7 research outputs found

    ์ „๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ณต์œ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฒด์™€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ž‘์—… ์ตœ์ ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•๊ฑด์ˆ˜.In this thesis, we consider a battery swapping and mobility inventory rebalancing problem arising in electric micro-mobility sharing systems. Vehicles are equipped with swappable batteries and they are managed by staffs' visiting each vehicle and changing depleted batteries. With the free-floating property of the system, vehicles can locate anywhere in a service area without designated stations, which increases the difficulty to visit and collect every single vehicle. In order to successfully meet user demand during the daytime, operators have to redistribute the vehicles with the right number in the right place and swap batteries with insufficient levels into fully charged ones overnight. Therefore, it is essential that operators take battery charging(swapping), staff routing, rebalancing problem all together into consideration. We aim to satisfy demand as much as possible and at the same time minimize routing and swapping costs. We formulate this problem in a mixed integer linear programming. Target inventory level for rebalancing, an important parameter used in the system, is suggested by analyzing a stochastic process that incorporates demand changes. Being a special case of vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery, it shares the difficulty and complexity of VRP in practically large size. So as to give efficient solutions in large size problems, we develop a Cluster-first Route-second heuristic where a set partitioning problem considers inventory imbalances and approximates routing distances. We benchmark our heuristic approach on a pure MLIP formulation. The experimental result confirms that the heuristic is good at decomposing a large problem and gives efficient solutions even in practically large instances.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์ฒดํ˜• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ณต์œ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ์ž‘์—…์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ง์›์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœํšŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋™ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž‘์—… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ free-floating ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ณต์œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ stochastic process๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋“ค์„ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์Šคํƒœํ”„๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Šคํƒœํ”„๋ฅผ ์ˆœํšŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์Šคํƒœํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ํ•œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์†Œ์†๋œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์„ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์Šคํƒœํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฑธ์นจ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ set partitioning ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‚ด์— ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Related literature 6 1.2.1 Rebalancing in bike sharing systems 6 1.2.2 Charging and rebalancing in free-floating electric vehicle(FFEV) sharing 9 1.2.3 Charging of electric micro-mobility with swappable batteries 10 1.3 Motivation and contributions 12 1.4 Organization of the thesis 14 Chapter 2. Mathematical formulations 15 2.1 Basic assumptions and problem description 15 2.2 Demand Modeling and Target Inventory 18 2.3 Mixed integer linear programming formulation 23 Chapter 3. Heuristic approach 30 3.1 Cluster-first route-second approach 31 3.2 Clustering problem with routing cost approximation 33 3.2.1 Minimum spanning tree approximation 33 3.2.2 Clustering problem 35 3.2.3 Cluster-first Route-second heuristic 41 Chapter 4. Computational experiments 42 4.1 Design of experiment 42 4.2 Comparative Analysis 47 Chapter 5. Conclusion 52Maste

    - The Cases of Japan, South Korea, and China -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ๊ตฌ๋ฏผ๊ต.Although the international community faces challenges with the rise of protectionism, World Trade Organization contributed to the expansion and stabilization of the world economy as a center of the international trade system. Among the key institutional pillars of the WTO, the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) has attracted major scholarly attention in contemporary research on trade organizations. Yet, this study focuses on the least studied Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), another key function to safeguard against protectionism. TPRM is a mechanism that imposes peer pressure, a social criticism related to 'naming and shaming' rather than oppressive sanctions, which can help raise awareness of member states' trade practices and polices and increase responsibility and transparency. Despite its significance, the main reasons for the lack of attention by trade scholars are semantic complexity of review reports and a vast amount of text. To overcome the existing limitations, this study analyzed TPR reports using information extraction (IE) techniques. A total of 18 TPR reports on the three East Asian trading partners (Japan, Korea, and China) were analyzed by Rapid Automation Keyword Extraction (RAKE) and TextRank algorithms. Based on this, major trade issues of the three countries were extracted. In the second phase, for an in-depth understanding and rich interpretation of the issue, a qualitative method of case study was conducted in accordance with peer pressure formation stages.๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์†์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, WTO๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” WTO์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ œ๋„์  ์ถ• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(TPRM)์ด WTO์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ๋„์  ์ถ•์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(DSM)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฌด์—ญ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. TPRM์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ธ peer pressure๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํƒ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๊ณ ์ž, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์ถ”์ถœ(IE) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TPR์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. RAKE(Rapid Automation Keyword ์ถ”์ถœ) ๋ฐ TextRank ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ 3๋Œ€ ๊ต์—ญ๊ตญ(ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด 18๊ฑด์˜ TPR ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 3๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ†ต์ƒ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” peer pressure ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ†ต์ƒ์ •์ฑ… ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ TPR์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ peer pressure์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Research 2 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background and Literature Review 5 2.1 Transparency in Trade Environment 5 2.2 Trade Policy Review Mechanism 6 2.3 Relationship Between Three East Asian States 8 Chapter 3. Research Design 10 3.1 Conceptual Framework 10 3.2 Peer pressure mechanism 11 3.3 Data and Methodology 13 Chapter 4. Result of Text Mining 17 4.1 Analysis of Japanโ€™s Text Mining Results 17 4.2 Analysis of South Koreaโ€™s Text Mining Results 20 4.3 Analysis of Chinaโ€™s Text Mining Results 23 Chapter 5. Case Study on the Trade Policy: Stages of Peer Pressure Formation 26 5.1 Japan's Trade Issue: Change in Position towards Regional Economic Integration 26 5.2 Korea's Trade Issue: Moratorium on Rice Tarrification 31 5.3 China's Trade Issue: The Government's Market Intervention via SOES 37 Chapter 6. Conclusion and Implications 42 References 45 Abstract in Korean 54์„

    ์ฐฐ์Šค ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ์™€ FDA์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ๋ฐ๊ณผํ•™์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2019. 8. ์ด๋‘๊ฐ‘.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ(Food and Drug Administration, ์ดํ•˜ FDA)์ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณ„์—ด ์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ์‚ดํ•€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ FDA ๊ตญ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ(Charles C. Edwards)๋Š” 1970๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋…ผ๋ž€๊ณผ 1971๋…„ ๋””์—ํ‹ธ์Šคํ‹ธ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กค(Diethylstilbestrol, ์ดํ•˜ DES) ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ๊ณผ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋””์˜ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ DES๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์™œ FDA๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ ํŒ๋งค ํ›„(post-market) ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง(labeling)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FDA๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜-์ด์ต ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์‹œํŒ ํ›„ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฐ์—…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์˜€์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ FDA ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‹น์‹œ FDA๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ๊ณผ DES ๋‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น์‹œ FDA๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.This study examines how the FDA managed the safety issues and side effects of the female hormone-based drugs that occurred in the early 1970s. FDAs 10th Commissioner (1969-1973), Charles C. Edwards, first disclosed drug information to the public after facing oral contraceptive controversy in 1970. He then in 1971 also asked the manufacturer of estradiol-based DES to reveal possible risks of DES to doctors so that the physicians are able to inform their patients. This study investigates the significance of why the FDA decided to disclose drug information for two complex female hormone-based drugs via patient package inserts and labeling methods at this time. Exploring the early post-market drug regulation cases in 1970s, this study argues that the FDA's decision to make certain drug information available to the public was made in the context of FDA's uncertain regulatory authority in determining appropriate control of post-market drugs according to risk-benefit analysis. Furthermore, this paper provides that the FDA in 1970 attempted to mediate among the interests of physicians, pharmaceutical industries, and the public, and sought to achieve balance among them. FDA viewed drug information available for oral contraceptives and DES as the best balance point for the regulation of post-market drugs. The FDA was coordinating diverse groups of interests surrounding the drug, seeking not only the protection of patient health, but also to promote pharmaceutical industries to develop innovative drugs, and not to violate doctors prescribing medical authority in the off-label use of drugs. Finally, this paper argues that drug information available to the public was implemented to broaden patient choice for treatments in accordance with the spirit of consumers and womens health rights movements.