28 research outputs found

    λ™μ‹œμ— μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ 병렬성 관리

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 전기·컴퓨터곡학뢀, 2020. 8. Bernhard Egger.Running multiple parallel jobs on the same multicore machine is becoming more important to improve utilization of the given hardware resources. While co-location of parallel jobs is common practice, it still remains a challenge for current parallel runtime systems to efficiently execute multiple parallel applications simultaneously. Conventional parallelization runtimes such as OpenMP generate a fixed number of worker threads, typically as many as there are cores in the system, to utilize all physical core resources. On such runtime systems, applications may not achieve their peak performance when given full use of all physical core resources. Moreover, the OS kernel needs to manage all worker threads generated by all running parallel applications, and it may require huge management costs with an increasing number of co-located applications. In this thesis, we focus on improving runtime performance for co-located parallel applications. To achieve this goal, the first idea of this work is to ensure spatial scheduling to execute multiple co-located parallel applications simultaneously. Spatial scheduling that provides distinct core resources for applications is considered a promising and scalable approach for executing co-located applications. Despite the growing importance of spatial scheduling, there are still two fundamental research issues with this approach. First, spatial scheduling requires a runtime support for parallel applications to run efficiently in spatial core allocation that can change at runtime. Second, the scheduler needs to assign the proper number of core resources to applications depending on the applications performance characteristics for better runtime performance. To this end, in this thesis, we present three novel runtime-level techniques to efficiently execute co-located parallel applications with spatial scheduling. First, we present a cooperative runtime technique that provides malleable parallel execution for OpenMP parallel applications. The malleable execution means that applications can dynamically adapt their degree of parallelism to the varying core resource availability. It allows parallel applications to run efficiently at changing core resource availability compared to conventional runtime systems that do not adjust the degree of parallelism of the application. Second, this thesis introduces an analytical performance model that can estimate resource utilization and the performance of parallel programs in dependence of the provided core resources. We observe that the performance of parallel loops is typically limited by memory performance, and employ queueing theory to model the memory performance. The queueing system-based approach allows us to estimate the performance by using closed-form equations and hardware performance counters. Third, we present a core allocation framework to manage core resources between co-located parallel applications. With analytical modeling, we observe that maximizing both CPU utilization and memory bandwidth usage can generally lead to better performance compared to conventional core allocation policies that maximize only CPU usage. The presented core allocation framework optimizes utilization of multi-dimensional resources of CPU cores and memory bandwidth on multi-socket multicore systems based on the cooperative parallel runtime support and the analytical model.λ©€ν‹°μ½”μ–΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것 은 주어진 ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ 효율적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 점점 더 μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν˜„μž¬ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ„ λ™μ‹œμ— 효율적으둜 μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œμ΄λ‹€. OpenMP와 같이 톡상 사 μš©λ˜λŠ” 병렬화 λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ“  ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 일반적으둜 μ½”μ–΄ 개수 만큼 μŠ€λ ˆλ“œλ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ„ μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. 