The Conflict and Balance Between Standards and Patents

标准技术一般被认为是通用的、公知的、成熟的技术，它追求公开性、普遍适用性，强调行业的推广应用。而专利是专利法予以保护的、专有的、未经权利人许可不得实施的排他性权利。标准技术和专利权看似一对矛盾体，然而，在一个经济和科技高度发达的社会中，具有活力的技术标准必然需要使用先进技术，而先进的技术往往都是经过周密专利布局的。因此，如何研究在标准的推广和专利权的保护之间寻找平衡点具有较大的理论意义和实践意义。 本文通过详细定义技术标准以及标准专利，阐述专利进入标准的条件，标准专利的合理运营与垄断之间的界限，对标准专利的认定以及可能出现的垄断法律问题的解决提出了构想。第一，本文指出对标准的划分，除了强制性...Standard technology is generally considered to be general, public knowledge, mature technology, it is the pursuit of openness, universal applicability, emphasizing the promotion of the industry application. The patent is the exclusive right to be protected by the patent law. The standard technology and the patent right seem to be a contradiction, however, with the development of social economy and...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法学院_知识产权法学学号：X201112002

乡村振兴战略中的农村公共体育服务有效供给

乡村振兴战略自党的十九大报告提出后,成为“三农”事业发展的顶层设计,并以产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕为总要求。在该战略背景下,我国农村公共体育服务虽已取..

Preparation of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from polyols via one-step redox process

在较温和的条件下,山梨醇和木糖醇被氢碘酸还原转化为高碳烃液体燃料。产物采用gC-MS和fT-Ir进行定量分析与表征,并对高碳烃产品的理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,以山梨醇为原料制备的高碳烃产物主要是包括C12H16、C12H18、C12H20、C12H22和C18H26在内的烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃等化合物,烃类的总产率可达85.1%。以木糖醇为原料的反应过程与山梨醇相似,但所得高碳烃是以C10和C15为主的烃类化合物,产率为62.8%。实验还以质量分数为50%的山梨醇和50%的木糖醇混合物为原料制备了高碳烃,结果发现,产物中除C10、C12、C15和C18烃外,还有一定量的C11烃生成,高碳烃产率为65.4%。反应产物经碱化、旋转蒸发和减压蒸馏后分离得到纯度较高的高碳烃,其含水量低于0.2%,常温下运动黏度为3.15~3.17 MM2/S,密度为0.830~0.840 g/Ml,含氧量为1.8%~2.1%,热值高于43 MJ/kg。高碳烃的生成是由于多元醇被还原过程中C-I键的极性反转和分子间C-C键的偶联导致。Sorbitol and xylitol were used as raw materials for the preparation of heavier hydrocarbons by reduction with hydriodic acid under mild reaction conditions.The generated liquid hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FT-IR).Their physicochemical properties were further characterized.The heavier hydrocarbons obtained from sorbitol mainly include C12H16,C12H18,C12H20,C12H22and C18H26,with a yield of 85.1%.In contrast,that prepared from xylitol were mainly composed of C10and C15hydrocarbons with a yield of 62.8%.When using a mixture of sorbitol /xylitol(50 ∶ 50) as feedstock,C11hydrocarbons were also generated besides C10,C12,C15and C18hydrocarbons.The yield of total heavier hydrocarbons was 65.4%.To get purer liquid hydrocarbons,the obtained raw product was treated with potassium hydroxide in an ethyl alcohol solution,followed by rotary evaporation and vacuum distillation,and a liquid hydrocarbon fuel contains less than 0.2% of water and 1.8% ~2.1% of oxygen was generated.Its kinematic viscosity is 3.15 ~ 3.17 mm2/s,density 0.83 ~ 0.84 g /mL,and calorific value greater than 43 MJ /kg at room temperature.The umpolung of the C- I bond and the intermolecular C- C coupling may result in the formation of heavier hydrocarbons from polyols.国家自然科学基金(21276214); 国家重点研究基础研究发展规划(973计划;2012CB215306

