1,125 research outputs found

    Victivallis vadensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a sugar-fermenting anaerobe from human faeces

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    A novel strictly anaerobic, cellobiose-degrading bacterium, strain Cello, was isolated from a human faecal sample by combining enrichments in liquid and soft-agar basal media. A noteworthy characteristic was its inability to grow on normal agar plates and in roll tubes. The cells were coccus shaped and non-motile, with an extracellular slime layer. Growth of strain Cello T occurred between 20 and 40 degreesC, with optimal growth at 37 degreesC. The pH range for growth was 5-7-5 with an optimum at 6-5. In pure culture, strain Cello T could only grow on a variety of sugars. Glucose was converted to acetate, ethanol and H-2. The doubling time on glucose was 0.5 h. In a syntrophic co-culture with Methanospirillum hungatei strain JF-1(T), strain Cello(T) converted glucose to acetate and H-2. The G+C content was 59.2 mol%. 16S rDNA analysis revealed that the closest relatives of strain Cello(T) were two uncultured bacteria from anaerobic digesters, both with 94% 16S rDNA sequence similarity. The closest cultured representatives belong to genera of the bacterial division 'Verrucomicrobia'. The name Victivallis vadensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for strain Cello(T) (=DSM 14823(T) =ATCC BAA-548(T))

    Majorana box qubits

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    Quantum information protected by the topology of the storage medium is expected to exhibit long coherence times. Another feature are topologically protected gates generated through braiding of Majorana bound states. However, braiding requires structures with branched topological segments which have inherent difficulties in the semiconductor-superconductor heterostructures now believed to host Majorana bound states. In this paper, we construct quantum bits taking advantage of the topological protection and non-local properties of Majorana bound states in a network of parallel wires, but without relying on braiding for quantum gates. The elementary unit is made from three topological wires, two wires coupled by a trivial superconductor and the third acting as an interference arm. Coulomb blockade of the combined wires spawns a fractionalized spin, non-locally addressable by quantum dots used for single-qubit readout, initialization, and manipulation. We describe how the same tools allow for measurement-based implementation of the Clifford gates, in total making the architecture universal. Proof-of-principle demonstration of topologically protected qubits using existing techniques is therefore within reach.Comment: Final version. 11 pages, 7 figure

    ‚Erfolgreich‘ bis ins hohe Alter? Kritische Konzeptualisierung des erfolgreichen Alterns und zentrale Determinanten fĂŒr die Hochaltrigkeit

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    Die Anzahl hochaltriger Individuen wird zukĂŒnftig rapide steigen. Bisherige Konzepte des ‚erfolgreichen Alterns‘ (EA) wurden jedoch in erster Linie fĂŒr Individuen jĂŒngerer Alterssegmente entwickelt und ĂŒberprĂŒft. ‚Klassisch‘ wird EA nach Rowe und Kahn (1997) als die Abwesenheit chronischer Erkrankungen bei gleichzeitiger Aufrechterhaltung kognitiver und körperlicher Funktionen sowie der Gestaltung eines aktiven Lebensstils definiert. Dieses Konzept des EA‘s wurde vielfach rezipiert aber auch kritisiert, sodass in dieser Dissertation erörtert wird, inwieweit es auf die Hochaltrigkeit ĂŒbertragbar ist. Die ĂŒbergreifende empirisch zu ĂŒberprĂŒfende Fragestellung der Dissertation lautet, welche (individuellen) Bedingungen notwendig sind, um im hohen Alter erfolgreich altern zu können. Als Folge davon werden die Kriterien des klassischen Konzepts des EA‘s zugunsten von Kriterien abgelöst, die adĂ€quater auf die individuellen Merkmale und Ressourcen der Hochaltrigen angewendet werden können. Diese Kriterien sind im Konzept der ‚gelingenden (aktiven) LebensfĂŒhrung‘ (GAL) nach Wagner et al. (2018b) enthalten. Das einleitende Kapitel eins umfasst den konzeptionellen Hintergrund. ZunĂ€chst wird das klassische Konzept des EA’s im Detail beschrieben: sein Ursprung, seine Kritik und seine Entwicklung. Der darauffolgende Abschnitt konzentriert sich auf die Merkmale der Hochaltrigkeit, auf die funktional Ă€quivalenten Indikatoren des EA’s und erörtert konzeptionelle Anpassungen an diese Altersgruppe. Dies fĂŒhrt zu einer Übernahme der GAL. In den Kapiteln zwei bis vier werden anhand von eigenen Studien drei spezifische Forschungsschwerpunkte untersucht: (1) die empirische Bestandsaufnahme erfolgreich Alternder im hohen Alter anhand objektiver und subjektiver Kriterien sowie möglicher Determinanten, (2) die lĂ€ngsschnittliche Entwicklung dieser Kriterien sowie ihr Zusammenhang mit verĂ€nderten Lebenssituationen wie der Verwitwung oder dem Umzug in eine Institution, und (3) die Rolle von Bildungsungleichheiten fĂŒr das Konzept der GAL, das die bevorzugten Kriterien des EA’s fĂŒr Hochaltrige beinhaltet und zum ersten Mal empirisch ĂŒberprĂŒft wird. GemĂ€ĂŸ den durchgefĂŒhrten empirischen Analysen der NRW80+-Daten altern nur 9 % der Hochaltrigen in NRW objektiv erfolgreich und ein Drittel erfĂŒllt vier von fĂŒnf der Rowe und Kahn Kriterien. Eine hohe Diskrepanz zwischen objektiven und subjektiven Kriterien zeigt sich aufgrund hoher subjektiver Werte in der Lebenszufriedenheit, im positiven Alternserleben, im affektiven Wohlbefinden und in der aktiven Verbundenheit mit dem Leben. Signifikante PrĂ€diktoren sind ein jĂŒngeres Alter und ein höherer Bildungsgrad. Weitere empirische lĂ€ngsschnittliche Analysen zur Hochaltrigkeit zeigen, dass die AusprĂ€gungen der objektiven Kriterien des EA‘s ĂŒber zwei Befragungswellen der NRW80+-Studie konstant bleiben. WĂ€hrend sich fĂŒr Hochaltrige der subjektiv gemessene Erfolg des Alterns auf der Individualebene ĂŒber die Zeit hĂ€ufig verĂ€ndert, bleibt dieser im Aggregat konstant. Interpersonales soziales Engagement, Lebenszufriedenheit und die aktive Verbundenheit mit dem Leben nehmen mit der Verwitwung signifikant ab. Dagegen nimmt interpersonales soziales Engagement mit dem Umzug in eine Institution signifikant zu. Was das geeignetere Konzept der GAL betrifft, so zeigt die Strukturgleichungsmodellierung der NRW80+-Daten, dass die Korrelation zwischen Bildung und der GAL signifikant durch Ressourcen wie Wohlstand, