A Comparative Study On Application Of Regulation Of Hygiene Education Dated 5 July 2013 Between Göynük And Güdül Counties

Regulation of Hygiene Education has been published in compliance with the EU acquis on July 5, 2013 and has become valid on July 5, 2014. This study was conducted to determine the effect of local governments on increasing awareness and to increase the level of awareness as a result of the application of the trainings in Goynuk and Gudul in accordance with the regulations. During this study; questions have been asked by survey techniques and the responses have been analyzed by Student's t-test. In the study, it was observed that awareness of employees and employers was increased when the training was completed; whereas the level of awareness of the employees and employers not receiving training were quite low. It was understood that awareness is developed according to the importance given by the local authorities having audit liability

Social Exclusion: the Concept and Application to Developing Countries

The feasibility of operationalisation of the 'social exclusion' concept in developing countries is investigated in this paper. The origins of the approach in relation to the welfare state and unemployment status and its spread in Western Europe and developing countries are discussed briefly. Some studies operationalising the concept in Western Europe and developing countries are presented. The differences in the social security arrangements between industrialised and developing countries that require the concept to be altered to allow implementation in local contexts are discussed. Such attempts however appear to largely result in a repetition of research that has already been conducted within frameworks that have developed in developing countries (basic needs, capabilities, sustainable livelihoods, risk and vulnerability, participatory approaches) in parallel to the 'social exclusion' concept in industrialised countries. While most features of the 'social exclusion' concept (attention to multiple dimensions, social relationships, assessing the poverty of individuals relative to others in society and concern with dynamics of poverty) are shared by concepts implemented in developing countries, these frameworks, could benefit by taking from social exclusion its emphasis on investigating the processes that lead to poverty. It would however be sufficient to incorporate an emphasis on looking at processes within pre-existing frameworks in developing countries, rather than re-doing poverty analyses under the rubric of 'social exclusion'.

The Modal Adverbs mutlaka and kesinlikle in the Context of Directives and Deontic Modality in Turkish

The study of deontic modality has largely concentrated on the semantics of linguistic forms with little systematic discussion of its connection to pragmatics. This paper aims to sketch a deictic model for describing linguistic form in deontic modality for the purpose of linking linguistic forms to pragmatic usage within a politenesstheoretic perspective. The model is based on the idea that deontic modality may distinguish between deictic centres consisting of the speaker and the ëother.í The model is illustrated in the context of two modal adverbs in Turkish directives, namely ëmutlakaí and ëkesinlikleí. This study examines the adverbs particularly in the expression of prohibition and denial of permission and claims that the differential use of the adverbs may be explained with reference to politeness strategies such that an obligation in Turkish can involve a positive politeness strategy, while a strong prohibition calls for a negative politeness strategy. As such, a positive directive in Turkish can claim common ground by relying on circumstantial support to intensify its meaning (e.g., ëBunu mutlaka yapí), but a prohibition (e.g., Bunu yapma) is a stronger face-threatening act. Prohibition requires an intensification marker that reflects the attitude/judgment of the speaker or others, hence, the grammaticality of ëkesinlikleí.modal adverbs, deontic modality, directives, politeness theory

Joint morphological-lexical language modeling for processing morphologically rich languages with application to dialectal Arabic

Language modeling for an inflected language such as Arabic poses new challenges for speech recognition and machine translation due to its rich morphology. Rich morphology results in large increases in out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rate and poor language model parameter estimation in the absence of large quantities of data. In this study, we present a joint morphological-lexical language model (JMLLM) that takes advantage of Arabic morphology. JMLLM combines morphological segments with the underlying lexical items and additional available information sources with regards to morphological segments and lexical items in a single joint model. Joint representation and modeling of morphological and lexical items reduces the OOV rate and provides smooth probability estimates while keeping the predictive power of whole words. Speech recognition and machine translation experiments in dialectal-Arabic show improvements over word and morpheme based trigram language models. We also show that as the tightness of integration between different information sources increases, both speech recognition and machine translation performances improve

SIRS Epidemics on Complex Networks: Concurrence of Exact Markov Chain and Approximated Models

We study the SIRS (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible) spreading processes over complex networks, by considering its exact $3^n$-state Markov chain model. The Markov chain model exhibits an interesting connection with its $2n$-state nonlinear "mean-field" approximation and the latter's corresponding linear approximation. We show that under the specific threshold where the disease-free state is a globally stable fixed point of both the linear and nonlinear models, the exact underlying Markov chain has an $O(\log n)$ mixing time, which means the epidemic dies out quickly. In fact, the epidemic eradication condition coincides for all the three models. Furthermore, when the threshold condition is violated, which indicates that the linear model is not stable, we show that there exists a unique second fixed point for the nonlinear model, which corresponds to the endemic state. We also investigate the effect of adding immunization to the SIRS epidemics by introducing two different models, depending on the efficacy of the vaccine. Our results indicate that immunization improves the threshold of epidemic eradication. Furthermore, the common threshold for fast-mixing of the Markov chain and global stability of the disease-free fixed point improves by the same factor for the vaccination-dominant model.Comment: A short version of this paper has been submitted to CDC 201

Identity, face and (im)politeness

Face and (im)politeness are widely discussed and debated in the pragmatics literature. This special issue, which has developed out of a symposium presented at the 7th International Pragmatics Conference at Riva del Garda, Italy in 2005, aims to enrich our understanding of these concepts by examining them from the perspective of identity. The first three papers consider the conceptual insights that different (sub-)disciplines can offer for our understanding of face, (im)politeness and the management of rapport. They draw on work in social psychology on identity, and take a cognitive pragmatic perspective to deconstruct relevant emic concepts/lexemes. The next four papers present discourse-based research on the topic. They examine different types of identities, including role identities (e.g. leaders and mentors), national identities (e.g. Turkish and British), ethnic identities (e.g. Pakeha and Maori), community identities (e.g. Cyber-parish member), as well as individual identities, and analyse how these identities impact upon the (mis)management of face and rapport

Control of Time-Varying Epidemic-Like Stochastic Processes and Their Mean-Field Limits

The optimal control of epidemic-like stochastic processes is important both historically and for emerging applications today, where it can be especially important to include time-varying parameters that impact viral epidemic-like propagation. We connect the control of such stochastic processes with time-varying behavior to the stochastic shortest path problem and obtain solutions for various cost functions. Then, under a mean-field scaling, this general class of stochastic processes is shown to converge to a corresponding dynamical system. We analogously establish that the optimal control of this class of processes converges to the optimal control of the limiting dynamical system. Consequently, we study the optimal control of the dynamical system where the comparison of both controlled systems renders various important mathematical properties of interest.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1709.0798