이 λ•Œ, μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ€ λͺ¨λ“  μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ ν™œμš©ν•  λ•Œ 였히렀 졜적의 μ„±λŠ₯을 얻지 λͺ»ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있으며, 운영체제 μ»€λ„μ˜ λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ˜ κ°œμˆ˜κ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚  수둝 관리해야 ν•˜λŠ” μŠ€λ ˆλ“œμ˜ κ°œμˆ˜κ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ»€μ§€κ²Œ λœλ‹€. λ³Έ ν•™μœ„ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ˜ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ†’μ΄λŠ” 것에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 핡심 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ—κ²Œ 곡간 뢄할식 μŠ€μΌ€μ€„λ§ 방법을 μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 각 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬ μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ—κ²Œ 독립적인 μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ ν• λ‹Ήν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 곡간 뢄할식 μŠ€μΌ€μ€„λ§μ€ 점점 더 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ˜ 개수λ₯Ό 효율적으둜 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Žμ€ 관심을 λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 곡간 λΆ„ν•  μŠ€μΌ€μ€„λ§ 방법을 톡해 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ„ μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 두 가지 연ꡬ 과제λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, 각 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ€ 가변적인 μ½”μ–΄ μžμ› μƒμ—μ„œ 효율적으둜 μ‹€ν–‰λ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜κ³ , μŠ€μΌ€μ€„λŸ¬λŠ” μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•΄μ„œ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ„±λŠ₯을 높일 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ λ‹Ήν•œ 수의 μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ•Όν•œλ‹€. 이 ν•™μœ„ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ„ 곡간 λΆ„ ν•  μŠ€μΌ€μ€„λ§μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 효율적으둜 μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 세가지 λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜‘λ™μ μΈ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄λΌλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ†Œκ°œν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” OpenMP 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ μ—°ν•˜κ³  효율적인 μ‹€ν–‰ ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. 이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ 곡유 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ 병렬 싀행에 λ‚΄μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ³‘λ ¬μ²˜λ¦¬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ΄ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ— λ§žμΆ”μ–΄ λ³‘λ ¬μ„±μ˜ 정도λ₯Ό λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ μ—°ν•œ μ‹€ν–‰ λͺ¨λΈμ€ 병렬 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš© κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ΄ λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ˜ μŠ€λ ˆλ“œ μˆ˜μ€€ 병렬성을 닀루지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ‘΄ λŸ°νƒ€μž„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œλ“€μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 더 효율적으둜 싀행될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€. λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ, λ³Έ 논문은 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ³‘λ ¬μ²˜λ¦¬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ 및 μžμ› ν™œμš©λ„λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 뢄석적 μ„±λŠ₯ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. 병렬 처리 μ½”λ“œμ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ ν™•μž₯성이 일반적으둜 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ μ„±λŠ₯에 μ’Œμš°λœλ‹€λŠ” 관찰에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜μ—¬, 제 μ•ˆλœ 해석 λͺ¨λΈμ€ νμž‰ 이둠을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ 정보듀을 κ³„μ‚°ν•œλ‹€. 