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก i 1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 2.1. FDA์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„ ํš๋“ ๊ณผ์ • 7 2.2. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์šด๋™ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ์ œ์˜๋“ฑ์žฅ 13 2.3. ์ฐฐ์Šค ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ์™€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ FDA ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ 18 3. FDA์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ ๊ทœ์ œ: ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ์˜ ํ™˜์ž ํฌ์žฅ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ 23 3.1. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€ 23 3.2. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ FDA์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ: ํ™˜์ž ํฌ์žฅ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐฌ/๋ฐ˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€ 31 3.3. ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜-์ด์ต ๋ถ„์„ 36 4. FDA์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ ๊ทœ์ œ: DES์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฌธ 41 4.1. 1971๋…„ DES์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 41 4.2. FDA์˜ DES ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€ 44 4.3. DES์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ FDA์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 52 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  59 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 63 Abstract 69Maste

    ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฎๆญดๅฒ็š„่‡ช่ด–

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฏผํ˜ธ.้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใฎ็พไปฃๆ–‡ๅญฆใฏใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ใจใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟ้–ขไฟ‚ใฎไธญใงๅฝขๆˆยทๅฑ•้–‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใ€‚่ฟ‘ไปฃๆ–‡ๅญฆใฎ่ƒŽๅ‹•ๆœŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒใƒณใ‚ฐใƒซๆ–‡ๅญฆๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฎๆ™ฎๅŠใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ๅคšๅฐ‘็•ฐ่ณชใชๆ€ๆƒณไฝ“็ณปใฎๆตๅ…ฅใจ่žๅ’Œใชใฉใ€ๅฝขๅผใจๅ†…ๅฎนใฎ้ขใงใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ใŒ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใฎ็พไปฃๆ–‡ๅญฆใซๅŠใผใ—ใŸๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใฏๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ„ใ€‚ไธญใงใ‚‚ๅ˜ใซใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™็š„็ด ๆใ‚„ๆ€ๆƒณใ‚’ใใฎใพใพๅ€Ÿ็”จใ—ใŸใปใ‹ใ€ใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™็š„ไธ–็•Œ่ฆณใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆ€็ดขใจ็†Ÿ่€ƒใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๆ–นๅผใง่‡ชๅทฑๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅญฆไฝœๅ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจ็›ฎใซๅ€คใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ็‚นใงๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ฆณๅฏŸใงใใ‚‹ไฝœๅฎถใŒๅผต้พ้ถด(ใƒใƒฃใƒณยทใƒจใƒณใƒใ‚ฏ)ใ ใ€‚ ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฏใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ไธ–็•Œ่ฆณใฎไธญๅฟƒๆ€ๆƒณใฎไธ€ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹็ฝชใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŽขๆฑ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๆœฌ็จฟใฏใ€ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฎไธป้กŒใ‚’็ฝชใจ่ด–็ฝช"ใ€ใ™ใชใ‚ใกไบบ้–“ใซๅ†…ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ฝชใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ็ฝชใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ใฉใ†่งฃๆฑบใ™ในใใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่งฃ็ญ”ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅผต้พ้ถดใซใจใฃใฆ็ฝชใจ่ด–็ฝชใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒๆ่ตทใฏใ€ไบบ้–“ใฎๆœฌๆ€งใจๆ•‘ๆดใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝข่€ŒไธŠๅญฆ็š„ๆŽขๆฑ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซใ€ๅฝผใŒไฝ็ฝฎใ—ใฆใ„ใŸๆˆฆๅพŒไธ–ไปฃใฎๆญดๅฒๆ„่ญ˜ใจใ‚‚ๅฏ†ๆŽฅใซใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎ็ฝชใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่งฃ้‡ˆใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ด–็ฝชใฎๆ–นๆณ•ๆ็คบใฏใ€ๅฝผใฎไฝœๅ“ไธ–็•Œๅ…จไฝ“ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใฏใ€็ฝชใ‚’ๅพใ€…ใซไป–ไบบใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€่‡ชๅทฑใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจ่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹่‡ชๅทฑๅŒ–ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€่‡ชใ‚‰ใฎๅฎŸ้š›็š„ยทๆญดๅฒ็š„็”Ÿๆดปใฎไธญใ‹ใ‚‰็ฝชใ‚’ๆŽขใ‚ใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๆญดๅฒๅŒ–ใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใ‚’็ตŒใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎ็ฝชใƒป่ด–็ฝช่ฆณใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ๅฐ่ชฌใฎๅฑ•้–‹ใ‚’ๅˆๆœŸ-ไธญๆœŸ-ๅพŒๆœŸใฎ3ๆฎต้šŽใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใฆใ€ใใฎไธญใงใ€ๅฝผใฎๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใช็ฝชใƒป่ด–็ฝช่ฆณใ‚’็คบใ™ๅพŒๆœŸใฎ่ด–็ฝช่ฆณใฏๅ’ธ้Œซๆ†ฒ(ใƒใƒ ใƒปใ‚ฝใ‚ฏใƒ›ใƒณ)ใฎ่‡ช่ด–ไฟกไปฐใจ้กžไผผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚่‡ช่ด–ใฏๆญฃ็ตฑใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ใฎ่ด–็ฝช่ฆณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไปฃ่ด–ใซๅฏพๆŠ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€่ด–็ฝช็ฅญ็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ไปฃ็†็š„่ด–็ฝชใงใฏใชใ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’็ฅญ็‰ฉใซใ—ใฆ่ก€ใ‚’ๆตใ™่‡ช็™บ็š„่ด–็ฝชใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆใ“ใ็ฝชใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใ ใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๅฐ่ชฌใซ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹่‡ช่ด–ใฏๅฎ—ๆ•™ๆ€ๆƒณ็š„ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅฎŸๅญ˜ไธป็พฉใ€็ซ็”ฐๆฐ‘ๆ„่ญ˜ใจๅฏพๆฑบใงใใ‚‹ๆญดๅฒๅ“ฒๅญฆ็š„ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆญดๅฒ็š„่‡ช่ด–ใซๆ‹กๅผตใ•ใ‚Œใ†ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๅˆๆœŸใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฏใ€็ฝชใ‚’ๅค–้ƒจใฎ็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ‚”ใ—ใๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆๆใๅ‡บใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ใฎ็ฝชใฏใพใ ๆญดๅฒ็š„็Šถๆณใจ็ตใณใคใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ๆญดๅฒใฎๅค–ใฎๆ™ฎ้็š„ไธ–็•ŒใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็ฝชใฎๅ•้กŒใฎ่งฃๆฑบใจใ„ใ†ๅคšๅฐ‘ๅˆ‘่€ŒไธŠๅญฆ็š„ใช่ญฐ่ซ–ใ‚’่ฉฆใฟใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅˆๆœŸใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฏไป–ไบบใฎๆญปใ‚’้€šใ˜ใŸไปฃ่ด–"ใฎ่ด–็ฝช็ฅญๅ„€ใ‚’้‚่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง่ด–็ฝชใ‚’่ฉฆใฟใ‚‹ใŒๅคฑๆ•—ใ™ใ‚‹่ฉฑใ‚’ๆ‰ฑใ†ใ€‚ใใฎๅคฑๆ•—ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจใ—ใฆไฝœ่€…ใŒๆŒ‡ๆ‘˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ไป–ไบบใ‚’ใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ดใƒผใƒˆใซใ—ใŸไบบ้–“ใฏไบบ้–“ใจใ—ใฆๅคฑๆ ผใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ€ใใ—ใฆๆญดๅฒ็š„็พๅฎŸใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่ช่ญ˜ใŒใ“ใฎไปฃ่ด–ใฎ่ฉฆใฟใ‚’ไธๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ไธญๆœŸๅฐ่ชฌใฏ็ฝชใ‚’่ฆๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ่ฆณๅฟตใจ่€ƒใˆใ€็ฅž็š„ใช่ฆๅพ‹ใซ้ †ๅฟœใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฝชใจ่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ€ไธ–็•Œๅฒใฎๅฑ•้–‹ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็ ด็ถปใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใ ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚ๅ–„ๆ‚ชๆžœใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒ็ฝชใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ–„ๆ‚ชๆžœใ‚’็ฝชใจ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใฆๅใ“ใ†ใจใ—ใŸๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰็ฝชใซ่ฆๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใฎใ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅผต้พ้ถดใฏใ€ๆญดๅฒใ‚’้กใฃใฆๅŽŸ็ฝชใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ€ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ‚จใƒ‡ใƒณใซๆˆปใ‚Šใ€ๅŽŸ็ฝชใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ฆๅพ‹ใซ้ †ๅฟœใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงๅŽŸ็ฝชใ‚’ๆถˆๆป…ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ–ฐใŸใช่ด–็ฝชใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆๆ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅค–้ƒจใง่ฆๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่ฆๆบ–ใงใฏใชใใ€ไบบ้–“่‡ชใ‚‰ใŒ่ฆๆบ–ใจใชใ‚‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆญดๅฒใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไปฎ่ชฌ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้ŽใŽใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใง้™็•ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅผต้พ้ถดใฎๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใชๅˆฐ้”็‚นใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅพŒๆœŸๅฐ่ชฌใงใฏใ€็ฝชใ‚’่ก€็ตฑใซๅพ“ใฃใฆ้บไผใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ็Šฏใ•ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใฎ็ฝชใพใงใ‚‚่ก€ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซๅ†…ๅœจใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจๅ—ใ‘ๆญขใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใ€ๅผต้พ้ถดใฏๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใซ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ฝช่ฆณใ‚’ๆญดๅฒๅŒ–ใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ็ฝฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆˆฆๅพŒไธ–ไปฃใฎๅ•้กŒ็Šถๆณใซ้ฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Š้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ็คพไผšใจไฝœ่€…่‡ช่บซใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆคๆฐ‘ๆ”ฏ้…ใฎ่ทกใจๆทท็จฎๆ€งใ‚’ไธ€็จฎใฎๆญดๅฒ็š„ๅŽŸ็ฝชใง่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใŸใฎใ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ด–็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆใ€็ฝชใฎๅฝ“ไบ‹่€…่‡ชใ‚‰ใŒ็ฝชใฎ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆๆญปใฌ่‡ช่ด–ใ‚’ๆ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅพŒๆœŸใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฏ้Ÿ“ๆ—ฅๆทท่ก€ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚่ก€็ตฑใฎ็ฝชใซ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆ่‡ชใ‚‰ๆญปใฌไบบ็‰ฉใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ๆใใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ใฎๆญปใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆญปใงใฏใชใใ€็ฝชใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆŒ็ถš็š„ใ‹ใคๅๅพฉ็š„ใช่ฒฌไปปใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆไฝœๅฎถใŒไบŒ้‡่จ€่ชžไธ–ไปฃใจใ„ใ†ๅฝผใฎไฝ็ฝฎใฎ็ฝชๆ€งใพใงใ‚‚่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใฆๅ…‹ๆœใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅผต้พ้ถดใฏ็”Ÿๆถฏใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅ†…้ขใฎ็ฝชๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๅ…‹ๆœใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŽขใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™็š„ใช็ฝช่ช่ญ˜ใจๅˆ†้›ขใ—ใชใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™็š„ไธ–็•Œ่ฆณใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่‡ชๅˆ†ใชใ‚Šใฎๅ†่งฃ้‡ˆใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใฆใŠใ‚Š่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ€‚็‰นใซๅฝผใฎ็ฝช่ฆณใฏใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆคๆฐ‘ๅœฐๆ”ฏ้…ใจ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝๆˆฆไบ‰ใชใฉใ€้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใใ—ใฆๆˆฆๅพŒไธ–ไปฃใฎๆญดๅฒ็š„็Šถๆณใจๅฏ†ๆŽฅใช้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซๅผต้พ้ถดใฏๅˆ‘่€ŒไธŠๅญฆ็š„ใ€ใใ—ใฆๆญดๅฒ็š„ใช่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ฝชใฎๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ไป–ไบบใซ่ปขๅซใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€็„ก่ฆ–ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ›ใšใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็›ด่ฆ–ใ—ใฆๆŠฑใใ“ใจใงๅ…‹ๆœใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใŸใฎใ ใ€‚ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์™€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ํƒœ๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ธ€๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐ ์œตํ™” ๋“ฑ, ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์  ์†Œ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์ˆ™๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃ„์™€ ์†์ฃ„, ์ฆ‰ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ฃ„๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃ„์™€ ์†์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ํƒ๊ตฌ์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ „ํ›„์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜์‹๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์†์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ธ์ƒ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ยท์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์ฃ„ยท์†์ฃ„๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ-์ค‘๊ธฐ-ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์ฃ„ยท์†์ฃ„๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์ฃ„๊ด€์€ ํ•จ์„ํ—Œ์˜ ์ž์†(่‡ช่ด–) ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ค๋‹ค. ์ž์†์€ ์ •ํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์˜ ์†์ฃ„๊ด€์ธ ๋Œ€์†(ไปฃ่ด–)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์†์ฃ„์ œ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์  ์†์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์†์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์†์€ ์ข…๊ต ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜, ํ™”์ „๋ฏผ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์€ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์šธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ฃ„๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์†์˜ ์†์ฃ„์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ํฌ์ƒ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ค๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์ด ๋Œ€์†์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์€ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํƒ„์˜ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ์•…๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋จน์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์„ ์•…๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ํ•ด๋‚ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ์›์ฃ„์˜ ์‹œ์  ์ฆ‰ ์—๋ด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€, ์›์ฃ„์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์›์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ค€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋„๋‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ฃ„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃ„๊ด€์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ›„์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ”์ ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ์ข…์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์›์ฃ„๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์†์ฃ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃ„์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์ž์†์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์€ ํ•œ์ผ ํ˜ผํ˜ˆ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ฃ„์„ฑ(็ฝชๆ€ง)๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์€ ํ‰์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์ฃ„์˜์‹์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ ์ธ ์ฃ„ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์„์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃ„๊ด€์€ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ๋“ฑ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ›„์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์šฉํ•™์€ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃ„์˜์‹์„ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ง์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 10 2. