Analisis Faktor Risiko Dan Upaya Pencegahan Terhadap Batu Saluran Kemih Pada Anak

Background: The prevalence of urinary tract stones in children has increased significantly in the last few decades, along with increasing morbidity and health care costs worldwide. The incidence of urolithiasis in children continues to increase about 6 to 10% each year, and is now increasing to 50 per 100,000 adolescents. Objective: To determines the various factors that influence the occurrence of urinary tract stones in children and their prevention efforts. Methods: This study uses a systematic literature review study method. The search results used the e-database PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar from 2016 to 2020. The total number of articles found was 11,885 articles. After screening using predetermined inclusion criteria, the articles to be discussed in this paper are 10 articles. Results: The most frequent causes of urinary tract stones in children were hypocytraturia, hypomagnesuria, and hypercalciuria. Urinary tract infections, low urine volume, and VDR gene polymorphisms can act as risk factors for urinary tract stones. CO2CP levels, uric acid levels, serum sodium levels and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol can provide important clues for evaluating urolithiasis risk. There are also differences in risk factors for pediatric urinary tract stone formation between male and female patients. The risk of recurrence occurred less frequently in patients with a BMI> 85th percentile with immobility. All groups of pediatric stone patients who received prophylaxis because of recurrence occurred, much less than those who did not receive prophylaxis. Conclusion: The risk factors for urinary tract stones in children in every population of countries show different results. This is due to differences in food and drink intake, family history of urinary tract stones, environmental factors, metabolic disorders, immobility, VDR gene polymorphisms, BMI, and urinary tract infections. For prevention there are more emphasis on healthy eating and dringking patterns and limiting the consumption of protein and salt. Keywords: Risk Factors, Prevention, Urinary Tract Stones, Urolithiasis

Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Kejadian Infeksi Respiratorik Akut (IRA) Bagian Bawah ada Anak Usia 1-5 Tahun Di RSUD Sukoharjo

Background : Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRTI) is ainfections caused by viruses, bacteria, or trauma that occurred from the larynx down and divided into croup (epiglotitis and laringo-tracheo-bronchitis), bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. ALRTI vulnerable population is children aged under five years old who have health problems such as malnutrition Objectives : To determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ALRTI in children aged 1-5 years in Sukoharjo Hospital. Methods : This study uses an analytical observational cross-sectional approach, the subjects in this study were children aged 1-5 years were enrolled in the treatment and hospital medical record Sukoharjo in January 2015. The technique used is the consecutive sampling. The whole subject is 84 children, consisted of 42 children with malnutrition and 42 children with good nutrition. The data obtained are presented in tables and analyzed using Chi Square test with SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Results : From the Chi square test p value of 0.001 obtained, it can be stated H0and H1 accepted. There is a significant association between nutritional status and the incidence of ALRTI. Additionally obtained value OR = 5.5, which means malnutrition increases the risk by 5,5 times lower compared to the ALRTI with good nutrition. Conclusion : There is a relationship between the nutritional status and the incident of ALRTI