이 νμž‰ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ 방법은 μœ μš©ν•œ μ„±λŠ₯ 정보듀을 μˆ˜μ‹μ„ 톡해 효율적으둜 계산할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λ©° μƒμš© μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ μ„±λŠ₯ μΉ΄μš΄ν„°λ§Œμ„ μš”κ΅¬ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν™œμš© κ°€λŠ₯μ„± λ˜ν•œ λ†’λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, λ³Έ 논문은 λ™μ‹œμ— μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ ν• λ‹Ήν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆλœ ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— 동 μž‘ν•˜λŠ” 병렬 처리 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ˜ 병렬성 및 μ½”μ–΄ μžμ›μ„ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ©€ν‹° μ†ŒμΌ“ λ©€ν‹°μ½”μ–΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ CPU μžμ› 및 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ λŒ€μ—­ν­ μžμ› ν™œμš©λ„λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— 졜적 ν™”ν•œλ‹€. 해석적인 λͺ¨λΈλ§κ³Ό μ œμ•ˆλœ μ½”μ–΄ ν• λ‹Ή ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ 평가λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” 정책이 일반적인 κ²½μš°μ— CPU μžμ›μ˜ ν™œμš©λ„λ§Œμ„ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ ν•¨κ»˜ λ™μž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜λ“€μ˜ μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œκ°„μ„ κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여쀀닀.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Background 5 1.2.1 The OpenMP Runtime System 5 1.2.2 Target Multi-Socket Multicore Systems 7 1.3 Contributions 8 1.3.1 Cooperative Runtime Systems 9 1.3.2 Performance Modeling 9 1.3.3 Parallelism Management 10 1.4 Related Work 11 1.4.1 Cooperative Runtime Systems 11 1.4.2 Performance Modeling 12 1.4.3 Parallelism Management 14 1.5 Organization of this Thesis 15 2 Dynamic Spatial Scheduling with Cooperative Runtime Systems 17 2.1 Overview 17 2.2 Malleable Workloads 19 2.3 Cooperative OpenMP Runtime System 21 2.3.1 Cooperative User-Level Tasking 22 2.3.2 Cooperative Dynamic Loop Scheduling 27 2.4 Experimental Results 30 2.4.1 Standalone Application Performance 30 2.4.2 Performance in Spatial Core Allocation 33 2.5 Discussion 35 2.5.1 Contributions 35 2.5.2 Limitations and Future Work 36 2.5.3 Summary 37 3 Performance Modeling of Parallel Loops using Queueing Systems 38 3.1 Overview 38 3.2 Background 41 3.2.1 Queueing Models 41 3.2.2 Insights on Performance Modeling of Parallel Loops 43 3.2.3 Performance Analysis 46 3.3 Queueing Systems for Multi-Socket Multicores 54 3.3.1 Hierarchical Queueing Systems 54 3.3.2 Computingthe Parameter Values 60 3.4 The Speedup Prediction Model 63 3.4.1 The Speedup Model 63 3.4.2 Implementation 64 3.5 Evaluation 65 3.5.1 64-core AMD Opteron Platform 66 3.5.2 72-core Intel Xeon Platform 68 3.6 Discussion 70 3.6.1 Applicability of the Model 70 3.6.2 Limitations of the Model 72 3.6.3 Summary 73 4 Maximizing System Utilization via Parallelism Management 74 4.1 Overview 74 4.2 Background 76 4.2.1 Modeling Performance Metrics 76 4.2.2 Our Resource Management Policy 79 4.3 NuPoCo: Parallelism Management for Co-Located Parallel Loops 82 4.3.1 Online Performance Model 82 4.3.2 Managing Parallelism 86 4.4 Evaluation of NuPoCo 90 4.4.1 Evaluation Scenario 1 90 4.4.2 Evaluation Scenario 2 98 4.5 MOCA: An Evolutionary Approach to Core Allocation 103 4.5.1 Evolutionary Core Allocation 104 4.5.2 Model-Based Allocation 106 4.6 Evaluation of MOCA 113 4.7 Discussion 118 4.7.1 Contributions and Limitations 118 4.7.2 Summary 119 5 Conclusion and Future Work 120 5.1 Conclusion 120 5.2 Future work 122 5.2.1 Improving Multi-Objective Core Allocation 122 5.2.2 Co-Scheduling of Parallel Jobs for HPC Systems 123 A Additional Experiments for the Performance Model 124 A.1 Memory Access Distribution and Poisson Distribution 124 A.1.1 Memory Access Distribution 124 A.1.2 Kolmogorov Smirnov Test 127 A.2 Additional Performance Modeling Results 134 A.2.1 Results with Intel Hyperthreading 134 A.2.2 Results with Cooperative User-Level Tasking 134 A.2.3 Results with Other Loop Schedulers 138 A.2.4 Results with Different Number of Memory Nodes 138 B Other Research Contributions of the Author 141 B.1 Compiler and Runtime Support for Integrated CPU-GPU Systems 141 B.2 Modeling NUMA Architectures with Stochastic Tool 143 B.3 Runtime Environment for a Manycore Architecture 143 초둝 159 Acknowledgements 161Docto

