Analisa Pengujian Tarik Pipa Komposit Serat Batang Pisang Bermatrik Polyester Bqtn 157 Dengan Sudut Serat 65/-65 Pada Variasi Temperatur Ruang Uji

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekuatan tarik pipa komposit polyester serat batang pisang yang disusun dengan sudut 65/-65 akibat perubahan temperatur dan mengetahui foto makro setelah pengujian tarik akibat perubahan temperatur. Proses awal pengelupasan dan pemotongan kulit batang pohon pisang 4 lapis dari kulit luar, dilanjutkan proses pengepresan agar bagian dalam kulit batang pisang mudah dihilangkan sampai tersisa serat bagian luar. Proses perendaman didalam air selama 1 bulan bertujuan memisahkan antar serat agar lebih mudah diuraikan. Penjemuran awal dilakukan pada temperatur ruang selama 1 hari dengan panjang 100cm. Selanjutnya perlakuan alkali dengan dicuci menggunakan kalium permangant 2% selama 2 jam dilanjutkan pengeringan pada temperatur ruang dan dioven pada suhu 31 C sampai kering. Pembuatan komposit dengan metode cetak perbandingan serat ±30% dengan sudut serat 65/-65. Pengujian tarik dengan standart ASTM D 2105 dengan variasi temperatur ruang, temperatur ruang uji 35, 45, 55 C untuk mengetahui kekuatan tarik dan foto makro pipa komposit polyester serat batang pisang. Dari pengujian tarik dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi fenomena pada temperatur uji 35 C kekuatan tarik tertinggi selanjutnya terjadi penurunan dari 0,595, 0,305, 0,242 N/mm2. Foto makro patahan uji tarik terlihat tidak merata dan terjadi pull-out fiber pada temperatur uji diatas 35 C

Sifat Fisis Dan Mekanis Pada Komposit Polyester Serat Batang Pisang Yang Disusun Asimetri [ 45o / -30o / 45o / -30o ]

The aim of this study was to describe the tensile strength, bending strength and fracture macro photo on banana stem fiber polyester composites prepared asymmetry [45o / -30o / 45o / -30o] to change teperature test on tensile test and bending test. The initial process of making composites are making fibers from banana trees followed by immersion for 2 hours using a chemical solution of kalium pemangante (KMnO4) by 2% per 1 liter of distilled water. Drying under the sun to dry continued with the process of oven for 1 hour at a constant temperature of 35oC until the moisture content of 10%. Then the fibers are arranged at an angle of orientation of asymmetry [45o / -30o / 45o / -30o] using paper prints, be continued with the provision of the resin was conducted using hand lay-up on the glass mold that has been measured in accordance with the standards. The resin used is a thermosetting resin types, namely polyester BQTN series 157 with increasing catalyst (hardener) as much as 1% of the volume of resin. Tensile test using the ASTM D 3039 standard while bending tests using standard ASTM D 7264 with a variation of room temperature, test temperature of 35oC, 45oC and 55oC. Results of tensile test can be concluded that the tensile strength at room temperature is 11.530 N / mm2, the temperature variation of the tensile test, the greater the given temperature tensile strength will increasingly come down from 15.520 N / mm2 at a temperature test 35oC be 9.502 N / mm2 at temperatures 55oC test. While the test results of bending can be concluded that the bending strength at room temperature is 0.151 N / mm2, the temperature variation of bending test, the higher the temperature of a given strength of bending will experience kenakian of 0,339 N / mm2 at a temperature test 35oC be 6.215 N / mm2 at temperatures test 55oC

Analisa Kekerasan Permukaan Baja ST 40 Setelah Carburizing Dengan Luas Rata-rata Partikel Karbon 115,103 μm² DAN 515,735 μm²

Carburizing is a steel hardening technique by adding carbon to the steel with austenite temperature. The purpose of this research is to look at changes in microstructure that occur as well as changes in the value of surface hardness in steel. This research uses ST 40 steel and carbon with 115.103 μm² and 515,735 μm² carbon particles. Steel and carbon are put into a container, tightly closed and heated at 780 ° C for 4 hours. Carburizing specimens testing include carbon particle analysis, microstructure test and vickers hardness test. After the carburizing process, there was a reduction in the area of carbon particles from 115,103 μm² to 110,051 μm² and 515,735 μm² to 440,058 μm². in microstructure testing, ferrite is alpha (α) while pearlite is symbolized (β). Raw material produces an average solubility of elements in Fe (β%) 5.99%. The solubility of the carburizing material with a carbon size of 515,103 μm² was 14.19%. Solubility of the carburizing material with a carbon size of 115.103 μm² by 23,49%. In hardness testing, raw material produces 263.3 kg/mm² hardness. Carburizing uses an average area of 115.103 μm carbon particles resulting in a hardness of 249,68 kg / mm², while carburizing uses an average area of carbon particles 515.735 μm² producing a hardness of 193.7 Kg / mm²