Separation of Chemicals from Bio-oil and Their Application Prospects

在分析生物油理化性质的基础上,综述了从生物油中获得酚类、酸类、糖类、醛类和酯类产品的现有分离方法及其优缺点,指出了目前存在的问题及今后发展的方向。并简要介绍了分离得到的产品在化学工业、农业、交通运输业和食品业等方面的应用,展望了生物油产品分离研究的发展方向。综述了从生物油中分离化学品的方法及其应用,总结了分离过程中存在的主要问题或挑战,展望了生物油产品分离研究的发展方向,以期为进一步研究提供思路与参考。Bio-oil is a renewable,environmentally-friendly energy source.The recovery of chemicals from it had attracted a lot of attentions and certain progress was also achieved over the past decades.In this paper,various methods for separation of chemicals from bio-oil were reviewed.Phenols can be extracted with organic solvents after alkalization-acidification treatment;acetic acid can be separated via reactive extraction;sugars can be recovered with organic solvents;and aldehydes can be separated by forming Schiff-base.The chemicals extracted from bio-oil can be used in agricultural,food or chemical industry,for instance,they are used as nitrogen slow-releasing organic fertilizer,flavoring additives,de-icer agent and phenolic resins.The main challenges for separations were summarized,and the future research directions were pointed out,too.国家高技术研究发展计划(863)项目(2012AA051801

Impacts of surface micro-topography on cellular biological responses

与常规的细胞体外培养器皿不同，细胞在体内生长时，其微环境并不是简单的平面形式，每一种组织都有其特定的三维微结构。这类具有微结构的微环境是细胞生长、分化的重要调控因子。近年关于基底微拓扑结构影响细胞生长、分化等行为研究的文献迅速增加，研究发现，具有微拓扑结构的基底可改变细胞的铺展、迁移、取向等行为，引导细胞骨架的重排，调控干细胞分化潜能，对于体外组织构建以及医学植入材料的表面处理具有指导性意义。本文就有关基底微拓扑结构影响细胞生物学研究的最新进展进行了综述

基底力学微环境对干细胞生物学功能的影响

目的:干细胞是一类没有分化的多潜能细胞,具有无限自我增殖和分化成多种细胞的能力。干细胞生长的生理微环境称为壁龛(niche),基底硬度、拓扑结构和三维尺寸等物理力学特征决定干细胞的命运。尽管越来越多的证据证明基底力学微环境对干细胞干性及分化具有重要影响,但基底硬度、拓扑结构和三维尺寸单因素及多因素耦合如何影响干细胞的特性及其分子机制还不够清楚。方法:为模拟体内干细胞生长力学微环境,考察不同基

要勇敢面对一流本科教育这个世界性难题(笔谈)

本科教育是培养高层次人才的根本,也是培养科学创新型人才的起点。"双一流"建设背景下,建设一流本科教育日益成为社会共识,因为一流本科教育是一流大学之基。一流本科教育离不开高质量教学,高质量教学相信学生具有理性探究能力,只有坚持平等性、建构性和个性化原则,把能力培养作为教学的中心任务,才能进行有效的教学创新。合作学习是教学生态重建的抓手,也是提高教学质量、促进教学创新的一个重要向度。高质量教学需要可靠的保障机制,学生课程评估已成为高校教学质量保障体系的重要一环。但课程评估的主要目标是通过反馈以帮助教师改进教学,而不是对教师教学质量实施"监控"。一流本科教育最根本的标志是能够培养出一流人才,对"拔尖学生"的培养自然而然就成了人们关注的一个重点,学习投入、学习方法、学习情绪等"过程性指标"应成为关注的核心。一流人才的培养需要教学和科研发挥各自优势,协同育人。同时,一流本科教育依赖于一流的专业教育,一流的专业教育必须实现对传统专业教育模式的超越。教育部人文社会科学重点基地重大项目“中国特色的大学治理结构与质量保障机制建设研究”(项目编号:18JJD880005);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“经济新常态下的教育财政研究”(项目编号:16JJD880002)国家社科基金教育学一般项目“‘创新战略’背景下中国一流大学‘拔尖计划’本科生的深层学习研究”(BIA180169);国家社科基金“十三五”规划(教育类)一般课题“‘双一流’建设大学教学和科研协同育人机制研究”(项目编号:BIA180163)山东省高等教育改革与发展研究院重大委托项目“中国特色高等教育质量治理体系建构研究

