‘I want to take my story straight to Utopia’ : an interview with Gregory Norman Bossert

Prolific and award-winning genre fiction short story writer Gregory Norman Bossert is in a unique position to chat expansively about the fraught subject of utopia. He is not only someone both well-versed and keenly cognisant of the history of speculative fiction—his “arcadian” fantasy story ‘The Telling’ won the World Fantasy Award in 2013—but he is also toiling, daily, to bring our most popular iterations of the dream worlds that these storytelling traditions evoke, and whose basic elements he considers crucial to depicting a utopian vision on the page. As a pre-visualisation/layout artist at Industrial Light & Magic, he has worked on projects like Rogue One, Tomorrowland, Avengers: Age of Ultron and many other “tentpole” blockbusters. He brings his crucial experience to bear while discussing the rich utopian tradition within science fiction, and wrings out the complications inherent in even starting to chart a utopian vision that is not in some way problematic or exclusionarypeer-reviewe

The EU and the Western Balkans: so near and yet so far: why the region needs fast-track socio-economic convergence with the EU

The European Commission will unveil its new EU Enlargement Strategy on February 6th, 2018. Since relations with Turkey have deteriorated markedly, only the Western Balkan states remain candidates for EU membership. The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, has stated the European Commission’s intention to ensure that the Western Balkan countries are on an “irreversible” track to membership in the Union before the end of its mandate in 2019. Unless the new Enlargement Strategy offers a realistic plan to tackle the lack of economic growth and social progress in the region, it will be another futile institutional exercise because democracy, the rule of law and other basic distinctions of "Europeanness" cannot make lasting inroads into the enduring poverty in the Western Balkans. (author's abstract

Labour market policies for inclusiveness. A literature review with a gap analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered renewed interest in the use of different fiscal spending and transfer programmes to address the worsening conditions and deepening inequalities within the labour markets. This paper reviews the role of specific fiscal spending and transfer programmes in shaping labour market dynamics by disentangling different macroeconomic and microeconomic mechanisms. The paper pre- sents the recent empirical evidence on the topic in an attempt to abstract several empirical regularities and identify research gaps. The analysis also highlights gaps in the literature and suggests how future research could fill these gaps

The Effects of Instructor-Avatar Immediacy in Second Life, an Immersive and Interactive 3D Virtual Environment

Growing interest of educational institutions in desktop 3D graphic virtual environments for hybrid and distance education prompts questions on the efficacy of such tools. Virtual worlds, such as Second Life®, enable computer-mediated immersion and interactions encompassing multimodal communication channels including audio, video, and text-. These are enriched by avatar-mediated body language and physical manipulation of the environment. In this para-physical world, instructors and students alike employ avatars to establish their social presence in a wide variety of curricular and extra-curricular contexts. As a proxy for the human body in synthetic 3D environments, an avatar represents a \u27real\u27 human computer user and incorporates default behavior patterns (e.g., autonomous gestures such as changes in body orientation or movement of hands) as well as expressive movements directly controlled by the user through keyboard \u27shortcuts.\u27 Use of headset microphones and various stereophonic effects allows users to project their speech directly from the apparent location of their avatar. In addition, personalized information displays allow users to share graphical information, including text messages and hypertext links. These \u27channels\u27 of information constituted an integrated and dynamic framework for projecting avatar \u27immediacy\u27 behaviors (including gestures, intonation, and patterns of interaction with students), that may positively or negatively affect the degree to which other observers of the virtual world perceive the user represented by the avatar as \u27socially present\u27 in the virtual world. This study contributes to the nascent research on educational implementations of Second Life in higher education. Although education researchers have investigated the impact of instructor immediacy behaviors on student perception of instructor social presence, students\u27 satisfaction, motivation, and learning, few researchers have examined the effects of immediacy behaviors in a 3D virtual environment or the effects of immediacy behaviors manifested by avatars representing instructors. The study employed a two-factor experimental design to investigate the relationship between instructor avatars\u27 immediacy behaviors (high vs. low) and students\u27 perception of instructor immediacy, instructor social presence, student avatars co-presence and learning outcomes in Second Life. The study replicates and extends aspects of an earlier study conducted by Maria Schutt, Brock S. Allen, and Mark Laumakis, including components of the experimental treatments that manipulated the frequency of various types of immediacy behaviors identified by other researchers as potentially related to perception of social presence in face-to-face and mediated instruction. Participants were 281 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at San Diego State University who were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Each group viewed a different version of the 28-minute teaching session in Second Life on current perspective in psychology. Data were gathered from student survey responses and tests on the lesson content. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the treatment groups (F (3,113) = 6.5,p = .000). Students who viewed the high immediacy machinimas (Group 1 HiHi and Group 2 HiLo) rated the immediacy behaviors of the instructor-avatar more highly than those who viewed the low-immediacy machinimas (Group 3 LoHi and Group 4 LoLo). Findings also demonstrate strong correlations between students\u27 perception of instructor avatar immediacy and instructor social presence (r = .769). These outcomes in the context of a 3D virtual world are consistent with findings on instructor immediacy and social presence literature in traditional and online classes. Results relative to learning showed that all groups tested higher after viewing the treatment, with no significant differences between groups. Recommendations for current and future practice of using instructor-avatars include paralanguage behaviors such as voice quality, emotion and prosodic features and nonverbal behaviors such as proxemics and gestures, facial expression, lip synchronization and eye contact

