有机添加剂对超级电容器界面特性及能量密度的影响

能量密度较低是双电层超级电容器急需突破的瓶颈问题之一，材料/电解液的表界面作为离子吸附以及储存能量的场所，其特性对超级电容器的比电容具有重要影响。本文通过向离子液体和水系电解液中加入不同的有机添加剂，研究有机添加剂对固-液表界面润湿性以及界面离子浓度分布等的影响，揭示了有机添加剂对超级电容器比电容和能量密度的影响及机制。取得主要结论如下：（1）针对离子液体电解液黏度高、润湿性差的问题，采用添加乙腈来提高表界面的润湿性。结果表明当离子液体[EMIM]BF4与乙腈的体积比达到1:3时，界面的接触角从43&deg;降低到15&deg;，润湿性的大幅提高导致材料的比表面积利用率增加，材料的比电容从12.1 F/cm3增加到29.4 F/cm3。 （2）在水系电解液中，研究了异丙醇对超级电容器比电容和能量密度的影响。发现异丙醇的加入不仅可以提高活性炭界面的润湿性，同时还有效的提高了体系在长循环后的比电容保持率；20vol%的异丙醇可以明显抑制体系在高电势下的极化现象，将工作电压窗口从-0.8~0 V提高到-0.8~0.5 V，超级电容器的能量密度也从纯水体系中的7.0 Wh/kg增加到了19.4 Wh/kg；活性炭在高电流密度（10 A/g）下比电容的衰减幅度也因为异丙醇的加入得到了巨大改善，从30.3%降低到13.9%。（3）采用实验与模拟相结合的方法，揭示了电极表面离子分布对超级电容器比电容的影响及其动力学调控机制。首先研究了电解质浓度对比电容的影响，DFT模拟发现高浓度电解质导致电极表面离子呈现多层有序分布，导致比电容的升高。通过添加有机添加剂甘油来改变离子的传递速率和充电速率，发现了动力学过程对表面离子分布的影响，提出高能量密度的离子吸附模型及其动力学优化路径。;Low energy density is one of the bottleneck problems hindering the development of double layer supercapacitors. The interface of materials and electrolytes serves as the place for ion adsorption and energy storage, which has a great influence on the specific capacitance of supercapacitors. In this paper, by adding different organic solvents into the ionic liquid and the aqueous electrolyte, the effects of organic additives on the interfacial wettability and the ion concentration distribution at interface of electrode were investigated respectively. The interface characteristics were associated with the specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitors. The main conclusions are shown in the followings:（1）High viscosity and poor wettability are the main problems of ionic liquid as the electrolyte of supercapacitors. The acetonitrile was selected in this study and added into ionic liquid [EMIM]BF4 to improve the wettability. It was showed that when the volume ratio of [EMIM]BF4 and acetonitrile was 1:3, the contact angle of interface decreased from 43&deg; to 15&deg;, which resulted in a good wettability and a high utilization rate of specific surface area. The specific capacitance of materials increased from 12.1 F/cm3 to 29.4 F/cm3 as a result of the addition of acetonitrile（2）The effect of isopropanol on the specific capacitance and energy density of aqueous electrolyte was investigated in this study. It was found that the addition of isopropanol not only enhanced the wettability of the interface, but also improved the specific capacitance retention after long-term cycles effectively. In addition, 20vol% addition of isopropanol inhibited the polarization at high potential significantly, which increased the voltage window from -0.8~0 V to -0.8~0.5 V, leading to the energy density improved from 7.0 Wh/kg in 6 M KOH to 19.4 Wh/kg. The specific capacitance attenuation at high current density (10 A/g) was also improved greatly by the addition of isopropanol, which dropped from 30.3% to 13.9%.（3）By the experiments and simulations, the influence of ion distribution in the surface of electrode on the specific capacitance and its kinetic regulation mechanism was revealed. Firstly, the effect of aqueous electrolyte concentration on the specific capacitance was investigated. The DFT simulation revealed that there was multi-layered orderly packing of ions at the interface of electrode at the high concentration of electrolyte, which resulted in a high specific capacitance. By regulating the transport rate of ions in electrolyte and the charging rate of ions, the influence of kinetics process on the specific capacitance was investigated. A model with multi-layered adsorption of ions was proposed for a high capacitance , and the kinetic in favor of multi-layered adsorption was pointed out.&nbsp;</p