Differential regulation of stiffness, topography, and dimension of substrates in rat mesenchymal stem cells

The physiological microenvironment of the stem cell niche, including the three factors of stiffness, topography, and dimension, is crucial to stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Although a growing body of evidence is present to elucidate the importance of these factors individually, the interaction of the biophysical parameters of the factors remains insufficiently characterized, particularly for stem cells. To address this issue fully, we applied a micro-fabricated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate with two elasticities, two topographies, and three dimensions to systematically test proliferation, morphology and spreading, differentiation, and cytoskeletal re-organization of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) on twelve cases. An isolated but not combinatory impact of the factors was found regarding the specific functions. Substrate stiffness or dimension is predominant in regulating cell proliferation by fostering cell growth on stiff, unevenly dimensioned substrate. Topography is a key factor for manipulating cell morphology and spreading via the formation of a large spherical shape in a pillar substrate but not in a grooved substrate. Although stiffness leads to osteogenic or neuronal differentiation of rBMSCs on a stiff or soft substrate, respectively, topography or dimension also plays a lesser role in directing cell differentiation. Neither an isolated effect nor a combinatory effect was found for actin or tubulin expression, whereas a seemingly combinatory effect of topography and dimension was found in manipulating vimentin expression. These results further the understandings of stem cell proliferation, morphology, and differentiation in a physiologically mimicking microenvironment

社会系统工程与国家治理体系现代化

2014年3月30日,中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院社会系统工程研究中心成立暨“社会系统工程与国家治理体系现代化“学术研讨会在中国人民大学逸夫会堂第一会议室举行,来自十余所高校和学术团体的专家、学者和一些媒体的代表参加了会议。现把会议主要发言内容选载如下

CCCCC pentadentate chelates with planar Möbius aromaticity and unique properties

本课题充分发挥了厦门大学多学科协同研究优势，通讯作者为夏海平教授（合成、表征）、刘刚教授（生物医学应用）和吕鑫教授（理论计算）。合成实验和结构表征由朱从青（第一作者，目前在麻省理工学院、2005年诺贝尔化学奖得主Richard Schrock教授课题组从事博士后研究）完成；生物医学应用由杨彩霞（共同第一作者）、林凎、杨宇惠、王晓勇合作完成；理论计算由朱军、王永恒、朱从青完成。美国NIH的陈小元教授参与了生物医学应用的讨论。该研究工作得到国家自然科学基金委、科技部项目的支持。The coordinating atoms in polydentate chelates are primarily heteroatoms. We present the first examples of pentadentate chelates with all binding atoms of the chelating agent being carbon atoms, denoted as CCCCC chelates. Having up to five metal-carbon bonds in the equatorial plane has not been previously observed in transition metal chemistry. Density functional theory calculations showed that the planar metallacycle has extended Craig-Möbius aromaticity arising from 12-center–12-electron dπ-pπ π-conjugation. These planar chelates have broad absorption in the ultraviolet-visible–near-infrared region and, thus, notable photothermal performance upon irradiation by an 808-nm laser, indicating that these chelates have potential applications in photothermal therapy. The combination of facile synthesis, high stability, and broad absorption of these complexes could make the polydentate carbon chain a novel building block in coordination chemistry.the National Basic Research Program of China (nos. 2012CB821600 and 2014CB744503) , the National Science Foundation of China (nos. 21332002, 81422023, 51273165, 21490573, and 21573179)