A NEW DISEASE OF THE HOP-VINE CAUSED BY PERONOPLASMOPARA HUMULI N. SP.

© 2019 The Authors Background: Over the past two decades, the use of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) has increased significantly. Once largely confined to professional athletes, IPED use has transcended the elite sporting arena and is now predominantly found among non-elite, recreational gym users. This paper presents research findings from a qualitative study of IPED use and supply in a ‘hardcore’ bodybuilding gym in the north of England. This article makes an original contribution to the field by providing an in-depth account of the use and supply of IPEDs among this population, demonstrating the intersectionality that exists across IPEDs, diverted medication and both licit and illicit substance use and supply. Methods: The findings are based on the research team's privileged access to an independent, ‘hardcore’ body building gym in the north of England. Four fieldworkers undertook overt systematic observations, supplemented by 20 semi-structured interviews. Results: Amongst this sample of bodybuilders, substance use transcended IPEDs to encompass a much broader cocktail of substances all who used IPEDs concomitantly used diverted medication as a means of negating anticipated side-effects, and over half used illegal psychoactive drugs. Furthermore, virtually all of these substances were available to buy via the gym, through fellow gym members and, at times, staff. Conclusion: This article draws three main conclusions. (1) We are witnessing a convergence of IPED use and supply with diverted medication and ‘traditional’ recreational substances. (2) The extensive poly-substance use reported by interviewees in this sample necessitates a review of existing harm reduction advice for IPED users that takes into consideration the full range of substances currently being used. (3) Punitive drug policy reform that aims to reduce IPED markets needs to consider the potential to displace social supply towards more commercially-driven dealing. Harsher drug laws may also risk criminalising and stigmatising IPED users

'If it's not black gold, then it's bone gold' : contested knowledges of the Prestwich Street dead

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-130).The aim of this mini-dissertation is to map out the nature of these contested knowledges of the Prestwich Street dead, and to describe and analyse the struggles of dominance and resistance these different ways of knowing gave rise to. My argument throughout is that out of the clashing of these knowledges emerged a frontier - a discursive space of conflict and turbulence that came into being with the surfacing of the dead, and dissipated with an official decision to prevent basic anatomical research on their skeletal remains. If this discursive battle and this frontier opened up the post-apartheid public sphere to new and emergent (South) African identities, then it also closed down the public sphere with the further entrenchment of particular disciplinary identities and formations, namely archaeology, physical anthropology, development, and heritage resources management

Peripheral Normativity: Language and literacy, teaching and learning in two Grade Four classrooms in an under-resourced school in the Western Cape

This study focuses on how children in the post-Foundation phase of Primary Schooling encounter reading and writing practices and learn to be certain kinds of readers and writers in poorly-resourced school settings in the Western Cape in South Africa. The aim of this research was to investigate how literacy practices in a socially situated domain, such as a classroom in a poorly-resourced school, are shaped by both the internal dynamics of classroom teaching as well as by external factors beyond the school, relating to the social location of the school within a peripheral social context. Through an ethnographic-style case study of a multilingual context in one primary school site, this study examined how specific notions of Grade Four school-appropriate language, literacy and learning activities operated as locally normative resources that produced complex outcomes in relation to the language-of-instruction and in relation to what counted as worthwhile classroom learning. By focusing on two Grade Four classes (the 'Afrikaans class' and the 'English class'), this study investigated the ecological and cultural dimensions of the language debates that were operating at the research site, and how these influenced the children, teachers, and the school. It was found that what characterised teaching and learning at this research site involved peripheral normativity: the downscaling and localisation of educational standards and language debates to attainable local levels of possibility. The children received localised, restricted versions of language use and literacy that was context-specific. The school's educational response to the multilingual context and to the social pressure for access to high status linguistic and literacy resources was to stream the predominantly Afrikaans-speaking school community into two parallel streams where the language of learning and teaching was either 'English' or 'Afrikaans,' and these divisions reflected a broader division in the wider community between those aspiring to upward social mobility and those who more clearly constituted a social underclass. The language and literacy learning practices characteristic in both the Grade Four classes did not, however, provide the resources for school success for children in either group