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ์ฃ„์™€ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์†(ไปฃ่ด–) 22 2.1. ๊ทนํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋– ๋ฐ€๋ฆฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฃ„ 25 2.2. ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์† 35 3. ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ(้žไบบ)์˜ ๋ฐ˜(ๅ)-์—ญ์‚ฌ 47 3.1. ์‹ (็ฅž)-๊ทœ์œจ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์  ์›์ฃ„ 58 3.2. ๋ฐ˜(ๅ)-์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์›์ฃ„์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ 78 4. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃ„์™€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์†(่‡ช่ด–) 99 4.1. ํ•œ์ผ ํ˜ผํ˜ˆ์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์  ์ฃ„ 104 4.2. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์† 117 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  132 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 138 ์ผ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 143Maste

    Analysis of Efficacy of Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation in case of Bimaxillary orthognatic Surgery

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ (์น˜๊ณผ๋งˆ์ทจํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.8.Maste

    The English Catholic Enlightenment in the Works of Joseph Berington

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„œ์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ์ฒ .This dissertation analyses the ideas of Joseph Berington, an English Catholic priest, in the context of the eighteenth-century discourses on Enlightenment. The English Enlightenment has been characterized by its conservative and clerical nature due to the fact that it was driven by the ruling class of the Church and the State to establish stable sovereignty free from religious warfare, not to free the people from any societal oppression. The 18th-century Anglican church found the root cause of the past religious conflicts to be the Catholic and Calvinistic elements commingled within the Church, and sought to reform into a moderate church that would no longer threaten the civil society by eliminating the perils of both extremes. The British government formed a strong alliance with the established church, allowing Anglican communion participants to hold exclusive constitutional powers, while at the same time granting an appropriate level of tolerance authorized by the king as the head of the Church, to other denominations deemed safe. In this Enlightenment system, the Catholics were regarded as an anti-Enlightenment body which could disrupt at anytime the political and religious peace that the government had strived to defend. The religious fanaticism of the previous century was epitomized by words such as superstition and enthusiasm, both of which were still widely used to denote Catholicism by the 18th-century intellectuals. While persistent negative perceptions toward Catholics were deeply rooted in British society, the nations diplomatic relations continued to force the government to extend tolerance to the Catholics. Against this backdrop, a heated debate erupted during 1770-1780s over whether civil society would be able to secure stability even after allowing religious freedom to the Catholic subjects. During those years, some ardent Catholics made their first appearance as polemicists, exerting themselves to gain trust from the government by demonstrating Catholics ability to enlighten themselves. The most prolific and influential writer among them was Joseph Berington. A small number of studies have been conducted on Berington under the classification of Catholic Enlightenment. Most previous research, however, tends to emphasize only his so-called progressive and radical tendency without sufficient consideration on the historical context in which he was living and the multiple discourses on Enlightenments that had developed during it. The overarching goal of the Enlightenment shared by all kinds of contemporary intellectuals was to eradicate the risk of recurring religious wars, and the method could either be conservative or progressive. If we can define Berington as a Catholic Enlightenment thinker, it is not because of his manifest progressiveness, but because he kept thinking and discussing ways to realize a British society that embraced Catholicism without any religious conflicts. This thesis first places Berington in the specific context where a number of different Enlightenment thoughts were generated, and then examines the development of Beringtons ideas formed through the dynamic interactions with them. Ultimately, it aims to acquire a deeper understanding of Berington's language and arguments, which will enable us to gain insight on the background for the English Catholic Enlightenment being steered towards progressive and radical ideas. The British government boasted of having achieved an enlightened constitution that successfully eliminated the potential of religious warfare through a staunch alliance between the Church and the State. Fully aware of the reasons Anglicans considered Catholicism as pernicious, Berington struggled to separate his church from the Anglican standards of anti-enlightenment, and criticized their alleged finest constitution for not being enlightened