刑務所の経済学：なぜ刑務所運営に税金が掛かるのか？

The purpose of this essay is to unravel one of the still veiled mysteries about the prison system; the daily cost of one prisoner is about 1,300–1,400 yen. Most inmates work about eight hours every day. Calculating their hourly pay, based on the minimum wage (usually about 800 yen), they can earn 6,400 yen (800 yen × 8 h) per a day. In short, they should be able to cover their expenses (1,300–1,400 yen) with the “money” they can earn. Nevertheless, the prison system claims to “spend a lot of tax money” for living expenses. In doing so, the prison, previously known as a market failure, can be shown to be the government’s failure.本稿の目的は、未だベールに包まれている刑務所に関する「謎」を解明することである。受刑者1 人／1 日のコストは、1300～1400 円程度である。それに対し、受刑者はほぼ毎日8 時間働いている。時給800 円で単純計算すると、彼らは毎日6400 円（800 円×8 時間）を稼いでいる。つまり、彼らが稼いだ「お金」（6400 円）で、彼らのコスト（1300～1400 円）を賄うこともできるはずである。にもかかわらず、実際は、彼らは「税金を使いまくっている」。なぜなのか。この疑問への検討によって、これまで「市場の失敗」と捉えられてきた問題が、「政府の失敗」にもなりかねないことが明らかになる

Leflunomide prolongs the survival time of xenograft in a rat-to-mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model

摘要 目的：异种移植是解决器官移植供体短缺问题的有效手段。在解决了超急性 排斥反应之后，目前急性血管性排斥反应（AVR）及细胞性排斥反应（CMR）的发生成为了异种移植应用于临床的最大免疫学障碍。因此，建立具有典型AVR及CMR表现的小动物异种移植模型，并在该模型基础上研究新型免疫抑制剂来氟米特（LEF）的作用机制十分重要。本实验的主要目的如下：1.首次运用套管法建立小鼠为受体的异种心脏移植模型2.比较以BALB/c及以C57BL/6小鼠为受体的两种模型的典型免疫排斥机制3.探究来氟米特对以上两种模型中典型免疫排斥的影响及作用机制。 方法：首先运用套管法建立Lewis大鼠——小鼠为...Abstract Backgrounds：Xenotransplantation is an effective way to circumvent donor shortage in clinical transplantation. However, there come AVR and CMR to be the greatest barrier for clinical use of xenotransplantation. Moreover, the immunosuppressant regime used clinically is inadequate to help surpass the immunological barrier. Our aim is to establish a rat-to-mouse heterotopic heart transpl...学位：医学硕士院系专业：医学院_外科学学号：2452014115353

Study on the legal issues of the origin system between China Korea FTA

FTA原产地制度是包括原产地标准﹑规则及争端解决机制等在内的一整套法律制度。在FTA原产地制度中，实务上最重要的是争端解决机制，中韩FTA的实施能否取得成功就取决于争端解决机制能否完善运行。 中韩两国的经济体制在很多方面都有相似性，正是基于这一良好的基础，中韩两国达成了高水平的FTA。根据该协定，经过20年的过渡期后90%以上的税目产品会降为零关税。中韩两国市场融将为一体﹑形成一个互利的跨国大市场，而两国的产业将在其中相互竞争与合作。这样不仅可以使双方提升各自在对方市场的占有率，同时也有助于双方在全球竞争中处于优势地位。在中韩FTA框架下，企业可以提升自我的创新意识，实现企业的快速发展。 ...FTA country of origin is a relatively wide range of concepts including rules of origin rules and dispute settlement. In order to prevent trade confusion to safeguard the legitimate interests of the members of the FTA the FTA system of origin is necessary. Among the three factors the most important is the dispute settlement China and South Korea FTA's success depends on the improvement of the disp...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院_国际法学学号：1292014115447

The evolution of ABCA subfamily in chordates

ABC转运蛋白(ATP-bindingcassettetransporters)是广泛分布于真核生物和原核生物中的一个蛋白超家族，其家族成员大都整合于细胞膜或细胞器膜上，负责不同种类物质的跨膜运输。基于蛋白序列的同源性，人的48个ABC蛋白可分为7个亚家族：ABCA~ABCG。这7个亚家族在其它脊椎动物类群中均有发现，但与其他亚家族相比，ABCA亚家族在进化过程中发生基因倍增和丢失频率较高。ABCA亚家族在脊椎动物中的动态进化，主要是由于一串ABCA基因的不断倍增和丢失所致。在人的基因组中，此串基因由五个基因组成，而在斑马鱼中，只包含一个ABCA5基因。那么这一串基因是在脊椎动物的那个谱系开始...The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of genes encodes membrane proteins that transport many kinds of substrates across membranes. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, 48 ABC genes in the human genome were divided into seven subfamilies: ABCA to ABCG that were found in all vertebrates. Compared to other subfamilies, the ABCA gene family has undergone higher rat...学位：理学硕士院系专业：生命科学学院生物化学与生物技术系_生物化学与分子生物学学号：20032610

