The Criminal Justice System: Towards the 21st Century

On January 22, 1994, Duke University was honored to have United States Attorney General Janet Reno visit our campus to deliver the Keynote Address for the Fifth Annual Frontiers of Legal Thought Conference. Every year, Duke Law School students organize and conduct this conference, addressing current legal and societal issues of interest to our students. This year\u27s conference addressed The Criminal Justice System: Towards the 21st Century. Attorney General Reno\u27s speech stressed the need for interdisciplinary solutions to the criminal and social problems facing our country today. The Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy hopes to foster the sort of dialogue through which such solutions may be found. Below is a brief description of this year\u27s conference by its co-chairs, followed by a Comment by the Attorney General based on the text of her speech. When we began planning this year\u27s Frontiers of Legal Thought Conference, we set for ourselves one very simple goal: to focus the attention of the Duke University community on criminal justice issues. We selected that topic for several reasons. Both of us intend to pursue careers in criminal justice; that personal interest clearly played a role in our decision. But we also felt that any proper discussion of criminal justice would necessarily involve broader social questions of race, class, and gender. We feel strongly about those issues as well and we were confident that a conference focusing on criminal justice would provide an excellent forum for a discussion of those social concerns. ..

Quark mass effects in high energy neutrino nucleon scattering

We evaluate the neutrino nucleon charged current cross section at next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamic corrections in the variable flavor number scheme and the fixed flavor number scheme, taking into account quark masses. The number scheme dependence is largest at the highest energies considered here, $10^{12}$ GeV, where the cross sections differ by approximately 15 percent. We illustrate the numerical implications of the inconsistent application of the fixed flavor number scheme.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, v2: updated pdfs, version accepted for publicatio

Somalia And Survival In The Shadow Of The Global Economy

This study examines the capabilities of self-determination movements in Somalia after the collapse of a central state to explain the variable capacities of groups to provide stable orders and understand why leaders of these movements choose particular strategies. The primary factors shaping these strategies and capabilities include (1) the nature and longevity of prewar local elite relations with the central authority of the collapsing state, (2) the social organization of prewar and wartime informal economies in localities, (3) the capacity of local authorities to control, and in some cases, resist efforts of outsiders to mediate conflict, and (4) the capacity of local authorities to regulate commercial transactions with the rest of the world. This study shows that some movements of self-determination in post state collapse environments like Somalia are capable of creating stable polities, but that this accomplishment rests on using social control over wealth and commerce to keep resources to discipline agents who otherwise have an incentive to engage in predation or disrupt this political consolidation.

Lie polynomials in an algebra defined by a linearly twisted commutation relation

We present an elementary approach in characterizing Lie polynomials in the generators $A,B$ of an algebra with a defining relation that is in the form of a deformed or twisted commutation relation $AB=\sigma(BA)$ where the deformation or twisting map $\sigma$ is a linear polynomial with a slope parameter that is not a root of unity. The class of algebras defined as such encompasses $q$-deformed Heisenberg algebras, rotation algebras, and some types of $q$-oscillator algebras whose deformation parameters are not roots of unity, and so we have a general solution for the Lie polynomial characterization problem for these algebras

The Notary's Responsibilities for the Making of Deeds and the Electronic Storage of Minutes of Deeds

This study aims to determine and analyze the process and responsibilities of a notary in the manufacture and storage of minutes of deed electronically and to find out examples of deeds that contain electronic elements. The research approach method used in this thesis is a sociological juridical legal research method. This research specification uses descriptive analysis. The type of data used in this research is primary data which includes the 1945 Constitution; Act No. 2 of 2014; Code of Civil law; the Criminal Code, as well as secondary data containing books and other supporting documents. Collecting research data with interview techniques and study of documents or library materials. The data analysis method used in analyzing the data is qualitative analysis. The results showed that: First, the electronic deed has not yet obtained a strong legal basis, so it does not provide a guarantee of legal certainty. Legal certainty can be achieved, if there are no conflicting provisions between one law and another. Second, electronic storage of deed minutes can already be done because several laws already allow it. The requirement for a deed to be stored electronically is an authentic deed that must be made and stored conventionally. Storage of minutes of deeds electronically can already be done because some laws already allow it. The requirement for a deed to be stored electronically is an authentic deed that must be made and stored conventionally. Storage of minutes of deeds electronically can already be done because some laws already allow it. The requirement for a deed to be stored electronically is an authentic deed that must be made and stored conventionally

A Lie algebra related to the universal Askey-Wilson algebra

Let $\mathbb{F}$ denote an algebraically closed field. Denote the three-element set by $\mathcal{X}=\{A,B,C\}$, and let \mathbb{F}\left denote the free unital associative $\mathbb{F}$-algebra on $\mathcal{X}$. Fix a nonzero $q\in\mathbb{F}$ such that $q^4\neq 1$. The universal Askey-Wilson algebra $\Delta$ is the quotient space \mathbb{F}\left/\mathbb{I}, where $\mathbb{I}$ is the two-sided ideal of \mathbb{F}\left generated by the nine elements $UV-VU$, where $U$ is one of $A,B,C$, and $V$ is one of \begin{equation} (q+q^{-1}) A+\frac{qBC-q^{-1}CB}{q-q^{-1}},\nonumber \end{equation} \begin{equation} (q+q^{-1}) B+\frac{qCA-q^{-1}AC}{q-q^{-1}},\nonumber \end{equation} \begin{equation} (q+q^{-1}) C+\frac{qAB-q^{-1}BA}{q-q^{-1}}.\nonumber \end{equation} Turn \mathbb{F}\left into a Lie algebra with Lie bracket $\left[ X,Y\right] = XY-YX$ for all X,Y\in\mathbb{F}\left. Let $\mathcal{L}$ denote the Lie subalgebra of \mathbb{F}\left generated by $\mathcal{X}$, which is also the free Lie algebra on $\mathcal{X}$. Let $L$ denote the Lie subalgebra of $\Delta$ generated by $A,B,C$. Since the given set of defining relations of $\Delta$ are not in $\mathcal{L}$, it is natural to conjecture that $L$ is freely generated by $A,B,C$. We give an answer in the negative by showing that the kernel of the canonical map \mathbb{F}\left\rightarrow\Delta has a nonzero intersection with $\mathcal{L}$. Denote the span of all Hall basis elements of $\mathcal{L}$ of length $n$ by $\mathcal{L}_n$, and denote the image of $\sum_{i=1}^n\mathcal{L}_i$ under the canonical map $\mathcal{L}\rightarrow L$ by $L_n$. We study some properties of $L_4$ and $L_5$