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    ์–‘์žํ™”๋œ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์ง€๋Šฅํ˜•์œตํ•ฉ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ „๋™์„.๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง (DNN)์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก  ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„๋ž˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ • ์šฉ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ์ถ”๋ก  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง (DNN) ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ฒ”์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) ๋˜๋Š” ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ SoC (System-on-Chip)์˜ ๊ฐ€์† ๋ธ”๋ก์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ง‘์  ํšŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜. ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์—ญ์ „ํŒŒ (Back-Propagation) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋กœ๋ชจํ”ฝ ํ•™์Šต ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ (Bio-Plausible) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ์ €์ •๋ฐ€๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ™œ์šฉ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” DNN ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. DNN์˜ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ์—†์ด DNN์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ DNN์„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ์—†์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (3) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•. ์ง‘์  ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์นฉ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ๋ฆ„, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ๊ฐ€์†/๊ฒŒ์ดํŒ… ๋ธ”๋ก ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์†๊ธ€์”จ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‰ด๋กœ๋ชจํ”ฝ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋” ์ ์€ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฒ„ํผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ•„์š”์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‰ด๋กœ๋ชจํ”ฝ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์†์‹ค ์—†์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  Lock-Free ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ด ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ญ์ „ํŒŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ DNN ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด DNN ์ถ”๋ก ์šฉ ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๋Š” 8๋น„ํŠธ ์ •์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, DNN ํ•™์Šต ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ 8๋น„ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋‚œ์ด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ํ˜• ๋ฉฑ์ง€์ˆ˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 8๋น„ํŠธ ๋ถ€๋™ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์  ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด DNN ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ MAC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ Matrix-Multiplication ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, Fused-Multiply-Add ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ์นฉ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ปจ๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ๋‹›์„ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ถ€์— 2D๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ปจ๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ DNN ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋Š” ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€์† ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„, ์™ธ๋ถ€ DRAM์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ DNN ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋™์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2.48๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, 43% ์ ์€ DRAM ์ ‘๊ทผ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰, 0.8%p ๋†’์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ค์ œ ์นฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.With the advent of the deep learning era, the computational need for processing deep neural networks (DNN) have increased dramatically, both in terms of performing training the neural networks on various tasks as well as in performing inference on the trained neural networks for specific use cases. To address those needs, many custom hardware ranging from systems based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) for deployment inside data centers to acceleration blocks in system-on-chip (SoC) for low-power processing in mobile devices were proposed. In this dissertation, custom integrated circuits hardware for energy efficient processing of training neural networks are designed, fabricated, and measured for evaluation of different methodologies that could be utilized for more energy efficient processing under same training performance constraints. In particular, these methodologies are categorized to three different categories for evaluation: (1) Training algorithm. While standard deep neural network training is performed with the back-propagation (BP) algorithm, we investigate various training algorithms, such as neuromorphic learning algorithms with spiking neurons or bio-plausible algorithms with asymmetric feedback for exploiting computational properties for more efficient hardware implementation. (2) Low-precision arithmetic. One of the most powerful methods for increased efficiency in DNN accelerators is through scaling numerical precision. While utilizing low precision numerics for inference phase of DNNs is well studied, training DNNs without performance degradation is relatively more challenging. A novel numerical scheme for training DNNs in various models and scenarios is proposed in this dissertation. (3) System implementation techniques. In actual realization of a custom training system in integrated circuits, nearly infinite design space leads to vastly different quality of results depending on dataflow inside the chip, system load balancing, acceleration and gating blocks, et cetera. Different design techniques which leads to better performance and efficiency are introduced in this dissertation. First, a neuromorphic learning system for classifying handwritten digits (MNIST) is introduced. This learning system aims to deliver low training overhead while maintaining the training performance of classical machine learning. In order to achieve this goal, a neuromorphic learning algorithm is modified for lower operation count and memory buffer requirement while maintaining or even obtaining higher machine learning performance. Moreover, implementation techniques such as update skipping mechanism and lock-free parameter updates allow even lower training overhead, dynamically reducing training energy overhead from 25.6% to 7.5%. With these proposed methodologies, this system greatly improves the accuracy-energy trade-off in on-chip learning system as well as showing close learning performance to classical DNN training through back propagation. Second, a programmable DNN training processor with a custom numerical format is introduced. While prior DNN inference accelerators have utilized 8-bit integers, implementing 8-bit numerics for a training accelerator remained to be a challenge due to higher precision requirements in the backward step of DNN training. To overcome this limitation, a custom 8-bit floating point format dubbed 8-bit floating point with shared exponent bias (FP8-SEB) is introduced in this dissertation. Moreover, a processing architecture of 24-way fused-multiply-adder (FMA) tree greatly increases processing energy efficiency per MAC, while complemented with a novel 2-dimensional routing data-path for making use of spatiality to increase data reuse in both forward, backward, and weight gradient step of convolutional neural networks. This DNN training processor is implemented with a custom vector processing unit, acceleration instructions, and DMA in external DRAMs for end-to-end DNN training in various models and datasets. Compared against prior low-precision training processor in ResNet-18 training, this work achieves 2.48ร— higher energy efficiency, 43% less DRAM accesses, and 0.8\p higher training accuracy. Both of the designs introduced are fabricated in real silicon and verified both in simulations and in physical measurements. Design methodologies are carefully evaluated using simulations of the fabricated chip and measurements with monitored data and power consumption under varying conditions that expose the design techniques in effect. The efficiency of various biologically plausible algorithms, novel numerical formats, and system implementation techniques are analyzed in discussed in this dissertations based on the obtained measurements.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Research 6 1.3 Contents 8 2 Hardware-Friendly Learning Algorithms 9 2.1 Modified Learning Rule for Neuromorphic System 9 2.1.1 The Segregated Dendrites Algorithm 9 2.1.2 Modification of the Segregated Dendrites Algorithm 13 2.2 Non-BP Learning Rules on DNN Training Processor 18 2.2.1 Feedback Alignment and Direct Feedback Alignment 18 2.2.2 Reduced Memory Access in Non-BP Learning Rules 23 3 Optimal Numerical Format for DNN Training 27 3.1 Related Works 27 3.2 Proposed FP8 with Shared Exponent Bias 30 3.3 Training Results with FP8-SEB 33 3.4 Fused Multiply Adder Tree for FP8-SEB 37 4 System Implementations 41 4.1 Neuromorphic Learning System 41 4.1.1 Bio-Plausibility 41 4.1.2 Top Level Architecture 43 4.1.3 Lock-Free Weight Updates 47 4.1.4 Update Skipping Mechanism 48 4.2 Low-Precision DNN Training System 51 4.2.1 Top Level Architecture 52 4.2.2 Optimized Auxiliary Instructions in the Vector Processing Unit 55 4.2.3 Buffer Organization 57 4.2.4 Input-Output 2D Spatial Routing for FMA Trees 60 5 Measurement Results 70 5.1 Measurement Results on the Neuromorphic Learning System 70 5.1.1 Measurement Results and Test Setup . 70 5.1.2 Comparison against other works 73 5.1.3 Scalability of the Learning Algorithm 77 5.2 Measurements Results on the Low-Precision DNN Training Processor 79 5.2.1 Measurement Results in Benchmarked Tests 79 5.2.2 Comparison Against Other DNN Training Processors 89 6 Conclusion 93 6.1 Discussion for Future Works 93 6.1.1 Scaling to CNNs in the Neuromorphic System 93 6.1.2 Discussions for Improvements on DNN Training Processor 96 6.2 Conclusion 99 Abstract (In Korean) 108๋ฐ•

    Temperature-Dependent Release of Guest Molecules and Structural Transformation of Hydroquinone Clathrates

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    The CO2-, CH4-, and CO2/CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone (HQ) clathrates were synthesized by the gas phase reaction between ฮฑ-form HQ and high pressure gases. Temperature-dependent Raman spectra of guest-free, CO2-loaded, CH4-loaded, and CO2/CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form HQ clathrates were measured in the temperature range 300โˆ’385K at increments of 5 K. The CH4 molecules rapidly escaped from the ฮฒ-form HQ clathrate in the temperature range 360โˆ’380 K, whereas the CO2 molecules were gradually released from the ฮฒ-form HQ clathrate framework in the wide temperature range 300โˆ’380 K. It was also found that both CO2 and CH4 molecules were rapidly released from the CO2/ CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form HQ clathrate framework in the temperature range 360โˆ’380 K. However, all of the guest-free and guest-loaded ฮฒ-form HQ clathrates were fully converted to the ฮฑ-form HQ at the same temperature of 385 K. These results demonstrate the strong effect of temperature on both guestโˆ’host interactions and the stability of the framework structure.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ List of Tables iv List of Figures v Abstract vii 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1.1 ๊ฐ€์Šคํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ (gas hydrate) 2 1.1.2 ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํ€ด๋…ผ (hydroquinone) 8 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ 10 2. ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2.1 ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํ€ด๋…ผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 11 2.2 ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ 12 2.3 High resolution Powder X-ray diffraction 12 2.3.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 12 2.3.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 2.4 Raman spectroscopy 14 2.4.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 14 2.4.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 15 3. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ† ์˜ 3.1 X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 19 3.2 Raman ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„ 21 3.2.1 Raman ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 21 3.2.2 in-situ Raman ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 23 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  33 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 35 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 37 List of Tables Table 1 Structural characteristics of gas hydrate 4 Table 2 Chemicophysical properties of hydroquinone 8 Table 3 Experimental condition of Raman spectroscopy 16 List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Photography of gas hydrate 3 Fig. 1.2 Crystalline lattice of gas hydrate, sI. 5 Fig. 1.3 Crystalline lattice of gas hydrate, sII. 6 Fig. 1.4 Crystalline lattice of gas hydrate, sH. 7 Fig. 1.5 Hydrogen-bond of hydroquinone (a) ฮฑ-hydroquinone (b) ฮฒ-hydroquinone 9 Fig. 2.1 Synthesize of hydroquinone 11 Fig. 2.2 Smartlab. high resolution powder X-ray diffraction 13 Fig. 2.3 Species of Raman scattering 14 Fig. 2.4 Schematic diagram of Raman scattering 15 Fig. 2.5 Raman spectroscopy 17 Fig. 3.1 Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of hydroquinone compounds : (A) ฮฑ-form hydroquinone(E) CO2/CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone 21 Fig. 3.3 Temperature-dependent Raman profiles of CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone clathrate, showing the structural transformation to ฮฑ-form hydroquinone 23 Fig. 3.4 Raman spectra of hydroquinone clathrates containing CH4 molecules encaged in the hydroquinone clathrate framework in the temperature range 300-385 K. 24 Fig. 3.5 Raman spectra of hydroquinone clathrates containing CO2 molecules encaged in the hydroquinone clathrate framework in the temperature range 300-385 K. 25 Fig. 3.6 Normalized relative intensities of Raman peaks at 1380 and 2903cm-1 as a function of temperature for the CO2-loaded ฮฒ-form and CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone clathrates. 26 Fig. 3.7 Raman spectra of CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone clathrate at temperature in the region of the structural transformation. 28 Fig. 3.8 Raman spectra of CO2-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone clathrate at temperature in the region of the structural transformation. 29 Fig. 3.9 Raman spectra of guest-free ฮฒ-form hydroquinone clathrate at temperature in the region of the structural transformation. 30 Fig. 3.10 Normalized relative intensities of Raman peaks at 1380 and 2903 cm-1 as a function of temperature for the CO2/CH4-loaded hydroquinone clathrates. 32(D) CO2-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone(E) CO2/CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone 19 Fig. 3.2 Raman spectra of hydroquinone compounds : (A) ฮฑ-form hydroquinone(D) CO2-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone(C) CH4-loaded ฮฒ-form hydroquinone(B) guest-free ฮฒ-form hydroquinon

    The Relationships between Founders Entrepreneurial Leadership, Team Learning Behavior, Team Boundary Spanning, and Performance in the Early-Stage Startups

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์‚ฐ์—…๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊น€์ง„๋ชจ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™, ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™, ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ •์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์—… ํ›„ 5๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด, 10๋ช… ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์ธ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ ์ƒ ์ฐฝ์—… ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›”4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›”25์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 147๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋งŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ 29๊ณณ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋งŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ 24๊ณณ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ 9๊ณณ, ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฐฝ์—…ํŒ€ 5๊ณณ, ์ด 67๊ณณ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 80๊ฐœ์‚ฌ, 409๋ช…์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒ€ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 78๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, ๋ถ€ํŠธ์Šค๋ž˜ํ•‘์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค(ฮฒ=.277, p<.05). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„(ฮฒ=.773, p<.001), ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค(ฮฒ=.360, p<.01). ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ์™„์ „ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(ฮฒ=.-.028, p=.865). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค(ฮฒ=.309, p<.05). ์ฆ‰ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์™„์ „ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์—์„œ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(ฮฒ=.259, p<.05). ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™์€ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์–ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์„ ์‹œ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™, ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฌด์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™, ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ์ค€๋น„๋„ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต ์ž๊ทน ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.This study aimed to examine relationships between founders entrepreneurial leadership, team learning behavior, team boundary spanning, and performance in early-stage startups. Due to the inconsistent definition of an early-stage startup, this study defines one as a newly established company less than five years old, with fewer than 10 employees and the functions or products of which are not differentiated within the organization. It was difficult to identify the target population of the study, early-stage startups in South Korea, as most are not registered and as a result, there are no official statistics. Accordingly, using non-probability sampling, data were collected with the support of Korean accelerators, government agencies and companies offering co-working spaces for startups from October 4th to 25th. A total of 78 responses out of 147 were used for data analysis. Path analysis and stepwise hierarchical regression were used to estimate mediation and moderation effects in the proposed research model. The following results were recorded: (i) entrepreneurial leadership had positive and significant effects on performance (ฮฒ=.277, p<.05) and team learning behavior (ฮฒ=.773, p<.001), while team learning behavior significantly affected performance (ฮฒ=.360, p<.01); (ii) the indirect effects of entrepreneurial leadership on performance via team learning behavior were statistically significant (ฮฒ=.309, p<.05). Nonetheless, in the case where team learning behavior was included in the model, the direct impacts of entrepreneurial leadership on performance were not significant and near to zero (ฮฒ=-.028, p=.865), which means team learning behavior could fully mediate the relationships between entrepreneurial leadership and performance; and (iii) relationships between team learning behavior and performance were strengthened by team boundary spanning behavior (ฮฒ=.259, p<.05). In this study, three directions for future research are suggested as follows: (i) future researchers need to test causal relationships between entrepreneurial leadership and team learning behavior based on a newly designed time-series measurement plan; (ii) a qualitative method can be applied when clarifying the patterns of entrepreneurial leadership, team learning behavior and team boundary spanning in early-stage startups to explore fundamental and invisible findings; and (iii) the actual effects of entrepreneurial leadership, team learning behavior and team boundary spanning on financial performance need to be tested two or three years later when the financial performance of early-stage startups usually becomes evident. Furthermore, two practical implications are provided as follows: (i) startups need to seek team learning readiness and external learning stimulus to facilitate generative and transformative team learning; and (ii) accelerators in both the public and private sectors need to develop an entrepreneurial leadership program for founders.I. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ 7 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 9 2. ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ 21 3. ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™ 27 4. ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™ 47 5. ์„ฑ๊ณผ 52 6. ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 55 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 75 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 75 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 76 3. ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 79 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 104 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 112 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 127 1. ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 127 2. ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 131 3. ์ฐฝ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ 133 4. ํŒ€ ํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ 135 5. ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 137 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 138 V. ์š”์•ฝ, ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 153 1. ์š”์•ฝ 153 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  155 3. ์ œ์–ธ 157 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 161 ๋ถ€๋ก 195 Abstract 241Docto

    ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ง„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์–‘๋ง‰ํŒŒ์—ด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ธ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์œต๋ชจ์–‘๋ง‰์—ผ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์œต๋ชจ์–‘๋ง‰์—ผ์˜ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์˜ˆ์ธก์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๋ฐ•๊ตํ›ˆ.Objectives: (1) To evaluate the effect of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) with a negative amniotic fluid (AF) culture on adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes and inflammatory status in the AF compartment in women with preterm labor (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and (2) to identify novel immunoregulatory proteins in maternal plasma associated with HCA by using a membrane-based human cytokine microarray technology in women with PTL and PPROM. Methods: This study consisted of two phases. (1) In the first phase of the study, 153 consecutive women diagnosed as having a PTL or PPROM (20โ€“34 weeks) who delivered singleton gestations within 48 hours of amniocentesis participated. AF obtained through amniocentesis was cultured, and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were determined. The placentas were examined histologically. (2) In the second phase of the study, a nested case-control study was conducted to identify novel plasma biomarkers associated with HCA. The second phase consisted of two stages. Firstly, plasma samples were obtained < 96 h before delivery from 14 cases with HCA and 14 control subjects (without HCA) in women with PTL. Discovery work using