Analisa Kekerasan Permukaan Baja Karbon Rendah St 40 Dengan Proses Carburizing Menggunakan Arang Kayu Dengan Analisis Partikel Karbon Rata-Rata 110,671 µm² dan 515,735 µm²

Carburizing is a thermochemical process through the heating of specimen in a medium that contains carbon at austenite temperature. The process aims to enhance the pearlite level (β) of steel surface in order to increase its hardness. The carburizing experiment in this study utilized ST 40 steel, carbon with an average carbon particle area of 515,735 µm² . At the experiment, the steel was mixed with carbon and heated at 780⁰C for four hours. From the test results it can be seen that carbon has an average carbon particle area of 110,671 μm² and 515,735 μm². carbon with an average carbon particle area of 515,735 µm² is more dominated by pearlite structure (β) compared to ferlit (α) while arbon with an average particle area of 110,671 μm² is more dominated by ferrite structure (α) than pearlite (β). because the diffusion process is not going well

Analisa Pipa Komposit Serat Batang Pisang Polyester Dengan Orientasi Serat 45/-45 Terhadap Pengujian Tarik Dengan Variasi Temperatur Ruang Uji

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan kekuatan tarik pipa komposit polyester serat batang pisang dengan perubahan temperatur dan untuk mengetahui struktur makro pipa komposit polyester serat batang pisang setalah pengujian tarik akibat perubahan temperatur ruang uji. Proses awal pengambilan kulit batang pisang 4 lapis dari kulit luar. Pengambilan serat batang pisang dengan cara dipress untuk menghancurkan daging dari kulit batang pisang kemudian direndam dengan menggunakan air dalam waktu 1 bulan,supaya mudah dalam pengambilan serat. Penjemuran pada temperatur ruang selama 1 hari dengan panjang serat 100 cm.Perlakuan alkalisasi dengan kalium permangate ( KmnO4 ) kadar 2% per 1 liter aquadest selama 2 jam perendaman 2 jam. Penjemuran pada temperatur ruang dilanjutkan proses pengeringan menggunakan oven pada suhu 35 C selama 1 jam agar kadar air 10%. Proses pembuatan pipa komposit metode hand lay up dengan orientasi serat 45/-45 . Pengujian tarik dengan standart ASTM D 2105 dengan variasi temperatur ruang dan temperatur uji 35 C,45 C, dan 55 C serta mendeskripsikan kekuatan tarik dan foto makro pipa komposit polyester serat batang pohon pisang akibat perubahan temperatur ruang uji. Hasil pengujian disimpulkan bahwa terjadi fenomena kekuatan tarik paling tinggi pada temperatur ruang uji 35 C yaitu kekuatan tariknya 1,009 N/mm2 kemudian mengalami penurunan dengan meningkatnya temperatur ruang uji.Pada struktur makro patahan spesimen komposit yang mengalami pull out fiber yang panjang diakibatkan kekuatan matrik menurun

Analisis Sifat Fisik Dan Mekanik Akibat Variasi Temperatur Uji Pada Komposit Serat Batang Pohon Pisang Yang Disusun 5 Lapis Dengan Orientasi Serat (-30/60/0/-30/60)

This study aimed to describe the tensile strength and bending strength of the composite fibers are arranged banana trees 5 layers with fiber arrangement -30 / 60/0 / -30 / 60 and describe macro picture after the tensile test and bending due to changes temperature. The initial process pelupasan and cutting tree bark pisang.Proses immersion for 1 month followed pengerokan and brushing using a metal plate to exit seratnya.Penjemuran cool, dry place until the next washing process using a chemical solution of 5% potassium permangant per 1 liter of distilled water for 2 jam.penjemuran under the sun to dry resumed process oven until the moisture content is constant. Composite manufacturing methods Hand Lay-up, using fiber weight fraction ratio of 30% and fiber orientation -30 / 60/0 / -30 / 60. Using a tensile test ASTM D 3039 standard and bending tests using standard ASTM D7269 with a temperature variation of 29 0C and temperature test 350C, 450C and 55 0C, and describes the tensile strength and bending as well as macro image of composite polyester fiber banana trees due changes in temperature. The test results concluded that the higher the temperature test the tensile strength is getting weaker or down, this proved to be the tensile strength decreased from 26.4 N / mm2 to 20.3 N / mm2 and the temperaruji higher bending test, the test voltage values the higher the bending is evident that the increase in value of the voltage dari0,278 N / mm2 to 7.08 N / mm2 .At visible results macro photo fault structure has the properties of clay composite specimens

