plays an important role in individual survival. Despite a growing body of research has focused to investigate the neurobiology of decision making, little is known about the neurobehavioral mechanisms of risky choice behavior. Based on a pilot work, this study used a T-maze to study decision under a probability-based risk in the rat. The subject was assessed on making choice to obtain either a large reward associated with risk of non-reward “empty” or a small reward ensured for every entry. Two experiments were conducted in this project to investigate neurobehavioral mechanisms of probabilistic risky choice behavior. In Experiment 1a, probabilistic risky choice behavior was systemically assessed under three expected values (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) by manipulating the probabilities of reward presence (50%, 25%, and 12.5%) and the reward magnitude (2, 4, or 8 pellets) in the probabilistic high reward (PHR) arm. Behavioral data showed that the subject chose the probabilistic high reward in a lower risk condition but would shift to the choice of certain low reward (CLR) as the risk is increased. In Experiment 1b, the dose effects of amphetamine on this probabilistic risky choice task was tested to verify whether the dopaminergic mechanism was involved. Amphetamine, presumably activating brain dopamine systems, produced a relatively risk-seeking effect on the present behavioral task. In Experiment 2, the excitoneurotoxic lesion was conducted in the nucleus accumbens, the dorsolateral striatum, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex to examine the neural substrates for this probabilistic risky choice behavior. The results showed that the lesion of the nucleus accumbens significantly produced a relatively risk-averse effect on the present behavioral task, as compared to the lesions made on the other three brain areas. In conclusion, the probabilistic risky choice behavior established in the present study is dopamine dependent. And, the nucleus accumbens plays a major role of mediating this behavioral processing

鍍層厚度對於以無電鍍法製備之鎳密封鍍層光纖機械強度及抗低溫熱應力之效應

In this work, hermetically nickel-coated optical fibers were prepared by electroless plating method. The bath composition of electroless nickel includes nickel sulfate, hydrocortisone sodium succinct, sodium hypophosphite and lead ion. The nickel coatings in a variety of thickness were uniformly deposited on the glass fiber surface by controlling the plating time. Atomic force microscope measurement revealed that the nickel film in thickness of 65 nm has the lowest surface roughness. Tensile strength of the nickel-coated optical fibers was measured by tensile test. The nickel-coated optical fibers resulted in a maximum tensile strength as the thickness of Ni-deposits in the range from 65 to 218 nm. Optical microscope was used to examine the thermal stress induced voids on the surface of nickel coatings after the nickel-coated optical fibers immersed in the liquid nitrogen for one day. A minimum number of stress voids was induced on the surface for the nickel coatings ranging the thickness from 65 to 218 nm.本研究以無電鍍法製備鎳密封鍍層光纖。無電鎳鍍鍍成份包含硫酸鎳、珀酸鈉、次磷酸鈉及鉛離子。改變析鍍時間，分別製備出不同鍍層厚度的鎳鍍層光纖。以光學顯微鏡、掃描式電子顯微鏡與執華力顯微鏡，分別觀察鎳鍍層光纖的表面狀態、鍍層的膜厚及表面粗度。經由原子力顯微鏡的量測得知：當鍍層厚度為65nm時，有最的表面粗度，其平均粗度Ra為0.551nm。經由拉伸試驗：當鍍層厚度為65 nm至218 nm時，鎳密封鍍層光纖有最大的拉伸強度。將鎳鍍層光纖浸入液態氮一天後，經由光學顯微鏡觀熱應力誘發的裂縫，發弄鍍層厚度為65 nm至218 nm的鎳鍍層光纖表面有較少的裂縫

紅外線感應垃圾桶

[[abstract]]起初我們對我們的專題雖然有了構想！卻也找不到方向下手，後來看了許多網站和請教許多相關人士，走出了我們的第一步，我們用了80C51的程式來使垃圾桶作動，主要流程為接收到紅外線程式作動啟動馬達拉起線圈，使得垃圾桶蓋翻

普適AI服務：數位轉型趨勢下的智慧型代理人--普適AI服務：數位轉型趨勢下的智慧型代理人(1/2)

[[abstract]](1)精進自適應AI核心技術，探索通用型機器學習、遷移學習、零學習等技術，適應多變智慧服務應用。(2)強化AI可解釋及可信任性，嵌入信任度於模型設計、開發可調式及可驗證機制、運用虛實整合找出AI可解釋性。(3)創建TwinsTalk數位孿生平台，透過即時資料隨時監督實體表現，擴大智慧服務並帶動數位轉型及產業變革。(4)以AI為基礎的人機互動介面，強化功能、應用、安全及協助多元任務。(5)場域驗證：以實體及虛擬之智慧型代理人於協作陪伴、智慧城鄉、金融服務等場域實作。(6)建立聯邦資料治理與管理平台FedDGM：設計本地與伺服器端分開的治理機制，資料與模型進行迭代管理，達到完善資料治理與分享。[[note]]科技部[[note]]2021-11-01～2022-10-3