4 research outputs found

    ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ๋ฐ•ํƒœํ˜„.G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied for screening drug targets. Especially, class A GPCR including olfactory receptor (OR) which accounts for about 85 % of GPCR family is more important for codifying and screening target receptors. There are about 400 kinds of ORs in human olfactory system. The interactions between ORs and odorants generate signals which are transferred to brain as combinatorial codes. Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli with a limited number of ORs because of widespread OR-driven modulation such as inhibition and enhancement in peripheral olfactory coding. Since the sense of smell perceives the complex external world as a pattern, many studies have been conducted to mimic the response of ORs. In particular, protein-based nanobiosensor is expected as a platform to mimic the olfaction because it has advantages such as mass production, ease of reuse, and low cost. However, reconstitution of the structure of GPCRs is challenging because almost all GPCRs produced in E. coli system are expressed as inclusion bodies. For this reason, reconstitution techniques have been developed to recover the functionality of GPCRs, such as the use of detergent micelles, nanovesicles, bicelles and nanodiscs (NDs). Among these materials, NDs have been considered the most effective reconstitution material because of their stability in various environments and their functional lifetimes. In this thesis, ORs were produced in E. coli system with high productivity and reconstituted to ND or nanovesicle forms. Then the functional reconstituted ORs were applied to monitoring meat freshness/spoilage, disease diagnosis and practical colorimetric sensor. First, OR was overexpressed by coexpressing effector genes, such as djlA, the membrane-bound DnaK cochaperone, and rraA, inhibitor of the mRNA-degrading activity of E. coli RNase E. The E. coli strains coexpressing DjlA or RraA suppressed protein-induced toxicity and overexpressed the ORs. By controlling the molar ratio of OR, membrane scaffold protein, and phospholipid, ND of appropriate size were made, and high-purity ND could be purified. OR-embedded NDs showed stability to various temperature and storage time. Second, Human ORs which bind to gastric cancer and halitosis biomarkers were successfully reconstituted to ND form and purified. The NDs had various patterns to artificial saliva samples because NDs had various binding affinities to target molecules. Through principal component analysis of various patterns for artificial saliva samples, it was possible to distinguish between healthy control samples and patient samples. Third, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), TAAR13c and TAAR13d, were successfully overexpressed in E. coli system and reconstituted to ND form. These NDs were utilized for development of ND-based BE-nose for monitoring meat freshness. The ND-based BE-noses was successfully performed towards diverse on-site and the various real samples and could be used to monitor freshness of meat. Lastly, human OR1A2 (hOR1A2) was reconstituted into detergent micelle and it was used for development of colorimetric sensor detecting geraniol. Polydiacetylene (PDA) was used as secondary transducer for visualization of responses of OR. The structural and functional properties of the hOR1A2 were maintained when it was embedded in PDA/lipid nanovesicles. The hOR1A2 embedded in PDA/lipid nanovesicle caused a color transition from blue to purple when it reacted with geraniol, whereas there was no color transition when it reacted with other molecules. In this study, various ORs were successfully reconstituted with ND or nanovesicles. The reconstructed OR is expected to be applied to food freshness monitoring, disease diagnosis by pattern analysis, and practical colorimetric sensors.G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (GPCR)๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ์  ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, GPCR ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์•ฝ 85%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (OR)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํด๋ž˜์Šค A GPCR์€ ํ‘œ์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 400 ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ OR์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. OR๊ณผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ง์ดˆ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์˜ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ OR์— ์˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์˜ OR๋กœ๋„ 1์กฐ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— OR์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์‚ฐ์„ฑ, ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ, ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ›„๊ฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ GPCR ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  GPCR์ด ๋ด‰์ž…์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์„ธ์ œ ๋ฏธ์…€, ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด, ๋ฐ”์ด์…€ ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋””์Šคํฌ (ND)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ GPCR์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ND๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ OR์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ OR์„ ์œก๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ์„ ๋„/๋ถ€ํŒจ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ƒ‰ ์„ผ์„œ์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, OR์€ djlA, ๋ง‰ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ DnaK cochaperone ๋ฐ rraA, E. coli RNase E์˜ mRNA ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดํŽ™ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. DjlA ๋˜๋Š” RraA๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด, ๋ง‰ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์ธ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ND๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ˆœ๋„ ND๋ฅผ ์ •์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ND๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œ„์•” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ทจ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ OR์€ ND ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ND๋Š” ํ‘œ์  ๋ถ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์นœํ™”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ๊ณต ํƒ€์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต ํƒ€์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฏธ๋Ÿ‰ ์•„๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (TAAR), TAAR13c ๋ฐ TAAR13d๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ND ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ND๋Š” ์œก๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ์„ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ND ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ND ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฅ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œก๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ ์„ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ OR1A2 (hOR1A2)๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ œ ๋ฏธ์…€๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ฌ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ‰ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ด์•„์„ธํ‹ธ๋ Œ (PDA)์€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. hOR1A2์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ PDA/์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PDA/์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ hOR1A2๊ฐ€ geraniol๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ‰์ƒ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ƒ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ OR์ด ND ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ง€ํด๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ OR์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์‹ ์„ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง, ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ƒ‰ ์„ผ์„œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 Research background and objective 15 Chapter 2 Literature review 20 2.1 Olfaction 22 2.1.1 Olfactory system 21 2.1.2 Olfactory receptors 25 2.1.3 Patterns of odorants 29 2.2 Nanobiosensor 32 2.2.1 Nanobiosensor system 32 2.2.2 Components for the nanobiosensor 35 2.2.3 Nanobiosensor detecting smell 37 2.3 Biomarkers in disease and food spoilage 44 2.3.1 Gastric cancer 44 2.3.2 Halitosis 47 2.3.3 Meat spoilage 49 2.4 Expression of GPCR in E. coli system 50 Chapter 3 Experimental procedures 52 3.1 Materials 53 3.2 Gene Cloning . 54 3.3 Expression 54 3.3.1 Expression of olfactory receptors in E. coli. 54 3.3.2 Expression of membrane scaffold protein in E. coli 56 3.3.3 Expression of olfactory receptors in HEK-293T cell 57 3.4 Purification. 57 3.4.1 Purification of olfactory receptors. 57 3.4.2 Purification of membrane scaffold protein 58 3.5 Functional reconstitution of olfactory receptors 59 3.5.1 Nanodisc 59 3.5.2 Detergent micelle. 60 3.5.3 Polydiacetylene/Lipid nanovesicle 61 3.6 Characterization . 61 3.6.1 Nano-glo dual luciferase assay 61 3.6.2 SDS-PAGE analysis 62 3.6.3 Dynamic light scattering 63 3.6.4 Circular dichroism . 63 3.6.5 Tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay 63 3.7 Immobilization of olfactory receptor-embedded nanodisc on graphene 64 Chapter 4 Enhancement of olfactory receptor production in E. coli system and characterization of olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs. 66 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Expression and purification of olfactory receptor in E. coli system 69 4.3 Purification and size analysis of olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs. 73 4.4 Stability of immobilized olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs. 77 4.5 Conclusions 82 Chapter 5 Development of nanodisc-based bioelectronic nose using trace amine-associated receptors for monitoring meat freshness/spoilage . 84 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Characterization of TAARs 87 5.3 Performance of nanodisc-based bioelectronic nose in the liquid phase. 91 5.4 Gas sensing performance of bioelectronic nose and its application to meat spoilage 97 5.5 Measurements of real samples using TAAR nanodisc-based bioelectronic nose 99 5.6 Conclusions 104 Chapter 6 Pattern analysis for gastric cancer biomarkers using human olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs . 105 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Affinities of human olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs to gastric cancer biomarkers 108 6.3 Patterns for gastric cancer biomarkers in artificial saliva 112 6.4 Principal component analysis for artificial saliva samples 115 6.5 Conclusions 117 Chapter 7 Pattern analysis for halitosis biomarkers in artificial saliva using olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs 118 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Characterization of olfactory receptor-embedded nanodiscs. 120 7.3 Patterns for halitosis biomarkers in artificial saliva. 122 7.4 Principal component analysis for artificial saliva samples 125 7.5 Conclusions 127 Chapter 8 Visual detection of geraniol using human olfactory receptor embedded in polydiacetylene/lipid nanovesicle 128 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Functionality of hOR1A2 embedded in detergent micelle and PDA/lipid nanovesicle. 130 8.3 Structural assay of hOR1A2 embedded in detergent micelle and PDA/lipid nanovesicle. 133 8.4 Size analysis and morphology of hOR1A2 embedded in PDA/lipid nanovesicle. 135 8.5 Photoluminescence intensity of hOR1A2 embedded in PDA/lipid nanovesicle. 137 8.6 Conclusions 141 Chapter 9 Overall discussion and further suggestions. 142 Bibliography . 147 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 157๋ฐ•

    Study to compare T2 sympathetic block by clipping with T2 sympathicotomy in the palmar hyperhidrosis.