by membrane-based protein microarray was performed to compare the profiles of immunoregulatory proteins in the maternal plasma. Secondly, validation of selected candidate biomarkers was done by ELISA in the final cohort (n=74) with additional 46 plasma samples in women with PTL. Membrane-based microarray analysis (n=28) and validation (n=82) with additional 54 plasma samples in women with PPROM was performed in the same manner as in PTL patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to compare the diagnostic accuracy to predict HCA between serum C-reactive protein which has been in clinical use and the candidate proteins. Results: (1) In the first phase of the study, the prevalence of HCA with negative AF culture was 23.5% (36/153). The women with HCA but with a negative AF culture (group 2) and those with a positive AF culture (group 3) had a significantly lower mean gestational age at amniocentesis and delivery than those with a negative AF culture and without HCA (group 1). Women in group 3 had the highest levels of AF IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, followed by those in group 2, and those in group 1. Composite neonatal morbidity was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1, but this was no longer significant after adjusting for confounders caused mainly by the impact of gestational age. (2) In the second phase of the study, differentially expressed proteins (12 proteins in PTL and 14 proteins in PPROM) were identified by membrane-based protein microarray analysis. In women with PTL (n=74), validation by ELISA confirmed significantly higher levels of S100 A8/A9 in women with HCA, compared with control subjects. However, this significance was not remained after adjusting for gestational age at sampling. In women with PPROM (n=82), ELISA validation found S100 A8/A9, MMP-9, and IL-6 in maternal plasma to have significantly higher levels in women with HCA, compared with those without HCA. After adjusting for gestational age at sampling, use of tocolytics, and corticosteroids administration, increased plasma MMP-9 was significantly associated with HCA in women with PPROM. However, its diagnostic indices were not superior to those of serum C-reactive protein in predicting HCA. Conclusion: (1) In women who delivered preterm neonates, HCA with a negative AF culture was associated with increased risks of preterm birth, intense intra-amniotic inflammatory response, and prematurity-associated composite neonatal morbidity, and its risks are similar to the risk posed by positive AF culture. (2) The protein expression pattern in the maternal plasma is significantly altered between women with and without HCA. Although not found in women with PTL using by membrane-based protein microarray and ELISA validation, in our cohort of PPROM patients, increased levels of MMP-9 in maternal plasma can be a potentially novel candidate biomarker for predicting HCA non-invasively and antenatally.1 Introduction 1 2 Materials and Methods 3 3 Results 12 4 Discussion 32 references 39 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 46Docto

    ์–‘์ž์šฐ๋ฌผ ์„œ๋กœ์„ž์ž„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํŒŒ์žฅ์ด๋™๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ๊ด‘ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2000.Docto

    The Roles of Visual Perception and Interpretation of Interference Fringe Image in Pre-service Teachers Model Development of Standing Waves in a Pipe

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์œ ์ค€ํฌ.๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• ์ค‘์— ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ ๋ชจํ˜•๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒดยท์ถ”์ƒ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋‚ด ์ •์ƒํŒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„(ESPI: Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer)๋Š” ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ LabVIEW 2009๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๊ฐ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™์€ 4์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ต์‚ฌ 29๋ช…์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์— ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฝํ™”์š”์†Œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ ํ‘œ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…นํ™”, ๋…น์Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง€์™€ ํ™œ๋™์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•, ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”, ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ์ „์— ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” 2๋ช…(6.9%)์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 9๋ช…(31.0%)์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™ ์ „์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ™œ๋™ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 9๋ช… ์ค‘์— 7๋ช…(77.8%)์€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2๋ช…(22.2%)์€ ์ง๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์œ„๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ์ „์— ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  0.76๊ฐœ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™œ๋™ ํ›„์—๋Š” 1.31๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™ ์ „์—๋Š” 0๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 17๋ช…(58.6%)์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ผ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™œ๋™ ํ›„์—๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 10๋ช…(34.5%)์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” 8๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 1๋ช…(12.5%)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” 3๋ช…(37.5%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” 11๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 8๋ช…(72.7%)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์™€ ์ถ”์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถ”์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์—์„œ ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ์œ„๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํญ, ๋‘ ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ 8๋ช…์€ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ 2๋ช…๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๋” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” 25๋ช…(86.2%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ 14๋ช… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์†Œํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 6๋ช…(20.7%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ 14๋ช… ์ค‘์— 6๋ช…(42.9%)๋งŒ์ด ์†Œ๋ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค.๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด, ๋ฏธ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท์ถ”์ƒ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋•Œ, ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ํŽธ์ค‘๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ…ณ ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ท ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…น 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 6 1.4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 15 2. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 16 2.1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ค๋ช… 16 2.1.1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ค๋ช… 16 2.1.2. ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ค๋ช… 20 2.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ดํ•ด 24 2.2.1. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด 24 2.2.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 27 2.3. ํ‘œ์ƒ, ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 35 2.3.1. ๋ชจํ˜• 35 2.3.2. ํ‘œ์ƒ 36 2.3.3. ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• 43 2.3.4. ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™” 45 2.3.5. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ 47 2.3.6. ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 49 2.4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 51 2.4.1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„ 51 2.4.2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 52 2.4.3. ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์™€ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 53 2.5. ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 55 2.5.1. ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™” 55 2.5.2. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 56 2.6. ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ง„๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™” 57 2.6.1. ์ €๊ฐ€ํ˜• ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„ 57 2.6.2. ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 58 2.6.3. ๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 59 2.6.4. ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 60 2.7. ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™” ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 62 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 66 3.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 66 3.2. ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 66 3.2.1. ์ €๊ฐ€ํ˜• ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 66 3.2.2. ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  67 3.2.3. ์˜์ƒ ๊ฐ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 69 3.2.4. ๊ด€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ 71 3.2.5. ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 74 3.2.6. ํš๋“ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์••๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ 76 3.2.7. ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  82 3.3. ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 84 3.4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 88 3.5. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 89 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 92 4.1. ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์—ญํ•  92 4.1.1. ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 92 4.1.2. ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ 99 4.1.3. ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 103 4.1.4. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 109 4.2. ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ 115 4.2.1. ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 115 4.2.2. ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ๋ชจํ˜•์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 137 4.3. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 145 4.3.1. ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 145 4.3.2. ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 148 4.3.3. ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 160 5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  165 5.1. ์š”์•ฝ 165 5.2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  170 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 172 Abstract 204 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ [ํ‘œ 2-1] ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ1 ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฝํ™” ์š”์†Œ(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 17 [ํ‘œ 2-2] ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 19 [ํ‘œ 2-3] ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ‘œ์ƒ(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 20 [ํ‘œ 2-4] ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ‘œ์ƒ(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 22 [ํ‘œ 2-5] ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2009) 26 [ํ‘œ 2-6] ๊ณต๋™๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ(Yoo & Park, 2013) 26 [ํ‘œ 2-7] ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ตฌ์ฒด ํ‘œ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2009) 29 [ํ‘œ 2-8] ๊ฐ ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ž…์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…(n=73)(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2011) 30 [ํ‘œ 2-9] ํ•™์ƒ์˜ MiC ์„ค๋ช… ๋ชจํ˜•(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2011) 32 [ํ‘œ 2-10] MiC ์ข…์ง„๋™ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ์‚ฝํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2011) 