Survey of Pasteuria, the parasitic bacterial group to plant parasitic nematodes in Turkey

The present study was carried out in the agricultural areas of Northwestern Turkey with the purpose to assess the occurrence ofPasteuriaspp. bacteria on plant-parasitic nematodes. The soil samples were collected from olive, cherry, peach, pear, almond, walnut, apple orchards, vineyards, vegetable, and sunflower fields, analyzed and the bacterium was detected on 30 nematode species belonging to 31 families. Nematode individuals fromRotylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorrhynchus, andGeocenamusspp. were most frequently infected while the average height and width of the spore core and endospore ranged between 3.70-4.90 and 1.40-2.37 mu m, respectively. The results indicated thatHelicotylenchus digonicus,Pratylenchus thornei,P. neglectus,Geocenamus brevidens, Tylenchhorhynchus cylindricus,Rotylenchus cypriensis,Meloidogyne javanica, andM.incognitaindividuals were the most parasitized by the bacterium

Distribution, frequency and occurrence of cereal nematodes on the Central Anatolian Plateau in Turkey and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties

The distribution of important plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in the cereal production areas of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) of Turkey was investigated with systematic surveys. Two important plant-parasitic nematode groups were found widely distributed; cereal-cyst nematodes (78.3%) and root-lesion nematodes (42.6%). Cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) were identified as Heterodera filipjevi in 18 provinces. Heterodera latipons was found in only one province. Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus were the most widely distributed species of root-lesion nematodes. Other frequently recorded plant-parasitic nematodes belonged to the genera Geocenamus (52.4%), Pratylenchoides (35.6%), Helicotylenchus (29.7%) and Paratylenchus (19.2%). Konya on the southern CAP had a significantly high incidence of P. neglectus as well as free-living nematodes. The incidence of CCN was greatest in areas of sandy soils on the CAP, with densities of up to 95 cysts (100 g soil)-1. Population densities of Geocenamus, Pratylenchus and Pratylenchoides were high in some locations. Soil physicochemical properties were investigated for their relationship to nematode distribution. There was a slight positive correlation of P. thornei and clay content; conversely, there was a significant negative correlation of P. neglectus with clay and a positive correlation with sand. Electrical conductivity (EC) was positively correlated with P. neglectus. Nematodes in the genera Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Trophurus and Tylenchorhynchus were only recorded at low population densities in the sampled area. By contrast, nematodes in the genera Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Dorylaimus, Tylenchus and bacterivorous genera had relatively high populations. Total free-living nematodes were positively correlated with EC and zinc (Zn) concentration. The Zn content of soil was generally at a level deficient for plant growt

Effect of cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) on yield of some spring wheat varieties in Adana Province, Turkey

Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae is found predominantly in the spring wheat-growing areas in Adana Province in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Te impact of H. avenae on wheat yield has been observed but not quantifed. Tis study was conducted to determine the efect of H. avenae on the yield of 6 wheat varieties in the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the naturally infested felds of Adana. According to our results, H. avenae signifcantly suppressed grain yield of the wheat varieties, ranging from 4.3% to 25.7%. Negative or positive linear regressions between the reproduction factor of H. avenae and grain yield of the wheat cultivars depended on the variety. Regression analysis of the data revealed that reproduction factors of H. avenae were positively correlated with grain yield in cultivars Adana-99, Ceyhan-99, and Silverstar, whereas reproduction factors were negatively correlated with the Karatopak, Osmaniyem, and Seri-82 cultivars.Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae is found predominantly in the spring wheat-growing areas in Adana Province in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Te impact of H. avenae on wheat yield has been observed but not quantifed. Tis study was conducted to determine the efect of H. avenae on the yield of 6 wheat varieties in the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the naturally infested felds of Adana. According to our results, H. avenae signifcantly suppressed grain yield of the wheat varieties, ranging from 4.3% to 25.7%. Negative or positive linear regressions between the reproduction factor of H. avenae and grain yield of the wheat cultivars depended on the variety. Regression analysis of the data revealed that reproduction factors of H. avenae were positively correlated with grain yield in cultivars Adana-99, Ceyhan-99, and Silverstar, whereas reproduction factors were negatively correlated with the Karatopak, Osmaniyem, and Seri-82 cultivars