    No full text
    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋„(conduction)์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ(transmission)์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์••๋ ฅ(compression force)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Ligaclip Alloport Endoscopic Clip(Ethicon, Inc., NJ, USA)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ(blockade)ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ (reversible operation)๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋™์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์› ํ‰๋ถ€์™ธ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” 1998๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1999๋…„ 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 160์˜ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ 2mm ํ‰๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ (T2 sympathicotomy) 80์˜ˆ์™€ ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ (T2 sympathetic block) 80์˜ˆ์˜ ๋‘ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 30๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท ์ž…์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1โˆผ1.4์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ์ถ”์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 9โˆผ9.6 ๊ฐœ์›”(6~13๊ฐœ์›”)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ์ˆ ๋กœ 2๋ช…์ด ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  1๋ช…์€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋ฆฝ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ 8๋ช…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๊ฒ€ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฆ์ด 12๋ช…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ 2๋ช…์ด ์•ˆ๊ฒ€ ๊ต์ •์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 2๋ช…์€ ์•ˆ๊ฒ€ ๊ต์ •์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. 3๋ช…์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์™„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์ด 5๋ช…, ํ•œ ์†์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ 3๋ช…์ด๊ณ , ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 6๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—์„œ 10์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6.73๊ณผ 7.07์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” 1.63๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์œ„, ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” 1.00๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๋•€ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ 10์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 8.73์ ๊ณผ 8.20์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์„ 1์—์„œ 4๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํด๋ฆฝ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์ด ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 5๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 7.3์ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 5.6์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05) ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹คํ•œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(ํด๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ)๋ฅผ 2์ฃผ์—์„œ 4์ฃผ๋‚ด์— ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ 15%์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒ€ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฆ์˜ ์ฃผ์›์ธ์€ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์„ ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฒฌ์ธ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํด๋ฆฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฐœํ•œ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์žฌ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณด์™„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฒฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋„ˆ์”จ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ฒˆ ํ‰๋ถ€ ๊ต๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์žฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต 6๊ฐœ์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The thThe therapeutic rationale in the treatment of hyperhidrosis is the interruption of transmission of sympathetic impulses from the lower sympathetic ganglia through stellate ganglia to the hand such as thoracoscopic sympathectomy and sympathicotomy. However, due to its reversibility, the new approach of clipping of T2-sympathetic trunk without transection has been reported. This study was designed to examine patients satisfaction against this new approach. From July 1998 to February 1999, a total of 160 cases of the needle thoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy and thoracoscopic clipping of the T2 sympathetic chain were performed to minimize compensatory hyperhidrosis. The force of endoclip was adjusted to a degree that only the efferent nervous impulse was blocked or decreased without destroying the myeline sheath which is known to play an important role in nerve regeneration. This new method has lower incidence of compensatory hyperhidrosis after operation and has the advantage that the sympathetic tone of the hand could be recovered by the reverse procedure removing the clips. A linear analogue scale was used to assess the degree of sweating on the palms, face, and trunk (ranged from 1 to 10 where 1 is excessive sweating and 10 anhidrosis) as well as the patients satisfaction with the surgery (ranged from 1 regretted and 10 completely satisfied). Results showed that whereas the palmar