enough, even suggesting alternatives of his own. Amidst this discourse, his language was heavily influenced by the Dissenters who were equally subject to the legal discrimination similar to the Catholics. Above all, Berington, in several ways, dismissed the accusations of superstition and enthusiasm levelled at Catholicism, asserting that the English Catholics had almost recovered from those outmoded religious pathologies. The remaining superstitious and enthusiastic practices, he claimed, would soon be extirpated through Catholic self-reform. Berington, who professed to be a rational and enlightened Catholic, was an unfamiliar figure to the Protestant intellectuals at the time, but nonetheless could serve them positively. His remarks, however, having gone too far from the acceptable level for the British ruling class, ended up facing fierce criticism. The worst move was to denounce the status of the Church of England, and to advocate the disintegration of the alliance between the Church and the state. Berington dreamed of a society where the government allowed universal tolerance to all denominations without any involvement in religious matters. Only in such setting, he believed, could individuals explore the truth with enlightened reason and discern the most indisputable truth. But for the 18th-century Anglican elites, his argument was merely a bunch of irresponsible words with no valid alternatives to curb the destructive power of religions. The Church was sanctified as a bastion that prevented the state from being embroiled in a vortex of religious wars again, and whoever threatened it could be a suspect for anti-Enlightenment. Since the 1780s, Berington had consistently appealed for the need for the Catholic reform and attacked the structural deficiencies in the British constitution. This strategy, however, completely lost its efficacy after the outbreak of the French Revolution. As the republican atheistic revolutionaries were labelled as a new kind of enthusiasts who attempted to destroy the European Enlightened order, anyone who sympathized with the Revolution while challenging the existing authority and calling for any sort of reform began to be specified as Jacobins. Berington supported the French National Assembly for its endeavors to expand freedom, and on the basis of similar democratic principles, continued to demand the constitutional transformation and the overthrow of outdated practices of his church. At this point, British public opinion squarely turned its back on Berington. Although, after the Revolution, English society started to welcome Catholics as part of the guardians of the trinitarian order, the Catholics they embraced were not the innovative priests like Berington, but the compliant priests and laymen who stood in awe of the existing order and hierarchy. To sum up, this paper intends to show that Berington, as a Catholic, aspired to belong to the mainstream intellectual world of his time by speaking in the common language that prevailed in the English Enlightenment discourse. It also underlines that whereas multiple speakers equally talked of the Enlightenment, its specific meanings could be conflicting and even contradictory. Especially in England where the presence of the Anglican Church was particularly conspicuous, it is difficult to conduct an in-depth analysis of the Enlightenment discourse of other denominations without considering its relationship with the Anglican Enlightenment. Overall, the attempt to gain contextual insight into Beringtons ideas will permit a more thorough understanding of one of the various branches of the Enlightenments, and provide an opportunity to recall the role of Catholicism, which has largely been marginalized as a third party on the stage of 18th-century British public sphere.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‚ฌ์ œ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด(Joseph Berington, 1743-1827)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋‹ด๋ก  ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์—๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ยท์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ ยท๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์  ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ต์••์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์  ์•„๋ž˜ ์™•์ •๋ณต๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ์ถ”๋™๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์ ยท์นผ๋ฑ…์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘๊ทน๋‹จ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์˜จ๊ฑดํ•œ ๊ตํšŒ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์–ด ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์  ํ—Œ์ • ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€ ๊ตํŒŒ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ธ ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ด€์šฉ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ •์น˜ยท์ข…๊ต์  ํ™”ํ•ฉ์„ ์–ธ์ œ๋“  ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜(ๅ) ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ž์œ ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์˜€๋˜ ๋ฏธ์‹ (Superstition), ์—ด์„ฑ(Enthusiasm) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ด€์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด์— 1770-80๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ ํ—Œ์ •๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ๊ฐ€?