Study on endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim Basin

本文在查阅大量文献、标本、多次实地调查及实验基础上，首次对塔里木盆地沙拐枣属特有种的生物学与群落生态学特点进行了全面研究，主要分析了果实性状的变异特征、染色体基数、花粉形态特征、生境土壤特征、群落结构等多项研究，填补了塔里木盆地沙拐枣属植物研究在该领域的空白。主要研究结果如下：果实形状、果实长度、果实果宽、刺毛长度、两刺间距、两肋间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度与瘦果宽度等9个果实性状在单株内、单株间、不同居群间表示出不同程度的差异，但它们的变异程度有所不同，在同一个居群内单株之间的变异远大于单株内变异；果实肋数在不同居群之间有变异；每条果肋刺行数在单株内、单珠间与同一种的不同居群间都保持稳定不变，因此，认为塔里木盆地5种沙拐枣的主要果实分类性状依据是果实每肋刺的行数，而果实形状、果实长度、果实宽度、刺毛长度、两刺间距、两肋间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度与瘦果宽度等性状的分类学意义不大。根据塔里木沙拐枣果实性状，将塔里木沙拐枣5个居群划分为两种类型；而分别根据果实形状、果实长度、果实宽度、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度、瘦果宽度等9个指标，将塔里木沙拐枣5个居群分别划分为不同的类型，这些表明塔里木沙拐枣果实形态变异性很大。塔里木盆地4种沙拐枣的染色体基数均为9，其中，英吉沙沙拐枣和若羌沙拐枣为二倍体；而塔里木沙拐枣和库尔勒沙拐枣为四倍体。塔里木盆地5种沙拐枣之间花粉的形状、萌发器官类型、外壁层次、纹饰类型等十分相似，花粉呈近长球性或长球性，具三孔沟，沟长，较宽，几达两极。沟从赤道到两极由粗变细。外壁两层，外壁在扫描电镜下呈穴状纹饰，小穴均分布在花粉粒表面上。调查的5种沙拐枣群落都具有植物种类组成单一、植物群落垂直结构简单等共同特点。不同沙拐枣属种植物所形成的群落差异主要表现在物种组成、物种多样性水平和其优势种等方面。塔里木盆地5种沙拐枣生境的土壤均偏碱性；土壤有机质含量都较低，均属贫瘠的碱性土壤条件。塔克拉玛干沙拐枣生境土壤为风沙土，英吉沙沙拐枣生境的土壤机械组成有近同塔克拉玛干沙拐枣的特点，而塔里木盆地其它3种沙拐枣都是砾质或沙砾质荒漠戈壁分布的种类。而塔里木沙拐枣生境土壤类型变异丰富。描述了新种——塔克拉玛干沙拐枣（Calligonum .taklimakanense B.R Pan et G.M.Shen）的分类学特征；并根据野外实地调查结果，对塔里木沙拐枣（Calligonum roborowskii A.Los.）、库尔勒沙拐枣（Calligonum korlaense Z.M.Mao）、英吉沙沙拐枣（Calligonum yengisaricum Z.M.Mao）与若羌沙拐枣（Calligonum ruoqiangense Liou.f.）的分类学特征做了详细的修订，并在此基础上，建立了塔里木盆地5种沙拐枣的检索表，为野外识别塔里木盆地分布的各种沙拐枣提供了鉴定依据。Based on literature survey, and both herbarium and field observations, the variation pattern within and between individuals and between populations of 11 major characters of fruit, chromosome base number, pollen-morpholy, the properties of the soil in the habitats, characteristics of community of endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin region was studied, and the taxonomic values of the characters were preliminarily evaluated. The main researching results were as following: There are significant difference within and between the natural individuals and the between population among the 9 of the 11 morphological traits which are the variability of shape of seed, length of seed, diameter of seed, the bristle length of seed, the distance of between bristles, the distance of the between ribs, shape of achene's, length of achene’s, diameter of achene’s. And the degree of variation of morphological traits is different. The difference within plants are lesser than the between the plants; number of ribs of fruit of between population are not constant; the bristle row number of per ribs are the most constant and hence most reliable diagnostic taxonomic characters in the genus. According to the morphological traits of fruit, we compartmentalized the studied five population of Calligonum roborowskii A.Los as two ecological races. respectively the variability of shape of seed, length of seed, diameter of seed, the bristle length of seed, the distance of between bristles, the distance of the between ribs, shape of achene’s, length of achene’s, diameter of achene’s, we compartmentalized the studied five population of Calligonum roborowskii A.Los as different ecological race. Chromosome base number of endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin region is 9. C.yengisaricum Z.M.Mao and C.ruoqiangense Liou f. were found to be diploid (2n=2x=18), C.roborowskii A.Los and C.korlaense Z.M.Mao were found to be tetraploid (2n=4x=36). Pollen morphology of endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin was examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the pollen morphology of Calligonum is rather similar in shape, size, position and number of aperture, and exile sculpture. All of them are subspheroidal or prelate in shape, with their germination aperture being all 3-colporete. The community structure of endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin is very simple. The vertical structure of the community is only composed by shrub layer and herb layer. The soil particle size mainly concentrate at sand ; The pH shows alkaline character; The content of soil organic matter is low of the endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin.The variation index of soil particle size, content of salt and content of soil organic matter between five populations of Calligonum roborowskii A.Los. are different. Calligonum taklimakanense B.R Pan G.M.Shen distribute in the sandy soil; soil particle size of Calligonum yengisaricum Z.M.Mao is similiar to that of Calligonum taklimakanense B.R Pan G.M.Shen;Calligonum roborowskii A.Los, Calligonum korlaense Z.M.Mao and Calligonum .ruoqiangense Liou f are mainly distribute in the gravel gobi region. Calligonum taklimakanense B.R Pan et G.M.Shen, a new species from Taklamakan desert, is described and illustrated; According of the field investigation and studying above mentioned on the taxonomic values of the mojor morphological characters in the species of Calligonum L. endemic to Tarim basin, Calligonum roborowskii A.Los, Calligonum korlaense Z.M.Mao ,Calligonum yengisaricum Z.M.Mao and Calligonum ruoqiangense Liou f are taxonomically revised and A key to endemic species of Calligonum in Tarim basin are established