Analisa Karakteristik Mekanis Dan Fisis Komposit Serat Batang Pisang Polyester Yang Disusun Simetri [-45/45/45/-45] Akibat Variasi Temperatur

Penelitian komposit serat batang pisang ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan sifat fisis dan mekanis komposit serat batang pisang akibat perubahan temperatur dan mendiskripsikan foto makro komposit serat batang pisang setelah dilakukan pengujian tarik dan pengujian bending akibat perubahan temberatur. Proses awal pengelupasan dan pemotongan kulit batang pohon pisang dilanjutkan proses pengepresan dan perendaman pelepah batang pisang selama 1 bulan. Selanjutnya proses pemilahan serat helai demi helai menggunakan bantuan air bersih. Penjemuran dibawah sinar matahari sampai kering selanjutnya proses perendaman KMnO4 5% per 1 liter aquades selama 2 jam. Penjemuran dibawah sinar matahari sampai kering dilanjutkan proses oven hingga kadar air 10%. Pembuatan komposit dilakukan dengan metode Hand Lay-up, perbandingan serat 30%, orientasi serat [-45/ 45/ 45/ -45]. menggunakan resin polyester seri BQTN 157. Adapun proses pengujian yaitu pengujian tarik menggunakan standart ASTM D3039-07 dan pengujian bending menggunakan standart ASTM D7264-07 dengan variasi temperatur ruang dan temperatur ruang uji 35 C, 45 C, 55 C, serta mendriskripsikan kekuatan tarik dan foto makro komposit polyester serat batang pohon pisang akibat perubahan temperatur.Hasil pengujian tarik disimpulkan bahwa temperatur semakin tinggi kekuatan tarik akan turun, ini terbukti kekuatan tarik mengalami penurunan dari 23,608 N/mm2 menjadi 10,617 N/mm2. Dan hasil pengujian bending disimpulkan bahwa temperatur semakin tinggi kekuatan tarik akan semakin besar didapat kenaikan tegangan dari 0,192 N/mm2 menjadi 9,917 N/mm2 pada suhu 55 C. Pada hasil foto makro terlihat struktur patahan pada setiap spesimen komposit tidak beraturan dan bergelombang, hali ini disebabkan karena komposit mempunyai sifat liat. Jika temperatur uji semakin tinggi, void akan mengembang dan pull-out fiber sangat mendominasi maka kekuatan tarik akan menurun

Pengaruh Filler Nano Partikel White Karbon Aktif Kulit Bambu Terhadap Struktur (Photo Makro Dan SEM) Dan Kekuatan Tarik Komposit Polyester

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the effect of nano-particles of carbon white bamboo skin as a filler to the structure (photo macro & SEM) and tensile strength polyester composites. Methods of making composites by way of a press mold. Manufacture of composites using a variation filler weight fraction of carbon micro-particles of 0.1 grams, 0.15 grams and 0.2 grams of the polyester resin with the type Yukalac BQTN 157-EX. Micro mixing carbon particles with resin using methods stirring with the rotation speed of 2200 rpm for 10 minutes. Making test specimen using a standard tensile pull test ASTM D 638-01. Prior to the tensile test, conducted macro photo to know the composition of the carbon particles in the composite. From the results of photo macro distance and diameter values obtained micro carbon particles. The average distance in the specimen composite carbon particles with nano filler (FK) 0.1 grams of 48.8 μm, 0.15 at 39.59 FK and FK 0.2 μm amounting to 25.68 lm. The higher the weight fraction of carbon, the lower range of carbon particles. Diameter of carbon particles measured namely measuring 5.659 μm up to 21.982 lm. The results of tensile test tensile strength values obtained (yield) on average in the specimen Raw Material of 25.12 N / mm2, FK 0.1 grams of 28.4 N / mm2, FK 0.15 grams of 31.81 N / mm2 and FK 0.2 grams of 32.24 N / mm2. While the outline of the drop value (yield) on average in the specimen Raw Material by 0.73%, FK1% by 0.87%, 0.93% FK3% FK6% and 0.94%. In doing SEM on composite fault area, the results of SEM values obtained distance and diameter of carbon nano particles. The average distance to the composite specimens with nano filler particles of carbon white (FK) 0.1 grams of 0.577 μm, 0.477 μm of 0.15 FK and FK 0.2 of 0.464 lm. The higher the weight fraction of carbon, the lower range of carbon particles. Diameter of the nano-particles of carbon white measurable namely measuring 0.103 μm to 0.210 μm From the discussion of the test results it can be concluded that the addition of nano filler particles of carbon white were able to increase the tensile strength and tensile strain composite polyester