基于改进阶次分析与自适应VMD的变转速齿轮箱故障诊断研究

变转速齿轮箱由于工况复杂导致转频不稳定，齿轮箱的微弱故障信号可能会被掩盖在强噪声中，不能直接应用传统的时频分析方法，为故障特征的提取增加一定的难度。针对变转速信号的处理，传统的计算阶次分析方式（COT）很好地解决了变转速齿轮箱的故障特征难以提取出来的问题，但由于传统COT中所使用的重采样方法是基于样条插值法的，无法根据转频选取转频，导致重采样间隔并不均匀；提出了改进的阶次分析方法，根据采样的各点角速度依次进行重采样，提高了阶次分析的精度。同时，变转速齿轮箱因动力传递复杂，导致变转速齿轮箱噪声更加严重。变分模态分解（VMD）常被被用来去除复杂信号噪声，提取被掩盖在强噪声中的微弱故障信号。提出了自适应VMD使用能量法，确定分解层数后对分量进行指标化选取，使去噪的效果得到进一步提升。通过对实验信号分析，使用此方法进行验证。结果表明，此方法能有效转换变转速齿轮箱信号为阶次信号并对故障进行识别

Process and Enlightenment of the Reform of Government Institutions since the Reform and Opening Up

自1978年改革开放以来，中国的政府机构改革经历了三大阶段共七次改革。中国政府机构改革，既是行政体制改革的关键环节，又是政治体制改革的重要内容。机构改革的目标是按照建立中国特色社会主义行政体制的要求，切实转变政府职能，优化机构设置，做好编制管理，完善运行机制，提高行政效能。政府机构改革已取得了一定成效，极大地提升了政府治理能力，建立起与市场经济体制相适应的机构配置，从精简机构进到理顺权责关系并推动政府职能转变。今后，应从以下几个方面着手继续深化政府机构改革：一是加强顶层设计，注重与全面深化改革的配套推进；二是择选指导理论，从服务行政理念到整体治理理论；三是遵循核心逻辑，从精简优化机构到划分权力边界；四是把握关键环节，着力制度构建、职能转变和编制管理。Since the reform and opening up in 1978, the reform of Chinese government institutions has gone through seven reforms in three stages, which are not only the key link of administrative system reform, but also the important content of political system reform. The goal of institutional reform conforms to the requirements of socialist administrative system with Chinese characteristics, which aim to transform the function of the govern- ment, optimize the organization settings, improve the management of authorized size, promote the operational mechanism and improve the administrative efficiency. The reform has made certain achievements, greatly promo- ting the governance capacity of the government while setting up the institutional configuration that adapts to the market economy system, which ranges from streamlining the institutions to rationalizing the relationship between power and responsibility till promoting the transformation of government functions. In the future it is suggested to further deepen the reform of government institutions from several aspects. One is to strengthen the top-level de- sign that focuses on the supporting promotion of comprehensively deepens the reform. The other is to choose the guiding theory that ranges from the concept of service administration to the overall governance theory. The third is to follow the core logic that includes the streamlined and optimized institutions as well as the division of power boundaries. The fourth is to grasp the key links that focus on the system construction, functional transformation and management of authorized size

有机添加剂对超级电容器中水系电解液理化性能的影响

以6 mol/L KOH水溶液为电解液,高比表面积的活性炭为活性物质,研究了有机添加剂对体系润湿性、电导率、工作电压窗口及阻抗的影响,测试了超级电容器的电化学性能。结果表明,适量添加有机添加剂可明显抑制体系的极化现象,提高超级电容器的工作电压窗口。添加10vol%异丙醇时,电极材料和电解液间的润湿性大幅提高,比电容从79.3 F/g提高至113.2F/g。添加20vol%异丙醇时,超级电容器的能量密度达19.4Wh/kg,体系的电荷转移电阻明显降低,在10A/g电流密度下的比电容比0.5 A/g时下降13.9%,而不加添加剂时下降30.3%。添加30vol%异丙醇时,电解液电导率迅速下降,比电容降低,电导率是影响比电容的关键因素

