Does Price Asymmetry Exist In Commodity and Energy Markets?

Recent increases in the price of crude oil have led to a rise in the prominence of corn-based ethanol as an alternative source of energy. As a result linkages have been established between commodity and energy prices. The aim of this study is to determine if soybeans, corn, wheat, oil, and ethanol adjust their prices asymmetrically depending on whether their actual price is over- or under-predicted with respect to one another. This study’s goal of determining if asymmetric price relationships exist is accomplished by using monthly time series price data incorporated into a distributed lag error correction model distinguishing between positive and negative price difference and positive and negative values of the error correction term. The primary results of this study found that asymmetric price changes do occur in the commodity and energy markets. Interestingly, in all the asymmetric price adjustments that were found, with only one exception in the soybean-corn relationship, prices will adjust downward when the actual price of one variable is above its equilibrium price as determined by the price of another study variable and consequently would be expected to exhibit a downward adjustment in price in the following month.asymmetric price adjustment, grain prices, crude oil prices, ethanol prices, error correction model, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q11, Q13, Q42,

ENG 1001G-047: Composition and Language

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi godišnju incidenciju karcinoma dojke od 2000. do 2011. godine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, broj novooboljelih prema dobnim skupinama u istom vremenskom razdoblju, godišnju stopu mortaliteta od karcinoma dojke od 2001. do 2011. godine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, te usporediti incidenciju karcinoma dojke u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji sa incidencijom u Republici Hrvatskoj temeljem dobno standardiziranih stopa incidencije od 2000. do 2011. godine. Materijal i metode: Podaci o broju novooboljelih od karcinoma dojke dobiveni su iz Registra za rak Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo, a mortalitetni podaci dobiveni su iz Državnog ureda za statistiku. Za izradu stopa incidencije i mortaliteta korišteni su podaci Državnog zavoda za statistiku i Popis stanovništva 2001. i 2011. godine. Metodom direktne standardizacije (DSS) izračunate su dobno standardizirane stope u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji i Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati: U razdoblju od 2000. do 2011. godine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji od karcinoma dojke ukupno je oboljelo 2628 osoba, od toga 2592 (98,6%) žena i 36 (1,4%) muškaraca. Najviše novooboljelih bilo je 2010. godine sa 276 osoba a najviša stopa incidencije bila je 2009. godine i iznosila je 59,1/100 000. Najviše novooboljelih u ispitivanom razdoblju registrirano je u dobnoj skupini od 50 do 54 godine. U razdoblju od 2001. do 2011. godine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji od karcinoma dojke ukupno su umrle 862 osobe, od toga 848 (98,4%) žena i 14 (1,6%) muškaraca. Najveći broj umrlih bio je 2001. godine sa 96 umrlih osoba, a najviša stopa mortaliteta bila je također 2001. godine i iznosila je 20,8/100 000. Najviše umrlih od karcinoma dojke bilo je u dobnoj skupini od 75 i više godina. Incidencija karcinoma dojke u periodu od 2000. do 2011. godine niža je u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji u odnosu na Republiku Hrvatsku. Zaključak: U Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji u periodu od 2000. do 2011. godine postoji porast incidencije karcinoma dojke, također od 2001. do 2011. konstantno raste i broj umrlih od iste maligne bolesti. Najviše obolijevaju žene dobi 5054 godine i muškarci od 65 do 69 godina, a umrlih je za oba spola najviše u dobnoj skupini od 75 i više godina. U usporedbi s Republikom Hrvatskom kroz isti vremenski period u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji je niža incidencija karcinoma dojke.Objectives: The aim of this research is to determine the annual incidence of breast cancer and the number of new cases according to age group in Split-Dalmatia County from 2000 to 2011. Furthermore, it will compare the incidence rate in Split-Dalmatia County with the incidence rate in the Republic of Croatia, and it will determine the annual mortality rate of breast cancer in Split-Dalmatia County from 2001 to 2011. Material and methods: Data on the number of new cases of breast cancer were obtained from the Cancer Registry of the Croatian Public Health Institute. Mortality data were obtained from the National Statistical Office. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (Census of Population 2000 and 2011) were used to determine rate of incidence and mortality. Age standardized rates of incidence in Split-Dalmatia County and Republic of Croatia were calculated by direct standardization (DSS). Results: The results showed that from 2000 to 2011 in Split-Dalmatia County there were 2628 new cases of breast cancer, 2592 (98,6%) of those were women and 36 (1,4%) men. The highest incidence rate was in 2009 with the value of 59,1/100 000. During that period the highest number of new cases was in the age group of 5054. From 2001 to 2011 in Split-Dalmatia County there were 862 cases of death, 848 (98,4%) of those were women and 14 (1,6%) men. The highest mortality rate was in 2001 with the value of 20,8/100 000. During that period the greatest number of deaths was in the age gruop of 75 and more. Comparing the breast cancer incidence rate in Split-Dalmatia County with the incidence in the Republic of Croatia showed that the incidence in Split-Dalmatia County was lower than the incidence in the Republic of Croatia. Conclusion: In Split-Dalmatia County in the period from 2000 to 2011 there was an increase in the incidence of breast cancer. From 2001 to 2011 constant grow in number of deaths from the same malignancy. Most affected women were aged between 50 and 54 while men were between 65 and 69. Most deaths of breast cancer were in the age group of 75 and over. Compared with the Republic of Croatia through the same period, the Split-Dalmatia County has lower incidence of breast cancer