Improving Health in Ucayali, Peru: A Multisector and Multilevel Analysis

Abstract: We review the key determinants of health in Ucayali, Peru, identified by researchers, and, according to these, propose a set of tools to improve health in this area. Women and indigenous peoples are recognized as two vulnerable groups in the region that face greater health risks, and these are the main focus of the development of tools for health improvement. Also, the growing economic integration in the region facilitates the spread of infectious disease, thus requiring several levels of intervention. The tools discussed to improve health in Ucayali cross several scales and sectors. They include improved natural resource management, education and empowerment of women, integration of traditional and biomedical care, improved health information management, and community mobilization for health. Overall, our conclusions reinforce the limitations of the biomedical approach, which focuses on the treatment of specific pathologies in improving health. Health-system development requires the cooperation of many sectors and many actors across several spatial scales

Chapitre 32 - One Health et les organisations non gouvernementales

Introduction Le rôle des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) dans la création et la fourniture de solutions alternatives aux programmes de développement internationaux classiques ont été décrits et analysés de manière assez détaillée (Bebbington et Farrington, 1993 ; Banque mondiale, 1998 ; Bebbington et al., 2008). Leur capacité à faciliter et à tester des approches alternatives, complexes et systémiques, visant à améliore..

Chapitre 34 - Contexte pour One Health et approche éco-santé

Introduction Le domaine de l’éco-santé a trait, largement, à « la recherche, la pratique et l’intégration des connaissances à l’interface de l’écologie et de la santé » (International Association for Ecology and Health, 2013). Cette expression, tirée des objectifs et de la portée de la revue EcoHealth, est complétée par quelques dizaines d’exemples dans les rubriques « One Health et la médecine de conservation », « Approches éco..

One Health: the added value of integrated health approaches

The One Health concept of combined veterinary and human health continues to gain momentum, but the supporting literature is sparse. In this book, the origins of the concept are examined and practical content on methodological tools, data gathering, monitoring techniques, study designs, and mathematical models is included. Zoonotic diseases, with discussions of diseases of wildlife, farm animals, domestic pets and humans, and real-world issues such as sanitation, economics, food security and evaluating the success of vaccination programmes are covered in detail. Discussing how to put policy into practice, and with case studies throughout, this book combines research and practice in one broad-ranging volume

Chapitre 2 - Enjeux théoriques de One Health

One Health : une définition empirique du travail La convergence des intérêts dans le domaine de la santé humaine et animale, fondée sur une observation attentive et des études scientifiques approfondies, a été reconnue et encouragée par les spécialistes des sciences de la santé (encadré 2.1). Elle repose en grande partie sur des conclusions et des analogies tirées d’observations empiriques de maladies spécifiques et d’anatomie ..

Chapitre 8 - Évaluation intégrée des risques — Maladies d’origine alimentaire

Introduction Évaluations des risques dans les maladies d’origine alimentaire : un bref historique Le concept One Health tel qu’il est actuellement défini est issu de plusieurs courants principaux de recherche et de pratique. L’un des domaines qui ont enrichi ce concept One Health est le large domaine de l’analyse des risques associés aux infections et aux intoxications d’origine alimentaire. Les maladies ..

Public perceptions of drinking water: A postal survey of residents with private water supplies

Background: In Canada, the legal responsibility for the condition of private water supplies, including private wells and cisterns, rests with their owners. However, there are reports that Canadians test these water supplies intermittently and that treatment of such water is uncommon. An estimated 45% of all waterborne outbreaks in Canada involve non-municipal systems. An understanding of the perceptions and needs of Canadians served by private water supplies is essential, as it would enable public health professionals to better target public education and drinking water policy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the public perceptions of private water supplies in the City of Hamilton, Ontario (Canada), with the intent of informing public education and outreach strategies within the population. Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey of 246 residences with private water supplies was conducted in May 2004. Questions pertained to the perceptions of water quality and alternative water sources, water testing behaviours and the self-identified need for further information. Results: Private wells, cisterns or both, were the source of household water for 71%, 16% and 13% of respondents, respectively. Although respondents rated their water quality highly, 80% also had concerns with its safety. The most common concerns pertained to bacterial and chemical contamination of their water supply and its potential negative effect on health. Approximately 56% and 61% of respondents used in-home treatment devices and bottled water within their homes, respectively, mainly due to perceived improvements in the safety and aesthetic qualities compared to regular tap water. Testing of private water supplies was performed infrequently: 8% of respondents tested at a frequency that meets current provincial guidelines. Two-thirds of respondents wanted more information on various topics related to private water supplies. Flyers and newspapers were the two media reported most likely to be used. Conclusion: Although respondents rated their water quality highly, the majority had concerns regarding the water from their private supply, and the use of bottled water and water treatment devices was extensive. The results of this study suggest important lines of inquiry and provide support and input for public education programs, particularly those related to private water testing, in this population

An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs

Rearing quality dairy heifers is essential to maintain herds by replacing culled cows. Information on the key factors influencing the cost of rearing under different management systems is, however, limited and many farmers are unaware of their true costs. This study determined the cost of rearing heifers from birth to first calving in Great Britain including the cost of mortality, investigated the main factors influencing these costs across differing farming systems and estimated how long it took heifers to repay the cost of rearing on individual farms. Primary data on heifer management from birth to calving was collected through a survey of 101 dairy farms during 2013. Univariate followed by multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the influence of farm factors and key rearing events on costs. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed to determine the time it took for heifers to repay the rearing cost. The mean +/- SD ages at weaning, conception and calving were 62 +/- 13, 509 +/- 60 and 784 +/- 60 days. The mean total cost of rearing was 1819 pound +/- 387/heifer with a mean daily cost of 2.31 pound +/- 0.41. This included the opportunity cost of the heifer and the mean cost of mortality, which ranged from 103.49 pound to 146.19 pound/surviving heifer. The multivariable model predicted an increase in mean cost of rearing of 2.87 pound for each extra day of age at first calving and a decrease in mean cost of 6.06 pound for each percentile increase in time spent at grass. The model also predicted a decrease in the mean cost of rearing in autumn and spring calving herds of 273.20 pound and 288.56 pound, respectively, compared with that in all-year-round calving herds. Farms with herd sizes100 had lower mean costs of between 301.75 pound and 407.83 pound compared with farms with <100 milking cows. The mean gross margin per heifer was 441.66 pound +/- 304.56 (range 367.63 pound to 1120.08) pound, with 11 farms experiencing negative gross margins. Most farms repaid the cost of heifer rearing in the first two lactations (range 1 to 6 lactations) with a mean time from first calving until breaking even of 530 +/- 293 days. The results of the economic analysis suggest that management decisions on key reproduction events and grazing policy significantly influence the cost of rearing and the time it takes for heifers to start making a profit for the farm

Préface

Depuis la fin des années 1990, « One Health » est devenu un concept fédérateur pour un grand nombre d’organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales soucieuses de la santé humaine et animale, de la conservation de la faune et de la pérennité environnementale. Devant la menace d’une pandémie de grippe aviaire, l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agricul..