Emerging Themes for the Role of Antibodies in Tuberculosis.

The best way to debunk a scientific dogma is to throw irrefutable evidence at it. This is especially true if the dogma in question has been nurtured over many decades, as is the case with the apparent redundancy of antibodies (Abs) against intracellular pathogens. Although not fully compelling yet, that 'hard core' evidence is nevertheless now slowly beginning to emerge. This is true for several clinically relevant infections but none more so than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the archetype intracellular pathogen that poses a great health challenge to the mankind. Here, prompted by a spate of recent high-profile reports on the effects of Abs in various experimental models of tuberculosis, we step back and take a critical look at the progress that has been made in the last 5 years and highlight some of the strengths and shortcomings of the presented evidence. We conclude that the tide of the opinion has begun to turn in favour of Abs but we also caution against overinterpreting the currently available limited evidence. For, until definitive evidence that can withstand even the most rigorous of experimental tests is produced, the dogma may yet survive. Or indeed, we may find that the truth is hidden somewhere in between the dogma and the unfulfilled scientific prophecy

Adaption of the ex vivo mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for use with murine lung cells.

In the absence of a correlate(s) of protection against human tuberculosis and a validated animal model of the disease, tools to facilitate vaccine development must be identified. We present an optimised ex vivo mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) to assess the ability of host cells within the lung to inhibit mycobacterial growth, including Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Erdman. Growth of BCG was reduced by 0.39, 0.96 and 0.73 log10 CFU following subcutaneous (s.c.) BCG, intranasal (i.n.) BCG, or BCG s.c. + mucosal boost, respectively, versus naïve mice. Comparatively, a 0.49 (s.c.), 0.60 (i.n.) and 0.81 (s.c. + mucosal boost) log10 reduction in MTB CFU was found. A BCG growth inhibitor, 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid hydrazide (TCH), was used to prevent quantification of residual BCG from i.n. immunisation and allow accurate MTB quantification. Using TCH, a further 0.58 log10 reduction in MTB CFU was revealed in the i.n. group. In combination with existing methods, the ex vivo lung MGIA may represent an important tool for analysis of vaccine efficacy and the immune mechanisms associated with vaccination in the organ primarily affected by MTB disease

The structure of human CD23 and its interactions with IgE and CD21

The low-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor, CD23 (FcɛRII), binds both IgE and CD21 and, through these interactions, regulates the synthesis of IgE, the antibody isotype that mediates the allergic response. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the C-type lectin domain of CD23 in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An analysis of concentration-dependent chemical shift perturbations have allowed us to identify the residues engaged in self-association to the trimeric state, whereas ligand-induced changes have defined the binding sites for IgE and CD21. The results further reveal that CD23 can bind both ligands simultaneously. Despite the C-type lectin domain structure, none of the interactions require calcium. We also find that IgE and CD23 can interact to form high molecular mass multimeric complexes. The interactions that we have described provide a solution to the paradox that CD23 is involved in both up- and down-regulation of IgE and provide a structural basis for the development of inhibitors of allergic disease