Prokaryotic Expression of Amphioxus BRA Protein and Preparation of the Polyclonal Antibody

Brachyury编码的转录调控因子BRA参与脊索动物脊索的分化形成,文昌鱼是最早具有真正脊索的后生动物类群,因此开展文昌鱼Brachyury基; 因功能研究,将有助于揭示脊索的起源与进化。文昌鱼具有2个Brachyury基因:Bra1和Bra2,二者编码的蛋白序列相似度高达93%,缺少有效; 区分二者的特异抗原表位,转录组数据分析表明Bra2表达量显著高于Bra1,进一步对BRA2蛋白序列特征分析发现其N端拥有丰富的潜在抗原决定簇,因; 此本研究选择了Bra2 N端696; bp基因序列所编码的蛋白片段作为制备抗体的抗原蛋白。将该段基因序列克隆重组入pET28a原核表达质粒,经诱导表达获分子量约31; ku的可溶性重组蛋白。通过Ni~(2+)亲和层析柱纯化,得到1.3 g/L高纯度抗原蛋白,用3只ICR小鼠(Mus; musculus)经4轮重组蛋白免疫[剂量50 mug/(只·次)]后获得最高效价(1︰256; 000)的多克隆抗体。Western印迹结果显示,本研究制备的鼠抗文昌鱼BRA多克隆抗体不仅可特异识别重组抗原蛋白,也可高效识别文昌鱼胚胎总蛋白; 中的BRA1和BRA2,为后续深入研究文昌鱼BRA在脊索发育调控中的作用提供了有力的分子工具。Homologues of the T-box gene Brachyury play an essential role in; notochord specification of early embryo development of chordates.; Amphioxuses, also called cephalochordates, represent the most basally; divergent lineage of chordates, being the sister group of urochordates; and vertebrates. It is now generally agreed that amphioxus is the first; animal group to evolve a real sense of notochord in all metazoans, hence; studying Brachyury in amphioxus would shed important insights into the; origin and evolution of notochord. In order to explore the function of; Brachyury in the developmental regulation network of amphioxus, we; generated a mouse anti-amphioxus BRA polyclonal antibody. Amphioxus; possesses two Brachyury homologues genes: Bra1 and Bra2, encoding two; proteins with a sequence similarity of 93% (Fig. 1a). It is very hard to; distinguish specific epitopes between them. The transcriptome data; showed that the expression level of Bra2 was much higher than that of; Bra1 (Fig. 1b). Further analysis of BRA2 sequence feature indicated that; ideal presume antigenic determinants located in the N-terminal of BRA2; (Fig. 1c). Therefore, a 696 bp gene segment was amplified by PCR from; Bra2 N-terminal (Fig. 2a) and inserted into prokaryotic expression; vector pET28a (Fig. 2b). The recombinant plasmid pET28a-Bra2-N was; transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 and induced to express the tagged; protein (Fig. 3a). We obtained a huge amount of soluble recombinant; protein with an expected size (31 ku) (Fig. 3b) and purified the tagged; protein using Ni~(2+) affinity chromatography (Fig. 3c). Three ICR mice; were immunized to generate polyclonal antibodies against amphioxus BRA2; with purified recombinant protein (1.3 g/L). The enzyme-linked; immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the titer of mouse; anti-amphioxus BRA2 antibody was 1︰256 000, with a high sensitivity; (Fig. 4a). Western blot experiments showed that the polyclonal antibody; could not only effectively identify recombinant protein (Fig. 4b) but; also recognized amphioxus BRA1 and BRA2 (Fig. 4c, Fig. 5a, b). In; conclusion, we successfully generated the mouse anti-amphioxus BRA; polyclonal antibody that would be a powerful molecular tool for further; investigating the function of Brachyury in amphioxus.国家自然科学基金项

Evolution and origin of IFN-inducible GTPase genes and functional analysis of amphioxus IFN-inducible GTPase genes

脊椎动物干扰素(interferon，缩写为IFN)分子可分为3种类型：I型（IFN-α/β和其它一些分子）、II型（IFN-γ）和III型（IFN-λ），它们在病毒和其它病原微生物免疫过程中具有非常重要的功能。研究发现，IFN可通过Jak-STAT（Janustyrosinekinases-SignalTransducersandActivatorsofTranscription）信号通路对大约1500个基因进行诱导。这些被诱导的分子相互协作，共同组成脊椎动物对抗病毒和其它病原微生物的复杂而有效的网络结构。然而，在这个网络中只有为数不多的几个成员得到了很好的研究。在剩下的功能研究不太深入的分...Vertebrate interferon (IFN) proteins, mainly comprising type I (IFN-α/β and some others), type-II (IFN-γ) and type III (IFN-λs) interferons, play an essential role in defense against viral and microbial invasions by activating the expression of about 1500 genes through the JAK-STAT pathway. Among these IFN-inducible proteins, only a fraction have been extensively studied The remainders, whose func...学位：理学博士院系专业：生命科学学院生物学系_动物学学号：2162006015329