    2012 λ©•μ‹œμ½” ν•™μƒμš΄λ™, λ‚΄κ°€ 132번째

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    λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ—μ„œ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ€ μ„ κ±°λ‚˜ μ •μΉ˜μ— λ¬΄κ΄€μ‹¬ν•œ κ³„μΈ΅μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λœλ‹€. 이 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ •μΉ˜λ‚˜ μ •μΉ˜κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λŠ” 뢀정적이닀. κ°€μž₯ λ¨Όμ € λΆ€μ •κ³Ό λΆ€νŒ¨κ°€ μ—°μƒλ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 이런 ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 무관심은 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•œ 것인지도 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 2012λ…„ λ©•μ‹œμ½” λŒ€ν†΅λ Ή μ„ κ±°λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λŠ μ„ κ±° λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ μ Šμ€ 측의 관심이 λœ¨κ±°μ› λ‹€. 선거일 50일을 남겨두고 κ°‘μžκΈ° λΆ€μƒν•œ λ‚΄κ°€ 132번째(#Yo Soy 132)λŠ” λŒ€μ„  μ •κ΅­μ˜ μ£Όμš” λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ λ– μ˜¬λžλ‹€. λ§€μŠ€λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ™€ 여둠쑰사 기관이 μ œλ„ν˜λͺ…λ‹Ή(PRI) νŽ˜λƒ λ‹ˆμ—ν† (Enrique PeΓ±a Nieto) ν›„λ³΄μ˜ 승리λ₯Ό μ μΉ˜λŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œλ‚΄κ°€ 132번째의 λ“±μž₯은 계속 승승μž₯κ΅¬ν•˜λ˜ μ œλ„ν˜λͺ…당에 큰 타격을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. λ°˜λ©΄μ— λ‹€λ₯Έ μ •λ‹Ήκ³Ό μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒλ‹¨μ²΄, λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ°”λΌλŠ” κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ‹΅λ‹΅ν•œ λŒ€μ„  정ꡭ에 μ‹ μ„ ν•œ λ°”λžŒμ΄ λ˜μ–΄μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. ν•™μƒμ˜ μ •μΉ˜Β·μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ°Έμ—¬λŠ” λ©•μ‹œμ½” μ‚¬νšŒμ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν™œλ ₯κ³Ό λ™μ‹œμ— μš°λ €λ„ λ‚³μ•˜λ‹€. 학생듀은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒΒ·μ •μΉ˜μ  μ΄μŠˆμ— κ°œμž…ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ , κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν™œλ™μ€ λŒ€μ„  기간에 ν•œμ •λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λŒ€μ„  이 후에도 κ³„μ†λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이제 λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ—μ„œ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€, 특히 λŒ€ν•™μƒλ“€μ€ 1960λ…„λŒ€ 이후 λ‹€μ‹œκΈˆ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ λ³€ν˜μ˜ 주체이자 μ •μΉ˜μ  ν–‰μœ„μžλ‘œ λΆ€μƒν–ˆλ‹€. 이 글은 λ‚΄κ°€ 132번째 ν•™μƒμš΄λ™μ˜ 기원과 λ“±μž₯ λ°°κ²½, 쑰직화와 λ°œμ „ 및 λ‚΄κ°€ 132번째 ν•™μƒμš΄λ™κ³Ό λ§€μŠ€λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ λ―Όμ£Όν™” 문제, 그리고 이 ν•™μƒμš΄λ™μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό ν•œκ³„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” 데 λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€.이 μ €μ„œλŠ” 2008λ…„ μ •λΆ€(κ΅μœ‘λΆ€)의 μž¬μ›μœΌλ‘œ ν•œκ΅­μ—°κ΅¬μž¬λ‹¨μ˜ 지원을 λ°›μ•„ μˆ˜ν–‰λœ μ—°κ΅¬μž„(NRF-2008-362-B00015

    λΌν‹΄μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄γ†μΉ΄λ¦¬λΈŒμ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ(CIALC)

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    둜베λ₯΄ 리카λ₯΄μ˜ <λ©•μ‹œμ½” 영혼의 정볡>

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    세계지도에 그렀지지 μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ λ―Έμ§€μ˜ λŒ€λ₯™, μ „λŒ€λ―Έλ¬Έμ˜ λ¬Έλͺ…κ³Όμ˜ λ§Œλ‚¨μ΄λΌλŠ” 좩격과 ν•¨κ»˜ 16μ„ΈκΈ°λŠ” μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이 μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” ν•œλ§ˆλ””λ‘œ 인식둠적 좩격과 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ³€ν˜κ³Ό μ μ‘μ΄λΌλŠ” κ³Όμ œκ°€ κ³΅μ‘΄ν–ˆλ˜ ν˜Όλž€κ³Ό 희망의 μ‹œλŒ€μ˜€λ‹€. 1492λ…„ 이후 라틴아메리카 λŒ€λ₯™μ€ 폭λ ₯을 μ•žμ„Έμš΄ μœ λŸ½μ—΄κ°•μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ λ Ήλ‹Ήν•˜κ³  μ‹λ―Όν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 일컬어 역사가듀은 μ •μΉ˜μ  정볡, ν˜Ήμ€ ꡰ사적 정볡이라고 λΆ€λ₯Έλ‹€. 그럼 식민지 μ›μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ 전톡 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ 파괴되고 λ°˜κ°•μ œμ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€λ„κ΅λ‘œ κ°œμ’…λœ 것을 무엇이라고 λΆ€λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ? ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ μ‚¬ν•™μž 둜베λ₯΄ 리카λ₯΄(Robert Ricard, 1900∼1984)λŠ” 식민지 주민의 정신적, 문화적, 쒅ꡐ적 식민화 과정을 영혼의 정볡(Conquista espiritual)μ΄λΌλŠ” 말둜 λŒ€μΉ˜ν–ˆλ‹€. 유럽인의 μž…μž₯μ—μ„œ 보면 λ³΅μŒν™”μš” 선ꡐ κ³Όμ •μ˜ μΌλΆ€μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ, 원주민 μž…μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 의미의 μ •λ³΅μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€