Re-Configurable Putting Green

This report discusses the design of a prototype transformable putting green that can be programmed to recreate the topography of any putting green. The goal of the design was to give a realistic putting experience with real topography in an indoor environment. This report discusses the design of a pair of 4’x4’ module prototypes; a commercial implementation of this design would utilize a number of modules to create putting greens on a more realistic scale (example 12’x32’). The design of a full size transformable putting green necessitates a topographical range of up to 30”. After initial concepts and preliminary designs it was determined that the budget was insufficient for a putting green with a full topographical range of 30”. To reduce cost while still providing a proof of concept, the design scope was reduced to a smaller topographical range. This design presents a 4’x8’ prototype consisting of two 4’x4’ modules each with a topographical range of 6” across their width. The prototype uses an array of linear actuators to create the topography. The actuators are mounted vertically in a frame and are placed in a square grid array. Each module contains a 6x6 array of actuators (or 36 actuators per module) with 8 inch spacing between the centers of each actuator. Each of the linear actuators has a vertical range of 6”. The actuators are attached to a subsurface to carry the loads between the actuators and to create a uniform surface. The primary purpose of the subsurface is to create a smoothly contoured putting surface that simulates the smooth curves of a putting green. Attached to the subsurface is an artificial turf that creates a seamless, realistic putting surface. Each module is controlled by a microcontroller. The microcontroller dictates the steps for all the stepper motors in each of the linear actuators. The use of stepper motors on the linear actuators gives precise control over the resolution of the putting surface. The micro-controllers are governed by a computers controlling function which dictates the steps of the motors. Power to the stepper motors is supplied by a computer power supply that runs on a standard 110 volt AC circuit. However, a 220 volt AC circuit can be used for larger module arrays. Each 4’x4’ module is self-contained and can be moved via castor wheels mounted on the base of each module. The electronic control interface between each module and the computer USB connection. Each of the prototype modules is 4’x4’x10” tall and weighs 250lbs. The cost to produce two modules with an included 10% over-run protection is $5,409.4

On Distance: From art history to Ernest Mancoba

In this thesis the central narratives of Western art history, specifically those related to modernism and African art, are considered in light of a climate of criticism concentrated over the past thirty years in Western and South African an historiography. In considering complexities of interpretation of the life and work of the African modernist painter, Ernest Mancoba, I address a perceived need for a critical discourse pertaining to early black South African modernist art. As a way of organising both my critique and contribution, I establish and use the thematic of distance. This work argues for greater consideration of individual motivation and circumstance in our understanding of early African modernist art production

Increased Calf Production and Returns From Improved Range and Livestock Management on a Northern Utah Ranch

The operating costs for farms and ranches in the United States have increased 81 percent between 1970 and 1976. Calf prices over this same period have fluctuated dramatically and have fallen from a high of $58/cwt in 1973 to a low of$26/cwt in 1975. Since 1973, the increasing operating costs have exceeded the returns gene rated by the low calf prices and have left operators in a negative financial position. This case study has shown that the operator has increased both the scale and efficiency of his operation through improved lives tock husbandry and range improvements, yet has been unable to keep up with the increase in operating costs. A rest rotation grazing system and associated range improvements were implemented in 1970 on the summer mountain range. The resultant increase in forage production allowed a 45 percent increase in the breeding herd. The meadow hayland and crested wheat grass pastures were also improved to provide winter and spring forage for the increased number of cows. The calf crop weaned and average weaning weights increased from 86 percent and 347 pound s i n 1970 to 93 percent and 363 pounds i n 1976. The total pounds of calf weaned increased 60 percent between 1970 and 1976. The tremendous increase in beef production was offset by the rampant increase in op e rating costs. The net return in 1970 was $2,160 but dropped to a loss of -$3,671 in 1976. However, had the operator not increased the level of production while the operating costs increased, his net loss in 1976 would have been -$24,718. Although the net returns are negative, the increase in returns over the base level of production is positive. The internal rate of return and net present worth of the grazing system and its associated improvements was 25 percent and$95,027 respectively. The operator has been successful in developing his range and livestock resource and increasing calf production. It is paradoxical that the increase in returns above the base production have rendered the improvements economically profit able yet the combination of increasing operating costs and low livestock prices have produced a negative return from 1974 through 1976

Broom Snakeweed Increase and Dominance in Big Sagebrush Communities

Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby) is a native sub-shrub that is widely distributed on rangelands of western North America. It often increases to near monocultures following disturbance from overgrazing, fire or drought. Propagation is usually pulse driven in wet years, allowing large expanses of even-aged stands to establish and dominate plant communities. It can maintain dominance following fire, or can co-dominate with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) on degraded sagebrush rangelands. State-and-transition models show that competitive grasses in the respective plant communities can prevent snakeweed dominance

An Evaluation of Necessary Elements for Desirable Industrial Arts Instruction in the Elementary Schools of Utah

An essential part of the elementary school curriculum is the creative activity program connected with it. Educators believe that the fullest development of the child can best be attained through a program which provides a series of well selected experiences and activities. At present education considers the whole child-his abilities, needs, and interests-as vital factors in the development of a good curriculum, instead of merely the concrete and formal subject matter. Recently there has been an expressed view, by administrators of elementary school systems and many authorities and industrial arts teachers, that there is a definite need for formulating an effective plan of instruction for industrial arts in the elementary school program. This need has occured because of the varied programs and confusion of current practices that exist in the activity programs of the elementary school, and the belief that industrial arts, probably more than most other subjects, can contribute to the activity program and the development of the whole child. The problem of this study was to procure and evaluate the opnions of industrial arts authorities and the opinions of Utah school administrators on the necessary elements for desirable industrial arts instruction in the elementary schools. This investigation was not attempted for the purpose of developing a course of study of industrial arts to be considered as a part of the elementary curriculum; nor was it the purpose to go into any detail about the innumberable possible problems that would have to be considered in introducing it as a subject ara. The writer limits this study to the evaluation of effective instructional elements that could be incorporated, with modifications, into a plan of instruction for industrial arts in the elementary schools of Utah