sweat production and the patients satisfaction after sympathicotomy was 8.73 and 6.73, respectively, these parameters after clipping of the T2 sympathetic chain were similar, 8.20 and 7.07, respectively. There were 3 cases to be performed re-operation; in one case, the reversible operation(removal of clip) was performed due to severe compensatory hyperhidrosis; in two cases, one operation was failed to clip the right position and the other case, the clip was slipped out. Neither mortality nor life-threatening complications occurred in any case related to operations. Both operations showed a similar incidence to occur complications such as Horners syndrome. These results suggest that the endoscopic thoracic T2 sympathetic chain block using clipping be an equally efficient as compared with T2 sympathicotomy and have an advantage to reversibly adjust the results after surgery such as the reversible operation. Although these results are based on the preliminary study, it is recommended that the thoracic T2 sympathetic chain block by clipping is the better alternative for the treatment of hyperhidrosis.ope

    ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— siRNA ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ cyclin A1๊ณผ cyclin B1์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ด์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ

    No full text
    Dept. of Medicine/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋‚˜ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์ƒ์„ฑ์ธ์ž์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ cyclin A1๊ณผ cyclin B1์„ ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ siRNA๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์–ต์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์„ธํฌ์‚ด์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ H157๊ณผ H596์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, HeLa ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ NIH3T3 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ RNA interference๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ siRNA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ cyclin A1 ๊ณผ cyclin B1์˜ promotorํ•˜๋ฐฉ 100bp์ดํ•˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ oligofectamin์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„ dsRNA ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ RNA polymerase III์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŠน์ด์  siRNA๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ western blot, ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์œ ์„ธํฌ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ, Annexin V์˜ ์œ ์„ธํฌ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ apoptosis ์ธก์ •, XTT ๋ฐ soft agar colony growth์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ DNA ladder๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ apoptosis๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Cyclin B1์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ siRNA ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ HeLa ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์‚ด์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Cyclin A1 siRNA๋Š” ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ด์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, cyclin B1, cdc2, cdk2๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ bcl2 ์™€ Bax ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” p53์˜ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋Š” p53์— ๋น„์˜์กด์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, cyclin A1์€ HeLa ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ์„ธํฌ์‚ด์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Recent studies have shown that cyclin A1 and cyclin B1 are overexpressed in various tumor types but are present at low levels in normal tissues, and that cyclin A1 is restricted to germ cells undergoing meiosis. In order to explore the possibility of employing cyclin A1 and cyclin B1 as an anticancer target, we knocked down cyclin A1 and cyclin B1 in the lung cancer cell lines, H157 and H596, and in HeLa cells using RNA interference (RNAi). Subsequently, we monitored cell cycle-related molecules by Western blot and immunofluorescence and determined cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry. XTT, Annexin V, DNA ladder and soft agar colony growth experiments were performed to detect cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, we analyzed cell apoptosis by measuring Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels and by the DNA ladder assay.After treatment with cyclin B1 siRNA, cyclin B1 was found to be drastically downregulated, whereas cyclin A, CDK2 and Cdc2 were almost unaffected in H157 and H596. Following cyclin A1 siRNA, cyclin B1, Cdc2 and CDK2 were all drastically downregualted; the S phase fraction increased significantly; and targeted cell viability and cell colony forming ability were markedly diminished. Bcl-2 was noticeably attenuated, but Bax hardly changed. Cultured cells displayed typical DNA ladders. The loss of cyclin A1 resulted in the downregulation of cyclin B1, Cdc2 and CDK2, S phase delay eventual cell apoptosis, and a decrease in cell viability and proliferation. Cyclin B1 was weakly expressed in lung cancer cell lines (data not shown), thus the effect of cyclin B1 siRNA had little effect on them. Our studies suggest that cyclin A1 may be a promising anticancer target specific to lung cancer.ope
    corecore