    21μ„ΈκΈ° 라틴아메리카 쒅ꡐ νŒŒλ…ΈλΌλ§ˆ: μœ„κΈ°μ— μ²˜ν•œ κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒ

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    μ‹ ν₯μ’…κ΅μ˜ μœ μž…κ³Ό λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ μ†λ„λ‘œ λ²ˆμ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ°œμ‹ κ΅λŠ” 라틴아메리카 λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ μΉ΄ν†¨λ¦­μ˜ μ’…κ΅μ‹œμž₯ 독점을 λ¬΄λ„ˆνŠΈλ¦¬κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄κ²ƒμœΌ 졜근 λ“€μ–΄ λ”μš± 보편적으둜 μΈμ •λ˜λŠ” 쒅ꡐ λ‹€μ›μ£Όμ˜γ…˜ λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€. 70~80λ…„λŒ€ 라틴아메리카λ₯Ό νœ©μ“΄ ν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™κ³Ό νˆ¬μŸν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ”μš± λ³΄μˆ˜ν™”ν•œ 라틴아메리카 주ꡐ단듀은 졜근 κ°œν˜μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 쒌파 μ„±ν–₯의 μ •κΆŒλ“€κ³Ό μ •λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ μΆ©λŒν•˜λŠ” 양상을 보이고 μžˆλ‹€. 이 κΈ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 이런 사항을 μ€‘μ‹œμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 21μ„ΈκΈ° 라틴아메리카 쒅ꡐ ν˜„μƒμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  특히 이 지역이 μ§€λ‹ˆλŠ” κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒμ˜ μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄ˆμ μ„ 맞좜 것이닀

    2012λ…„ λ² λ„€μˆ˜μ—˜λΌ λŒ€μ„  뢄석: 차베슀 VS μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€