Determination of root-knot nematodes species (Meloidogyne spp.) on weeds in Adana and Mersin province

Bu çalışmada 2007-2008 yıllarında Adana ve Mersin illerinde bulunan kültür alanlarında yabancı otlarda gelişen Kök-ur nematod türleri (Meloidogyne spp.) araştırılmıştır. Adana ili Tuzla beldesi ile Mersin ili Adanalıoğlu ve Kazanlı beldelerinde turunçgil, buğday ve sebze yetiştirilen yerlerde 50 farklı alanda bulunan yabancı otlar incelenmiştir. Bu alanlarda 17 yabancı ot türünde (Amaranthus viridis L., A. retroflexus L., A. albus L., Chenopodium album L., Cynodon dactylon (L.), Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.), Eleusine indica (L.), Malva sylvestris L., Paspalum paspaloides ((Michx.) Scribn., Physalis angulata L., Portulaca oleracea L., Setaria verticillata (L.), Solanum nigrum L., Xanthium strumarium L., Chenopodium sp. ve Trifolium sp. Kök-ur nematodlarından Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood ve M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood sırasıyla % 8, % 44, % 48 oranlarında saptanmıştır.In this study, the root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) on weeds agricultural areas in Adana province and Kazanlı, Adanalıoğlu towns of Mersin were investigated in 2007-2008. Naturally grown weeds in 50 different plots in citrus, vegetables and wheat plantations were studied. Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood from Root-knot nematodes were determined as a rate of 8 %, 44 %, 48 %, respectively on 17 weed species (Amaranthus viridis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus Albus L., Chenopodium album L. Cynodon dactylon (L.), Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.), Eleusine indica (L.), Malva sylvestris L., Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribn., Physalis angulata (L.), Portulaca oleracea L., Setaria verticillata (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Xanthium strumarium L., Chenopodium sp. and Trifolium sp.)

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919), M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) ve M. javanica (Treub, 1885) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) populasyonlarının dayanıklı ve hassas domates çeşitlerinde virülensliğinin araştırılması

Türkiye'nin değişik illerinden toplanan 8 adet Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919), Chitwood, 1949, 13 adet Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 ve 7 adet Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood türlerine ait farklı populasyonların virülent olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla, hassas domates çeşidi Picasso ve Mi geni taşıyan dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşitlerinde denemeye alınmıştır. Dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşidinde hiç bir populasyonun 2'den büyük gal indeksi skalası oluşturmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar denemeye alınan hiçbir populasyonun virülent olmadığını göstermektedir. Picasso hassas domates çeşidinde gal indeksi bütün populasyonlarda 4-5 arasında tespit edilmiş, topraktaki 2. dönem larva sayıları ise 225-3080 birey/bitki yoğunluğunda tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşidinde ise bütün populasyonlarda oluşan gal indeksi skalasının 0-1,75 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiş, toprakta ikinci dönem larva saptanamaması nedeniyle de üreme olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.Türkiye’nin değişik illerinden toplanan 8 adet Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919), Chitwood, 1949, 13 adet Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 ve 7 adet Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood türlerine ait farklı populasyonların virülent olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla, hassas domates çeşidi Picasso ve Mi geni taşıyan dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşitlerinde denemeye alınmıştır. Dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşidinde hiç bir populasyonun 2’den büyük gal indeksi skalası oluşturmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar denemeye alınan hiçbir populasyonun virülent olmadığını göstermektedir. Picasso hassas domates çeşidinde gal indeksi bütün populasyonlarda 4-5 arasında tespit edilmiş, topraktaki 2. dönem larva sayıları ise 225-3080 birey/bitki yoğunluğunda tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın dayanıklı Malike F1 domates çeşidinde ise bütün populasyonlarda oluşan gal indeksi skalasının 0–1,75 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiş, toprakta ikinci dönem larva saptanamaması nedeniyle de üreme olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır

Determining the resistance of some bread wheat varieties against root lesion nematodes: Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)

Kök yara nematodları, Pratylenchus spp. bitkilerin kökünde beslenir ve toprak kökenli patojenlerin bitkiye girişini sağlayan yaralanmalara sebep olur. Buğday yetiştiriciliğinde nematodlara karşı en etkin mücadele yöntemi dayanıklı/ tolerant çeşitlerin kullanımı olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yetiştiriciliği yapılan 82 adet ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin kök yara nematodları, Pratylenchus thornei ve P. neglectus’a karşı in vitro koşullarda dayanıklılıkları araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda denemeye alınan buğday genotiplerinden P. thornei ve P. neglectus’a karşı dayanıklı çeşide rastlanılmamıştır. Bununla birlikte, P. thornei’ye karşı 29 çeşit orta dayanıklı, 44 çeşit orta hassas ve 9 çeşidin hassas olduğu ve P. neglectus’a karşı ise 37 çeşit orta dayanıklı, 38 çeşit orta hassas ve 7 çeşidin hassas olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, 14 adet buğday çeşidi hem P. thornei’ ye hem de P. neglectus’a karşı orta derecede dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Denemeye alınan çeşitler içerisinde Uzunyayla, Atlı, Yayla 305 ve Harmankaya buğday çeşitleri CROC_1/AE. SQUARROSA(224)//OPATA) buğday çeşidine göre daha yüksek performans gösterdiği için ulusal ıslah programlarına dahil edilmesi önerilmektedir.Root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. feeds on plants root and causes wounds provide a means of entry for soil- borne pathogen. It is known that the using of resistant/tolerant wheat varieties is the most effective method in order to control nematodes in wheat cultivation. In this study, the resistance of 82 bread wheat varieties grown in Turkey were investigated against root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus, in-vitro conditions. At the end of this study, no resistant wheat genotype against Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus was found. However, it was found that 29 varieties moderately resistant, 44 varieties moderately susceptible, 9 varieties susceptible against P. thornei and 37 varieties moderately resistant, 38 varieties moderately susceptible, 7 varieties susceptible against P. neglectus. Additionally, 14 wheat varieties were moderately resistant against both P. thornei and P. neglectus. Among the tested wheat varieties, Uzunyayla, Atlı, Yayla 305 and Harmankaya showed higher performance than CROC_1/AE. SQUARROSA(224)//OPATA) variety, therefore it is suggested that these varieties should be incorporated into national wheat breeding programs

Investigation on Seasonal Population Fluctuation of Stem and Bulb Nematode (Ditylenchus dıpsaci) (Kühn, 1857) (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) on Onıon (Allium cepa L.) in Karaman Province