์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ”ผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๋…ผ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ยท์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์—†์ด ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ฑ, ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์ด ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์–ธํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์†์— ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์œ„์น˜์‹œ์ผœ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณธ์˜๋ฅผ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์ง„๋ณด์ ยท๊ธ‰์ง„์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„ ์›์ธ์„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ™” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๊ตณ๊ฑดํ•œ ๋™๋งน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋œ ํ—Œ์ •์„ ์ด๋ฃฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€์ธ ๋น„๊ตญ๊ต๋„์™€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฏธ์‹ ๊ณผ ์—ด์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ ยท์—ด์„ฑ์  ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์˜ ์ž์ฒด ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ด€์šฉ์˜ ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํ”ผ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ธ์ •์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์˜๊ตญ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š”, ์˜๊ตญ ํ—Œ์ •์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€โˆ’๊ตญ๊ต ๋™๋งน์˜ ์™€ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ผ์ ˆ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตํŒŒ์— ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€์šฉ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟจ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋œ ์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๊ต๋„ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ํž˜์„ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ ๋ง๋“ค์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ข…๊ต์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋Šช์— ๋น ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฃจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ๋” ํฐ ๊ด€์šฉ์ด ๋” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์‹ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์šฉ์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ 1780๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์„คํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ—Œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€์šฉ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ํ—ˆ์ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ด€์šฉ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šคํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ์ผ๊ตฐ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ด์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šคํ˜๋ช…์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์งˆ์„œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šคํ˜๋ช…์„ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ํ—Œ์ •์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์Šต ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์ „๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜์‹œ์ผœ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•ด๋งˆ์ง€์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์€ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœํ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ํ˜„์กด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹ ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์ด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ง€์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์†Œ์†๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™”์ž๋“ค์ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด๋˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตํŒŒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๋…ผํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ์  ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์† ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚ด ๊ฒฉ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ต์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 1. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด : ๋ฏธ์‹ ๊ณผ ์—ด์„ฑ 11 2. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์ƒํ™ฉ : ๊ด€์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์˜ ํ˜ผ์žฌ 16 โ…ข. ์กฐ์…‰ ๋ฒ ๋งํ„ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ 21 1. ๋ฏธ์‹ ๊ณผ ์—ด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ 21 1) ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ์‹ ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹  22 2) ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์—ด์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 28 2. ์˜๊ตญ ํ—Œ์ •์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ : ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ โ€“ ๊ตญ๊ต ๋™๋งน์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์‹œ๋„ 34 3. ์ข…๊ต์  ์ ์˜์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ : ๋ณต์Œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€์šฉ 44 โ…ฃ. ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜์ž 50 1. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šคํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž 50 2. ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ… ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์˜ ํ˜์˜ 54 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  59 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 64 Abstract 76์„
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