Karakteristik Serat Kulit Waru Yang Disusun Laminasi Bermatrik Polyester Dengan Orientasi Serat (30ᴼ,35ᴼ,40ᴼ) Terhadap Sifat Fisis Dan Mekanis

Research hibiscus bark fiber composite rod is intended to describe the physical and mechanical properties of skin stem hibiscus fiber composites due to variation of the angle and macro photographs describe fiber composite skin stem hibiscus after testing tensile and izod impact testing due to variations in the angle. Beginning the process of cutting the bark of the hibiscus tree trunk immersion was continued for 1 month.Next hibiscus bark peeling process and sistem fibers taken 2 layers of skin.Clean water rinse aid.The drying under the sun to dry subsequent immersion process KMnO4 5% per 1 liter of distilled water for 2 hours.The drying in the sun until dry and continue the process of oven until the moisture content of 10 PPM. Composite manufacturing is done by hand lay – up method,fiber ratio 30%,fiber orientation [-300 /300];[-350 / 350];[-400 / 400]. Using polyester resin series BQTN 157. As for the process of testing is test ASTM D3039-07 stadart tensile and impact testing using standrd ASTM D256-03 with the variation of the angle 300, 350, 400,and describe the tensile strenght,impact prices and the macro image composite polyester fiber trunk . Tensile test results on a composite prepared symmetry [-300/300],[-350/350],[-550/550] the maxsimum tensile strenght contained in the composite with a test corner 300 , where the strenght of its increase in the amount of 54.645N/mm2 is large than the composite with a test corner 350,amounting 37,105 N/mm2 and 400,amounting 20,395 N/mm2. Whereas the izod impact testing of composites prepared symmetry [-300/300 ],[-350350],[-400/400] composites with a test corner 300,which energy is absorbed and impact prices increased by 2,534 J and 0,00434 J/mm2 greter than the composite with a test corner 350 is equal 2,346 J and 0,00402 J/mm2,the test angle 400 is equal to 2,275 J and 0,00390 J/mm2. The macro image tensile test specimens fault structure composite bumpy and irregular.At an angle of 400 trials going on the enlargement process void and pull out the fiber is dominating .Whereas the macro image izod impact testing results of composite fault structure on 300 test specimens seen that the pull – out of fiber

PENGARUH WAKTU RENDAM BAHAN KIMIA NaOH TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS DAN MEKANIS KOMPOSIT SERAT BULU KAMBING SEBAGAI FIBER DENGAN MATRIK POLYESTER

Komposit serat alam sekarang ini sedang dikembangkan guna memanfaatkan bahan atau serat alam agar lebih memiliki nilai ekonomis, selain itu juga dapat menggantikan serat sintetis yang yang memiliki harga yang lebih tinggi dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Serat alam yang belum banyak dipergunakan sebagai bahan penguat komposit adalah limbah potongan bulu kambing jawa yang diperoleh dari rumah penyamakan kulit kambing. Kekuatan tarik pada komposit sangat dipengaruhi oleh ikatan antara serat dengan matrik. Peneletian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan daya ikat antara serat dengan matrik dengan menggunakan perlakuan alkali, yaitu dengan melakukan perendaman serat bulu kambing di dalam larutan NaOh 5% selama (0, 30, 60, 90, dan 120) menit. Proses pembuatan komposit menggunakan matrik polyester dengan campuran katalis MEKPO (Metyl Etyl Keton Peroksida) sebagai mempercepat proses pengerasan cairan resin. Serat dan matrik ditimabang sesuai dengan ukuran yang sudah ditentukan, kemudian dicetak pada cetakan dengan metode hand lay up dengan struktur serat acak. Pengujian specimen yang dilakukan adalah pengujian tarik dengan menggunakan standart ASTM D-638, dan foto makro untuk melihat hasil patahan setelah dilakukan pengujian tarik. Dari hasil pengujian tarik yang dilakukan, didapatkan hasil yang maksimal pada perendaman serat bulu kambing selama 60 menit yaitu sebesar 19,254 N/mm2 . Hal ini juga terbukti dari hasil foto makro penampang patahan yang terjadi yaitu penampang patahan yang merata / homogen dan sedikit terjadi fiber pull out