Soğan Sak Nematodu (Ditylenchus dipsaci) Karaman ili soğan ekiliş alanlarında % 61 oranında yaygın olarak bulunmaktadır. Bazı tarlalarda populasyon yoğunluğu 100 g kuru toprakta 165 bireye kadar çıkan D. Dipsaci, Karaman ili soğan yetiştiriciliğinde verim kaybına neden olmaktadır. Bunun yanında bulaşık soğan yumruları soğanın kalitesini de etkileyerek pazar değerini düşürmektedir. Soğan Sak Nematodu ile mücadele etmek için uygun zaman ve yöntemin belirlenmesi amacıyla soğan yetiştirme sezonu boyunca populasyon değişiminin belirlenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla bir soğan yetiştirme dönemi boyunca Soğan Sak Nematodunun topraktaki ve bitkideki populasyon değişimi araştırılmıştır. 2013 yılı Mart ayında soğan ekilişi gerçekleştirilmiş ve eylül ayında hasat edilmiştir. Bu süre içerisinde mart ve nisan aylarında 8-12 oC toprak sıcaklığında Soğan Sak Nematodu yoğunluğunun ortalama 106 birey/ 100 g kuru toprak olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mayıs ayında sıcaklığın 15 oC’ nin üzerine çıkmasıyla Soğan Sak Nematodupopulasyon yoğunluğunun 52 birey/ 100 g kuru toprak, haziran ayında ise ortalama 21 oC sıcaklıkta 27 birey/ 100 g kuru toprak seviyesine düştüğü tespit edilmiştir.. Nematod populasyonu, yüksek oranda toprak sıcaklığına bağlı olarak değişim göstermiştir (R2 = 0.751). Soğan yetiştirme sezonu boyunca toprak nemi ortalama 0.5 Volt düzeyinde kayıt edilmiş ve nematod gelişimi için sınırlayıcı olmadığı düşünülmektedir.Stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) was found widely distributed in 61% in Karaman onion growing areas. In some fields, the population density was 165 nematodes per 100 g of dry soil. Accordingly D. dipsaci causes yield loses on onion cultivation in Karaman province. Infected bulbs affect the quality of onion and reduce the market value. To control the stem and bulb nematode, it is important to determine population development during the growing season. For this purpose, population development of the nematode was followed during one onion growing season. Onion was cultivated in March and harvested in September in 2013. During this time, in March and April the population density of soil nematodes were 106 nematodes/ 100 g dry soil at temperature between 8-12 oC. Population density decreased to 52 nematodes/ 100 g dry soil with the temperature increase to 15 oC in May and then remained constant at 27 nematodes/ 100 g dry soil at average 21 oC. Nematode numbers were found significantly negative correlated with soil temperature (R 2 = 0.751). Soil moisture level was averagely 0.5 volt during the growing season which is sufficient for nematode development

Effect of ditylenchus dipsaci Kuhn, 1857 (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) on onion yield in Karaman province, Turkey

WOS:000352479600007This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Kuhn (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) on yield parameters of some onion varieties in Karaman Province, Turkey. Experiments were established in a naturally infested onion field during two consecutive years (2012-2013). Nematode population development was followed at the beginning and end of the experiment. The reproduction rate was also calculated. Onion yield and the representative average diameter and length of the onion cultivar bulbs were determined. Yield parameters of six onion varieties were compared on nematicide-treated and untreated control plots in the experiments. Nematode populations significantly decreased in the nematicide-treated plots at the beginning of the experiment during both growing seasons. The average population density of D. dipsaci was 104 individuals/100 g dry soil in the first year and 68 individuals/100 g dry soil in the second year of the experiment. The initial and final nematode populations were significantly positively correlated with Betapanko, Pan88, and Local variety1 cultivars, whereas they were negatively correlated with the Valenciana cultivar during the first year. This suggests that Betapanko, Pan88, and Local variety1 were susceptible to D. dipsaci, whereas the Valenciana cultivar could have some resistance. The overall reproduction rate of D. dipsaci was negatively correlated with initial population density and was primarily <1, which presumably represented a downward trend in nematode reproduction due to environmental conditions at the end of the experiment in September. Betapanko and Pan88 were susceptible varieties, and stem and bulb nematode caused yield losses of up to 12.93% and 15.33%, respectively; these varieties were considered intolerant. The yield of Local variety1 was positively related with initial nematode population density and it was categorized as tolerant to D. dipsaci.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [3501, 111O222]The authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 3501, Project No.: 111O222) for financial support and Dr. Ugur Gozel (Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University) for reading the manuscript and for his valuable contributions

First record of Bursaphelenchus vallesianus Braasch, Schönfeld, Polomski, and burgermeister in Turkey

Bursaphelenchus vallesianus isolated from a dead Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, in the village of Bahçecik northeastern Turkey in an area managed by the Trabzon Regional Forestry Directorate is described and illustrated. The morphological characters match the original description. This is the first report of the species on pine wood in Turkey. © TÜBİTAK