33 [ํ‘œ 2-11] ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ •์˜(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 39 [ํ‘œ 2-12] ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ •์˜(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 41 [ํ‘œ 2-13] ์ •์ƒํŒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ‹€(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2010) 42 [ํ‘œ 2-14] ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• 45 [ํ‘œ 2-15] ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ 48 [ํ‘œ 2-16] ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์›(Yoo & Park, 2013) 50 [ํ‘œ 3-1] ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜ 74 [ํ‘œ 3-2] ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ•™์Šต ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ 84 [ํ‘œ 3-3] ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 89 [ํ‘œ 3-4] ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• 90 [ํ‘œ 3-5] ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ 91 [ํ‘œ 4-1] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 94 [ํ‘œ 4-2] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 95 [ํ‘œ 4-3] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 98 [ํ‘œ 4-4] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 101 [ํ‘œ 4-5] MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 104 [ํ‘œ 4-6] ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 105 [ํ‘œ 4-7] ์‚ฌ์ „ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ€ํ™” 106 [ํ‘œ 4-8] MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 107 [ํ‘œ 4-9] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™ ํ›„ MaC ๋ชจํ˜• 110 [ํ‘œ 4-10] MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 111 [ํ‘œ 4-11] ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜ 115 [ํ‘œ 4-12] ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 117 [ํ‘œ 4-13] ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 118 [ํ‘œ 4-14] ํ•™์ƒ์˜ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 120 [ํ‘œ 4-15] ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ ์ข…์ง„๋™ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 122 [ํ‘œ 4-16] ํ•™์ƒ์˜ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ€ํ™” 123 [ํ‘œ 4-17] MiC ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „, ์‚ฌํ›„ MiC ๋ชจํ˜• 124 [ํ‘œ 4-18] ํ•™์ƒ์˜ MiA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 126 [ํ‘œ 4-19] ํ•™์ƒ์˜ MaA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 127 [ํ‘œ 4-20] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 146 [ํ‘œ 4-21] ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐ 146 [ํ‘œ 4-22] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MaC-f) 149 [ํ‘œ 4-23] ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MaC-l) 150 [ํ‘œ 4-24] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MiC-f) 152 [ํ‘œ 4-25] ์ง„ํญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MiC-l) 154 [ํ‘œ 4-26] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MiA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MiA-f) 156 [ํ‘œ 4-27] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MaA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MaA-f) 157 [ํ‘œ 4-28] ์ง„ํญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ MiA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MiA-l) 157 [ํ‘œ 4-29] ์ง„ํญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ MaA ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(MaA-l) 158 ๊ทธ ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1-1] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 7 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-1] ๊ฐ ์ ์˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ค๋ช…(๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ, ์œ ์ค€ํฌ, 2011) 31 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-2] ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 46 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-3] ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค(Spence, 2001). 52 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-4] ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค(Spence, 2001). 53 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-5] ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„(Spence, 2001). 53 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-6] ์ˆ˜์ • GEM cycle(์œ ํฌ์› ๋“ฑ, 2012) 54 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-7] ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 58 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-8] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์™€ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 63 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-1] LabVieW๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 70 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-2] ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋œ ๊ด€ 71 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-3] ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜ FFT ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 73 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-4] ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜ 73 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-5] ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ง„๋™์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ์••๋ ฅ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ 75 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-6] ํด๋žจํ”„๋กœ ๊ด€์„ ์žก์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 76 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-7] ๊ด€์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋งˆ์ด์ผˆ์Šจ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธ 77 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-8] ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์ง„๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ, ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ์ด์ผˆ์Šจ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ 79 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-9] ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด€์˜ ํœ˜์–ด์ง 80 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-10] ๊ด€์˜ ์›ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ 81 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-11] ๋†’์€ ์Œ์••์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ด€์˜ ์›ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ 81 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-12] ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 83 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3-13] ๊ฐœ์„  ๋œ ๊ด€์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋†’์€ ์Œ์••์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 83 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-1] ํ™œ๋™ 2์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „/์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 92 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-2] ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ ๋ ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 96 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-3] ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ •์ƒํŒŒ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„-์œ„์น˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 97 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-4] ํ™œ๋™ 2์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ „์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์ „์ž ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 99 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-5] ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 102 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-6] ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 112 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-7] ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ, ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ „ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ „, ์‚ฌํ›„ MaC ๋ชจํ˜• 113 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-8] ๊ณผํ•™์  MiC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 129 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-9] ๊ณผํ•™์  MiC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜ 129 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-10] ๊ณผํ•™์  MiC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ MaC ๋ชจํ˜• 130 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-11] ์ข…์ง„๋™ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ข…์ง„๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ „ MiC๋ชจํ˜•(์œ„)๊ณผ MaC๋ชจํ˜•(์•„๋ž˜) 132 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-12] ์ข…์ง„๋™ MiC ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ข…์ง„๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ MiC๋ชจํ˜•(์œ„)๊ณผ MaC๋ชจํ˜•(์•„๋ž˜) 133 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-13] ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” MiC ๋ชจํ˜• 133 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-14] ๊ณผํ•™์  MaC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2 135 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-15] ๊ณผํ•™์  MaC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ MiC ๋ชจํ˜• 135 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-16] ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  MaC๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜ 136 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-17] ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง„๋™ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ 136 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-18] ์ถ”์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜ 137 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-19] ์ถ”์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ MiC์™€ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ 3๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 140 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-20] MaC, MiC, MiA, MaA์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ›„์˜ MiC์™€ MaC ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ 11๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 141 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-21] ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ t์˜ MiC->MiA ์ „ํ™˜ 143 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-22] MaC-l์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ MaC ๋ชจํ˜• 150 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-23] MaC-l์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ MaC ๋ชจํ˜• 151 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-24] ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ MiC-f๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 153 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-25] ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ณผํ•™์  MiC-l, ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค 155 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-26] ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์  MiC-l, ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. 155 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-27] MaC-l์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ MaC, MiC ๋ชจํ˜• 156 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-28] MiA-l์€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ MaA-l์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ๋†’์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 159 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-29] ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฐ›์€ 11๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 161 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4-30] ์ง„ํญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MaC, MiC, MiA, MaA์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „ํ™˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฐ›์€ 11๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 162Docto

    ์ดˆ๋‹จํŽ„์Šค ์‘์šฉ ์ „ํ•ด์ฆ์ฐฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์ž‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Maste
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