有机添加剂对超级电容器中水系电解液理化性能的影响

以6 mol/L KOH水溶液为电解液,高比表面积的活性炭为活性物质,研究了有机添加剂对体系润湿性、电导率、工作电压窗口及阻抗的影响,测试了超级电容器的电化学性能。结果表明,适量添加有机添加剂可明显抑制体系的极化现象,提高超级电容器的工作电压窗口。添加10vol%异丙醇时,电极材料和电解液间的润湿性大幅提高,比电容从79.3 F/g提高至113.2 F/g。添加20vol%异丙醇时,超级电容器的能量密度达19.4 Wh/kg,体系的电荷转移电阻明显降低,在10 A/g电流密度下的比电容比0.5 A/g时下降13.9%,而不加添加剂时下降30.3%。添加30vol%异丙醇时,电解液电导率迅速下降,比电容降低,电导率是影响比电容的关键因素

有机添加剂对超级电容器中水系电解液理化性能的影响

以6 mol/L KOH水溶液为电解液,高比表面积的活性炭为活性物质,研究了有机添加剂对体系润湿性、电导率、工作电压窗口及阻抗的影响,测试了超级电容器的电化学性能。结果表明,适量添加有机添加剂可明显抑制体系的极化现象,提高超级电容器的工作电压窗口。添加10vol%异丙醇时,电极材料和电解液间的润湿性大幅提高,比电容从79.3 F/g提高至113.2 F/g。添加20vol%异丙醇时,超级电容器的能量密度达19.4 Wh/kg,体系的电荷转移电阻明显降低,在10 A/g电流密度下的比电容比0.5 A/g时下降13.9%,而不加添加剂时下降30.3%。添加30vol%异丙醇时,电解液电导率迅速下降,比电容降低,电导率是影响比电容的关键因素

泥鳅秋季人工繁殖及苗种培育试验

8月中旬挑选体长12 cm以上的泥鳅作为亲本进行秋季人工繁殖,经过25 d强化培育,90%以上的亲鳅发育良好,催产雌鳅19.3 kg,催产率在86%,受精率83%,孵化率96%,共获得仔鱼约340 万尾。以丰年虫无节幼体作为开口饵料,3 d后鳅苗平均全长达0.8 cm,成活率高达99%以上;半个月后体长达2cm左右;到10月中旬,鳅苗平均全长5.0 cm左右,体重达3~4 g,成活率为60%,共计获得鳅苗约200多万尾

激光扫描加热铸轧辊套材料热疲劳性能测试

以Nd：YAG连续激光为热源，激光扫描加热铸轧辊套材料32Cr3MolV表面，接触冷却样品背面，进行了热疲劳性能测试。用集总参数法测量了不同表面粗糙度和氧化状态下材料的激光吸收率，并数值计算模拟了样品表面的温度循环和压应力状态。结果显示，热循环1000周次后，在样品表面烧蚀坑和粗大磨痕处均出现裂纹。1000～2000周次热循环范围内，裂纹长度与热循环次数呈线性关系。由于测试中忽略了铝铸轧过程中辊套承受的机械应力和铝液对辊套的作用，测得的辊套裂纹扩展速率为实际值的一半

近20年青海三江源自然保护区植被生产力变化模拟

三江源保护区是我国最大的自然保护区,对我国的生态安全起着重要的保障作用。作为生态系统功能重要指标之一的净初级生产力的大小及其速率,一直是人们关心的问题。本文利用GLOPEM模型模拟得到的青海三江源地区1988-2008年的NPP数据,计算了三江源自然保护区内外1988-2008、1988-2004,以及2004-2008年3个时间段的NPP年际变化速率,比较了三江源保护区内外的NPP年际变化。同时对三江源各个下属保护区的NPP增长潜力进行了排序,结果认为,三江源地区自生态系统工程实施以来,NPP有了明显的回升,回升速率约为0.47gC/m2.a,其内部大多数子保护区的NPP也有了明显恢复,NPP回升的保护区占到总保护区数量的72%。国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973计划)(2009CB421105);中国科学院西部行动计划项目(KZCX2-XB2-06-03);国家科技支撑计划项目(2006BAC08B00)资