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    μ „ ꡭ민이 관심을 κ°–λŠ” λŒ€μ„ μ€ 단거리 달리기가 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ§ˆλΌν†€μ— λΉ„μœ λœλ‹€. μ§€λ‚œ 7μ›” 1일 4선을 λ…Έλ¦¬λŠ” λ² λ„€μˆ˜μ—˜λΌμ˜ ν˜„ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ή 우고 μ°¨λ² μŠ€μ™€ μ•Όλ‹Ή 톡합후보 μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€ κ°„μ˜ 100일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ κΈ°λ‚˜κΈ΄ λŒ€μ„  λ ˆμ΄μŠ€κ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ–‘ μ§„μ˜μ˜ μ‚¬ν™œμ„ 건 ν•œνŒ μŠΉλΆ€κ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λ©΄μ„œ 2012λ…„ λ² λ„€μˆ˜μ—˜λΌ λŒ€μ„ μ— κ΅­λ‚΄ 언둠뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ꡭ제 μ–Έλ‘ λ§€μ²΄λ“€μ˜ 관심도 μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ°¨λ² μŠ€λŠ” 2007λ…„ μ„ μΆœμ§ 곡무원 μ—°μž„ μ œν•œ 규제 철폐 문제λ₯Ό λ‚΄κ±Έμ—ˆλ˜ κ΅­λ―Όνˆ¬ν‘œμ—μ„œ 단 ν•œ 번 진 것을 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³€ μ§€λ‚œ 14λ…„κ°„ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ νŒ¨ν•œ 적이 μ—†λŠ” μ„ κ±°μ˜ 달인이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒλŒ€ν›„λ³΄μΈ 39μ„Έμ˜ μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€λ„ 이 점에 μžˆμ–΄ μ°¨λ² μŠ€μ—κ²Œ μ ˆλŒ€ 뒀지지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€. 그도 1998λ…„ 처음 μ •μΉ˜μ— μž…λ¬Έν•œ 이후 μ§€λ‚œ 14λ…„κ°„ ν•œ λ²ˆλ„ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ νŒ¨ν•œ 적이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€λ„ 총선, 두 번의 μ‹œμž₯μ„ κ±°, 주지사선거, 야당톡합후보 κ²½μ„  λ“± 수 λ§Žμ€ μ„ κ±°λ₯Ό 승리둜 μ΄λŒμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έ λ™μ•ˆ 차베슀 μ§„μ˜μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 후보듀을 λ‚™λ§ˆμ‹œμΌ°μ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ νŒŒλΈ”λ‘œ 페레슀 같은 μŸμŸν•œ μ•Όλ‹Ήμ˜ μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€κΉŒμ§€ λˆ„λ₯΄λŠ” 기염을 ν† ν–ˆλ‹€. 이런 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” μ Šμ§€λ§Œ ν™”λ €ν•œ μ • 치 κ²½λ ₯을 μžλž‘ν•˜λŠ” 인물이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έκ°€ μ΄λ²ˆμ— λ§ˆμ£Όν•œ μ°¨λ² μŠ€λΌλŠ” μƒλŒ€λŠ” 기쑴의 κ²½μŸμžλ“€κ³ΌλŠ” 차원이 λ‹€λ₯Έ 인물이닀. 쀑도 우파 노선인 μΉ΄ν”„λ¦΄λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” μ°¨λ² μŠ€κ°€ κΏˆκΎΈλŠ” 21μ„ΈκΈ° μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜ κ±΄μ„€μ˜ κΏˆμ„ μ’Œμ ˆμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ? μ°¨λ² μŠ€λŠ” μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ λΆ€μƒν•˜λŠ” μ‹ μ˜ˆ μ •μΉ˜μΈμ„ λˆ„λ₯΄κ³  λ‹€μ‹œκΈˆ μ„ κ±°μ˜ λ‹¬μΈμž„μ„ 증λͺ…ν•΄ 보일 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ

    κ΅¬μŠ€νƒ€λ³΄ κ΅¬ν‹°μ—λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ γ€Žν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™γ€

