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    3์ค‘ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ธํƒ€-์‹œ๊ทธ๋งˆ ADC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ Capacitive MEMS ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ™˜.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ Capacitive ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ MEMS ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํฐ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์€ ๋ธํƒ€-์‹œ๊ทธ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ-๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์ฐจ๋™ ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ DAC์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ, ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ, ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†Œ๋ชจ ์—†์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ trade-off ์—†์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์žก์Œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ readout ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ „์••์ด 1.8V์ธ 0.18 m CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  single-ended capacitive MEMS ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๋“€์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 520 ฮผA ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํฐ์€ A-weighted ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ ์žก์Œ ๋น„๋Š” 62.1 dBA, ์Œํ–ฅ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง€์ ์€ 115 dB SPL์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์นฉ์˜ die size๋Š” 0.98ใ€–"mm" ใ€—^2 ์ด๋‹ค.A triple-sampling ฮ”ฮฃ ADC can replace the programmable-gain amplifier commonly used in the readout circuit for a digital capacitive MEMS microphone. The input voltage can then be multiplied by subtracting a further half-period delayed differential input and using the feedback capacitor of the DAC as a sampling capacitor. This triple-sampling technique results in a readout circuit with sensitivity and noise performance comparable to recent designs, but with a reduced power requirement. CMRR improvement is achieved by subtracting differential inputs and superior noise performance compare to conventional structure, as amplifier noise and DAC kT/C noise is not amplified by triple-sampling structure while the signal is increased by its gain. Triple-sampling also can be operated as a single-to-differential circuit. A MEMS microphone incorporating this readout circuit, fabricated in a 0.18ฮผm CMOS process, achieved an A-weighted SNR of 62.1 dBA at 94 dB SPL with 520 ฮผA current consumption, to which triple-sampling was shown to contribute 4.5 dBA.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.1.1 MEMS MICROPHONE TRENDS 1 1.1.2 TYPE OF MEMS MICROPHONES 4 1.1.3 PREVIOUS WORKS 7 1.2 MEMS MICROPHONE BASIC TERMS 9 1.3 THESIS ORGANIZATION 12 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 13 2.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 13 CHAPTER 3 INTERFACE CIRCUITS AND POWER MANAGEMENT CIRCUITS 16 3.1 PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL SOURCE FOLLOWER 17 3.2 CHARGE PUMP 19 3.3 LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 22 3.3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 22 3.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 26 CHAPTER 4 TRIPLE-SAMPLING DELTA-SIGMA ADC 31 4.1 BASIC OF DELTA-SIGMA ADC 31 4.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING DELTA-SIGMA MODULATOR 37 4.2.1 CONVENTIONAL 1ST INTEGRATOR STRUCTURE 37 4.2.2 CROSS-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 40 4.2.3 TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 43 4.2.4 STF ANALYSIS OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 47 4.2.5 THERMAL NOISE ANALYSIS OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 51 4.2 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION OF DELTA-SIGMA ADC 57 CHAPTER 5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 64 5.1 MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT 64 5.2 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 67 5.3 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY 72 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 ํ•œ๊ธ€์ดˆ๋ก 79๋ฐ•

    ์‹ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ 3์ฐจ์› ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2001.Maste

    The Early Development of Freedom of Assembly in the U.S. Constitution

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    This study deals with the early development of freedom of assembly in the United States. In keeping with the right of petition as it was guaranteed in the United Kingdom, freedom of assembly was widely permitted in the colonies of the Americas. Then, during the national foundation of the U.S. such freedom was codified into law by the First Amendment. Freedom of assembly primarily originated out of popular sovereignty in relation to the political system of republicanism. This was natural since the U.S. was founded as a nation without a monarch after its independence from the U.K. Because representatives of the people gathered together for the Constitutional Convention, assembly formally associated with popular sovereignty. Therefore, freedom of assembly, linked with the right to petition, had the characteristics of a right claiming to the government while it had the features of political rights, related to popular sovereignty. Freedom of assembly was understood in this manner during the twentieth century. Such freedom of assembly has developed through precedents set by the Supreme Court. The clearest examples are: United States vs. Cruikshank in 1876, where constitutional freedom of assembly was dealt with explicitly for the first time; DeJonge vs. Oregon in 1937, which presented general accounts about constitutional freedom of assembly along with the view that freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and freedom of the press all have common ground; and Hague vs. Committee for Industrial Organization in 1939, which paved the way for the public speech theory. Constitutional freedom of assembly in the U.S. is more than an ornament to the legal provisions for democracy. Rather, it plays a role of claiming freedom of association which heightens the effect of speech or assembly, and from which right to privacy is derived. The provisions on freedom of assembly generate freedom essential to a free and democratic system. In this light, the early development of freedom of assembly in the U.S. does not reflect simply a history of accepting the Constitution as well as a trend of provisions. As with other areas of the U.S. Constitution, by examining freedom of assembly, we can identify the history of constitutionalism of the U.S

    Studies on characteristics of elastase inhibitor produced by streptomyces lavendulae SMF11 and its fermentation kinetics

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญธ็ง‘,1995.Docto

    ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ Low-Dropout Regulator

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ™˜.Low-dropout regulator (LDO) ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํ˜• ์ „์•• regulator ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ ์€ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ripple ๋ฐ ์žก์Œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์ž‘์—๋„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ dropout ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ „์•• ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ „์•• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ LDO ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ (quiescent current) ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ LDO ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ LDO๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๋™๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ 65ยฐ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์—ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 0.13um CMOS ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์•• ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ(Bandgap Voltage Reference)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 68.67uA์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 10uF์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 13mA์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ LDO ํšŒ๋กœ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ LDO ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ 4 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ LDO ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ Design Issue 6 1. LDO ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ 6 2. LDO ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ / ์ƒ์ถฉ๊ด€๊ณ„ 9 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” LDO ํšŒ๋กœ 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ตฌ์กฐ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํšŒ๋กœ์„ค๊ณ„ 18 1. ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 18 2. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ  / ์„ ๋กœ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ 20 3. ์žก ์Œ 22 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ / Layout 25 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ LDO ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํšŒ๋กœ 25 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 26 1. Dropout ์ „์•• 26 2. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต 27 3. ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต 28 4. ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 28 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ Layout 29 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  30 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 31 Abstract 32Maste
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