Effects of the CDM on Poverty Eradication and Global Climate Protection

In an impure public good model we analyze the effects of CDM transfers on poverty as well as on the global climate protection level. We construct an analytical model of a developing and an industrialized region, both of which independently seek to maximize their utility – a function of private consumption, domestic air quality, and global climate protection. They do so by distributing their finite expenditures across (1) the aggregate consumption good, (2) end-of-pipe pollution control technologies, and (3) greenhouse gas abatement. Based on our analytical findings, we develop two sets of simulations for China in which we vary the rate of the CDM transfer. The simulations differ by the assumption of China’s domestic air quality policy – the first assumes a technology-standards policy which fixes a level of end-of-pipe SO2 control, whereas the second assumes a technology-neutral policy which simply fixes the level of total SO2 emissions.Ancillary Benefits, CDM, Climate Policy, Impure Public Goods, Transfers, Abatement Technology

The immunopathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity

Introduction: Immunologically mediated-adverse drug reactions threaten the viability of drugs and the health of patients (1, 2). The mechanistic basis for abacavir hypersensitivity is understood and preventable through HLA-B*57:01 screening. The immunopathogenesis of most immunologically mediated-adverse drug reaction remain unsolved, representing an opportunity to improve drug safety. Methods: Using a repository of clinically phenotyped and HLA typed human Donors and Controls, this work aimed to shed light on the immunopathogenesis of nevirapine and carbamazepine severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Cellular and molecular, techniques were employed including ex-vivo/in-vitro immunophenotyping, detection, stimulation and expansion of drug-specific responses, and characterisation of the specific T-cell receptor using droplet digital PCR. Virtual and Bioinformatics approaches were used to define potential interactions between nevirapine and class-I HLA Results and discussion: In carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis, increased expression of granulysin was seen ex-vivo in CD8+ T cells exposed to carbamazepine. To explore the hypothesis that this is related to a cross-reactive memory cytotoxic T-cell response, we examined responses to human simplex virus 1 / 2 responses in HLA-B*15:02 carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis patients and identified a shared epitope. Common T-cell receptor clonotypes were identified using droplet digital PCR in HLA-B*15:02 carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis patients. Nevirapine severe cutaneous adverse reactions are associated with multiple class-I HLA alleles across differing ethnicities. The hypothesis that this relates to shared peptide-binding specificities between these alleles was confirmed using bioinformatics, statistical, and virtual approaches. This showed the strongest association across European, Asian and African-American ethnicities to be with two HLA class C alleles HLA-C*04:01 and C*05:01 defined by a unique F-binding pocket. Conclusion: Continuing work should build on the results presented and the unique techniques used, to further understand the underlying immunopathogenesis and the mechanistic basis for these adverse reactions, leading to the development of screening strategies to improve drug and patient safety

An Alternative Education: Resistance, Positioning and Play During a School Visit to the Jersey War Tunnels

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MEAT LABELLING AND THE PROTECTION OF RELIGIOUS CONSUMERS: A CRITICAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM

During the first quarter of this year a horsemeat scandal severely compromised the reputation of a well-known supermarket chain in the United Kingdom (“UK”).  Shortly thereafter a similar scandal came to the fore in South Africa (“SA”).  After testing several meat products which were labelled as '100% pure beef mince' and 'beef biltong', traces of pork, donkey, water buffalo and in rare instances even giraffe, were found in products sold by several local supermarkets.  Despite food labelling legislation and regulations in both the UK and SA which attempt to afford consumers adequate protection, compliance therewith remains a problem in practice. The incorrect labelling of meat products in actual fact appears to have become an illicit trade for financial gain on a global level.  Simultaneously, consumers continue to be disappointed and their interests continue to be violated by means of fraudulent procedures

Cooperation for knowledge demands know-how for cooperation

Valedictory Address by Louk de la Rive Box, Professor of international cooperation and Rector of the International Institute of Social Studies (22 April 2010). Which Knowledge and for Which Development? Old Timers and New Players More than a decade ago the cyber-revolution gave rise to optimism that ICT would facilitate access to knowledge and promote “development”. The World Development Report 1998-99 promised “Knowledge for Development”, while the World Bank proclaimed itself the “Knowledge Bank”. There had been many “old” players in the knowledge field, including public research organizations for different sectors. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, private players had come to dominate the “knowledge market”, as dwindling public finances and government subsidies undermined public research and development, and related public goods such as education. While many of these “new” players effectively privatized knowledge, some contributed to knowledge becoming more widely available, in forms such as open-access journals and e-books, in a process referred to as “democratizing knowledge”. The question is whether this really translated into wider access to knowledge. In particular, did knowledge became accessible for the less privileged in the world, those seeking “development”, or has knowledge become a private good, with segmented access to information, for a particular form of (elite-driven) development? How can we explain, for instance, the lack of knowledge development for peasant agriculture, and the overall focus on development of technology for (and by) agri-business, with highly protected forms of access? Although civil society is contesting this way of restricting knowledge, it is not clear whether and how the current trend towards concentration in the “power of knowledge” can be reversed in the interest of broad-based access. Let the debate continue

The cheeseboard in Dutch fine dining restaurants, III: Using the FSC model in finding good cheese-wine combinations: A pilot study with red bacteria cheeses

The authors selected four wines that, according to their restaurant experience, matched well with red bacteria cheeses. Subsequently, an expert panel created flavour profiles of these four wines and of four red bacteria cheeses, using the FSC model by Klosse (2004, 2014). The cheeses and the wines demonstrated great similarities in flavour profile: high flavour richness, a more coating than contracting mouthfeel and a dominance of ripe flavour tones over fresh tones. These results give further support to Klosse’s rules about matching food and beverages.Keywords: flavour profiles, flavour styl

Climate change law and policy: litigation, negotiations, prospects

No abstract

Multinational corporation in the LDC : is there room for a broker?

Meeting: Symposium on New Perspectives in International Business, 27-29 July 1972, Berkeley, CA, USIDRC personnel. Address on relations between multinational enterprises and developing countries - discusses the operation of multinationals and their effect on monetary policy and fiscal policy; their role in technology transfer and innovation; formulation of commercial policys to improve relations in Argentina, Mexico, and India; agreements between socialist and capitalist countries; use of international taxation to improve relations; concept of a mediating third party with a brokerage function. Bibliography