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    ν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™μ˜ 물결이 κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ¬ν–ˆλ˜ 브라질 μƒνŒŒμšΈλ£¨ ꡐꡬ에 μƒˆλ‘œ λΆ€μž„ν•œ 였질루 νŽ˜λ‘λ£¨ μ…°λ ˆλ₯΄ λŒ€μ£Όκ΅λŠ” 해방신학이 μ§€λ‚˜κ°„ μœ ν–‰μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ„ μ–Έν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 근거둜 μ œμ‹œν•œ 것은 80λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜ λ² λ₯Όλ¦° μž₯벽의 뢕괴와 μ†Œ λ ¨ λ“± κ³΅μ‚°κΆŒμ˜ λͺ°λ½, λ‹ˆμΉ΄λΌκ³Ό μ‚°λ””λ‹ˆμŠ€νƒ€ λ―Όμ‘±ν•΄λ°©μ „μ„ μ˜ μ„ κ±° νŒ¨λ°°μ˜€ λ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ κ΅ν™©μ²­μ˜ μ••λ ₯으둜 진보 λ…Έμ„ μ˜ μ‹ ν•™λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ™€ 신학ꡐ가 문을 λ‹«κ³ , 진보 주ꡐ가 μ€ν‡΄ν•œ ꡐꡬ에 보수 주ꡐ가 μž„λͺ…λœ 것도 이런 논리λ₯Ό λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•˜λŠ” 근거둜 μž‘μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. μ„œλ°©μ˜ μ£Όμš” 언둠은 λ ˆμ˜€λ‚˜λ₯΄λ„ 보프와 혼 μ†ŒλΈŒλ¦¬λ…Έ λ“± μ£Όμš” ν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™μžκ°€ ꡐ황청 μ‹ μ•™κ΅λ¦¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 징계λ₯Ό λ°›κ³ , 해방신학을 μ–΅μ••ν•œ ꡐ황 μš”ν•œ λ°”μ˜€λ‘œ 2μ„Έμ˜ λ’€λ₯Ό 이어 보수적 μ„±ν–₯의 라 μΉ­κ±° 좔기경이 ꡐ황 베넀딕도 16μ„Έλ‘œ μ„ μΆœλœ 사싀을 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ΄μ œλŠ” 해방신학이 μ„€μžλ¦¬λ₯Ό μžƒμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ…Όν‰ν–ˆλ‹€. ν•œλ§ˆλ””λ‘œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ 해방신학에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬ν˜•μ„ κ³ κ°€ λ‚΄λ €μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 졜근의 λΌν‹΄μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ 은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 평가가 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ 보여주고 μžˆλ‹€. λ―ΈμΉ΄μ—˜ λ’°λΉ„λŠ” 해방신학을 ꡐ회적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ΄λ‚˜, 신학적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—λ§Œ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” ν˜‘μ†Œν•œ μ‹œκ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™μ˜ μ£½μŒμ΄λΌλŠ” 논리가 ν™•μ‚°λœλ‹€κ³  λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 뒰비에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, μš΄λ™μ  츑면이 μžˆλŠ” 해방신학은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒ μ˜μ—­μ— μ†ν•œ 뢀속물이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°, 이미 μ‹ ν•™μ΄λ‚˜ ꡐ회의 μ˜μ—­μ„ 훨씬 λ²—μ–΄λ‚œ 츑면이 μžˆλ‹€

    에보 λͺ¨λž„λ ˆμŠ€, ν™˜κ²½λ¬Έμ œ ν•΄κ²°μ˜ 리더가 λ˜λ‹€

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    2010λ…„ 4μ›” 에보 λͺ¨λž„λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™” λŒ€μ‘κ³Ό λŒ€μ§€(倧地)의 ꢌ리λ₯Ό μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” 세계인 회의λ₯Ό μ½”μ°¨λ°€λ°”μ—μ„œ κ°œμ΅œν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έκ°€ λ³Όλ¦¬λΉ„μ•„μ˜ μ½”μ°¨λ°€λ°”λ₯Ό κ°œμ΅œμ§€λ‘œ μ„ μ •ν•œ λ°λŠ” 상징적 μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이곳은 특히 토지와 μžμ—°μ„ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μ›μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ 사상이 잘 반영된 μž₯μ†Œμ΄λ©°, 10λ…„ μ „ μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μƒλŒ€λ‘œ 민쀑 이 μ£Όλ„ν•œ λ¬Ό μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•œ 성지이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ‹Ήμ‹œ 수백만이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 물을 μ‚¬μœ ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 정책에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 농민, λ…Έλ™μž, μ½”μΉ΄μž¬λ°°μ—…μž, μ›μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ μ €ν•­μš΄λ™μ€ μ½”μ°¨λ°€λ°”μ—μ„œ 승리λ₯Ό κ±°λ¨Έμ₯μ—ˆλ‹€.