塔里木沙拐枣生境的土壤特征研究

通过对分布在我国塔里木盆地的塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)居群的土壤特征进行分析。结果表明:塔里木沙拐枣居群土壤颗粒粒级组成较粗,属于砂土组的粗砂土类型;pH值在8.09-8.88之间,呈碱性;养分和有机质含量普遍较低;不同生境塔里木沙拐枣居群土壤颗粒、土壤盐分、土壤养分之间都存在不同程度的变异;根据土壤特征(土壤粒径、土壤盐分、土壤养分),将塔里木沙拐枣生境土壤划分为两种类型

塔里木沙拐枣果实性状的种内变异研究

以塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)果实形态特征为研究对象,应用方差分析法,对同一居群单株内与单株间果实形态性状变异情况及果实性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果显示,果实形状、果实长度、果实宽度、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度、瘦果宽度等9个果实性状指标在单株内与单株间都有变异,但单株间果实变异比单株内果实变异大,而每果肋数与每条肋刺行数2个指标不论单株内还是单株间都保持稳定,说明每果肋数与每条肋刺行数2个指标是沙拐枣属植物分类的重要特征指标;代表果实和瘦果大小指标的相关关系都达到极显著,说明果实和瘦果的生长发育都保持一定的一致性,大的果实一般瘦果也大

不同居群塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A. Los.)果实形态变异研究

应用方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析等方法,对塔里木盆地分布的塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A.Los.)5个居群的果实形态进行了形态差异分析。单因素方差分析显示果实长度、果实宽度、果实长宽/果实宽度比、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、取刺毛后的瘦果长度、瘦果宽度、瘦果长度/瘦果宽度比与每果肋数等10个果实性状在不同居群间具有极显著差异;主成分分析显示两刺间距,两肋间距,刺毛长度等3个性状是造成各居群果实表型差异的主要指标;根据果实形态地理距离比较近的居群聚为一大支;相关性分析显示果实长度与果实宽度,海拔与刺毛长度极显著正相关

覆膜增温对沙枣树产胶的增产作用/Eeffect of temperature increase caused by plastic film mulching on the gum yield for Elaeagnus angustifolia[J]

沙枣树（Elaeagnus angustifolia）覆膜试验的结果表明,覆膜对沙枣树产胶的增产效果明显,成熟林覆膜后较裸地增产30.3%,单株年产量由86.7g/株增加到112.9g/株;过熟林覆膜后较裸地增产18.0%,单株年产量由76.0g/株增加到86.7g/株。增产是因为覆膜明显地提高了地温,成熟林覆膜后林地的增温效果是13.7%,而过熟林由于土壤过湿,林地的增温效果是2.2%。覆膜增温提高了树木的生理活性,表现在以促进林木速生期的生长速率方式提高了新枝生长量,并且成熟林的速生期还较过熟林长。从生长速率到出胶速率的最大值和最小值的天数及速率分析,覆膜较裸地大,并且成熟林大于过熟林,是生理活性增强出胶量大的主要原因