    λ―Έλ””μ–΄ 개혁과 λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ˜ 민주주의

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    2012λ…„ 12μ›” 1일 λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ˜ μƒˆ λŒ€ν†΅λ ΉμœΌλ‘œ μ·¨μž„ν•œ 엔리케 νŽ˜λƒ λ‹ˆμ—ν† (Enrique PeΓ±a Nieto)λŠ” λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ— μ‹œκΈ‰νžˆ ν•„μš”ν•œ κ°œν˜λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜λ©° 그쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 방솑톡신법 κ°œμ •μ„ μ•½μ†ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이번 방솑톡신법 κ°œμ •μ€ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 일뢀 쑰항을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λ°μ„œ κ·ΈμΉ˜μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν—Œλ²•μ˜ 쑰항을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ λ³Ό λ•Œ 방솑톡신 μ‹œμž₯뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ©•μ‹œμ½” μ‚¬νšŒμ— 큰 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. μ§€μ§€λΆ€μ§„ν•œ 노동, μ—λ„ˆμ§€, μ„Έμ œκ°œν˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 달리 λ‹¨μ‹œμΌ 내에 μ •μΉ˜κΆŒμ΄ ν•©μ˜ν•˜κ³  법이 κ°œμ •λλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 이둀적이닀. 이것은 2012λ…„ λŒ€μ„  이후 λ©•μ‹œμ½” κ΅­λ‚΄ μ •μΉ˜ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 이 λΆ„μ•Ό 개혁이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‹œκΈ‰ν•˜κ³  μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μŠˆμ˜€λŠ”μ§€ λ‹¨μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이닀

    21μ„ΈκΈ° 라틴아메리카 κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒμ˜ λ‹Ήλ©΄ 문제

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    μ§€λ‚œ μ„ΈκΈ° κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒλŠ” 제2μ°¨ λ°”ν‹°μΉΈκ³΅μ˜νšŒλ₯Ό 톡해 νŒ¨μ‡„μ μ΄κ³  μˆ˜λ™ 적이던 μžμ‹ μ˜ 이미지λ₯Ό λ²—κ³  세계와 적극적으둜 λŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μžμ„Έλ₯Ό μ·¨ν–ˆ λ‹€. 이 κ³΅μ˜νšŒλŠ” ꡐ회의 ν˜„λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ„ μ–Έν•˜λŠ” μΌλŒ€ 사건이며 κ°€ν†¨λ¦­μ˜ λ³€ν™” λ₯Ό μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Ένƒ„μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 더 이상 κ΅νšŒλŠ” 세상과 λ‹¨μ ˆλœ 채 정신적 μ˜μ—­ 만 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 기ꡬ가 되길 κ±°λΆ€ν•œ 것이닀. 이런 λ©”μ‹œμ§€μ— λΆ€μ‘ν•˜μ—¬ 적극적 으둜 세상과 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•œ 라틴아메리카 κ΅νšŒλŠ” λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅νšŒμ˜ ν•œ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 1968λ…„ μ½œλ‘¬λΉ„μ•„ 메데인(MedellΓ­n)μ—μ„œ μ—΄λ¦° 제2μ°¨ 라 틴아메리카 주ꡐ회의λ₯Ό κ³„κΈ°λ‘œ 진보적인 μ„±μ§μž, μ‹ ν•™μž, 평신도가 μ£ΌμΆ• 이 λ˜μ–΄ ν•΄λ°©μ‹ ν•™, κΈ°μ΄ˆκ³΅λ™μ²΄ λ“± λΌν‹΄μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ νŠΉμƒ‰μ„ μ§€λ‹Œ μ‹ ν•™κ³Ό ꡐ 회의 λͺ¨λΈμ„ νƒ„μƒμ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. μ‹ λ„λ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ°Έμ—¬ μš΄λ™λ“€λ„ ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , ꡐ회 λŠ” λ”μš± 역동적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ™μ‹œμ— μ „μ—λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ ν˜Όλž€μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν–ˆλ‹€.1959λ…„ μΏ λ°”ν˜λͺ… 이후 ν™•μ‚°λ˜λ˜ κ²Œλ¦΄λΌμš΄λ™, ν† μ§€λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ νŒŒμƒλœ 농 λ―Όμš΄λ™, λΆˆμ˜ν•œ 체제λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν•œ ν•™μƒμš΄λ™, ꡰ사쿠데타, κ·Έ ν›„ κ³„μ†λ˜λ˜ κ²½μ œμ™€ μ •μΉ˜μœ„κΈ°λŠ” 가톨릭 μ‹ λ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 관심을 μ΄‰λ°œμ‹œμΌ°λ‹€
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