两种沙枣树的流胶量及地理差异/Gummosis productivity and geographical differentiation between Elaeagnus angustifolia and E. moorariftii[J]

沙枣和大果沙枣无论是成林还是幼林,沙枣的流胶率和流胶量都要低于大果沙枣.生长在暖温带南疆的沙枣,流胶虽然低于寒冷的中温带北疆,但流胶量却大于北疆.虽然沙枣成林的数量巨大,但因缺乏产品型的产业替代进口的阿拉伯胶,要做到从单林转换到资源林的位置上来还需努力

新疆果树原胶的出胶调查/Investigation on Gum Output of Fruit Trees in Xinjiang[J]

以新疆果树为试材,研究了山桃、蟠桃、桃杏、杏、巴旦杏、李子、李子幼林、水蜜桃、黄果山楂、新疆梨、石榴共11个果树原胶的出胶率和出胶量.结果表明:山桃、蟠桃、巴旦杏、桃杏和杏的出胶率和出胶量较大,高达90％的树木都出胶,且单株出胶量多在40～50 g；李子和水蜜桃的出胶率则较小,一般在25％,单株出胶量1～3 g；黄果山楂、新疆梨和石榴未发现出胶

塔里木盆地塔里木沙拐枣群落特征/The community characteristics of Calligonum roborowskii A.Los in Tarim Basin[J]

塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii)主产塔里木盆地,是该地区主要防风固沙先锋树种.以塔里木盆地5个天然塔里木沙拐枣群落为研究对象,通过样方凋查,对物种组成,区系成分,群落结构,物种丰富度和多样性等要素进行了初步研究,结果表明:塔里木沙拐枣天然群落共出现种子植物11种,分属6科10属；该群落植物种类组成贫乏,区系成分简单.从属的地理成分分析来看,古地中海成分明显多于温带成分；群落生活型以高位芽植物占优势,1年生植物次之；群落的垂直结构简单,可分为灌木层、草本层；从多样性指数的数量特征来看,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化范围为0.808-1.175,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为0.489-0.641

沙拐枣属4种植物同地栽培开花物候与生殖特性比较/Comparison of Flowering Phenology and Reproductive Traits of Four Species of Calligonum L. （Polygonaceae） under Ex-situ Conservation at the Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden in Xinjiang, China[J]

选取吐鲁番沙漠植物园同地栽培的沙拐枣属（Calligonum L．）4种植物，在群体、个体、枝条、同化枝和单花5个水平上，2007-2009年连续进行开花物候和生殖特性研究。主要结论如下：①4a中4种沙拐枣的各项开花物候参数相似，2010年各项物候参数明显推迟，4月中旬的温度是影响开花时间的主要因素。②在个体和群体水平上，泡果沙拐枣（C．calliphysa）和红皮沙拐枣（C．rubicundum）相似，表现为“集中开花模式”，花期重叠指数较高，达79．99％～100％，密刺沙拐枣（c．densum）和艾比湖沙拐枣（c．ebinuricum）相似，表现为“持续开花模式”，花期重叠指数较高，为51．79％～79．82％，4个种的共有重叠期较短。③在枝条水平上，泡果沙拐枣和红皮沙拐枣开花物候特征也表现相似，为开放集中，开花振幅高；密刺沙拐枣和艾比湖沙拐枣表现相似，为开放时间长，开花振幅低。④在同化枝水平上，开花数、持续时间和同化枝长度在种间和年际间均有不同程度的差异，同化枝水平的始花位置种间也具有差异，表现为泡果沙拐枣、红皮沙拐枣一密刺沙拐枣始花位置主要集中在第2、3关节，艾比湖沙拐枣通常在第4关节。⑤在单花水平上，泡果沙拐枣、红皮沙拐枣、密刺沙拐枣、艾比湖沙拐枣的单花开放持续时间分别为（9．14±0．26）h、（12．95±1．07）h、（10．69±1．75）h、（22．40±1．92）h。⑥在同化枝水平上，4种沙拐枣开花高峰期的坐果率较高，开花数目与坐果数显著正相关；坐果数和开花位置有一定的关系，表现为着生花多的关节坐果数也高，其中，泡果沙拐枣的花和果主要集中在第2、3、4关节，红皮沙拐枣集中在第3、4、5关节，密刺沙拐枣集中在第2、3、4、5关节，艾比湖沙拐枣集中在第4、5、6关节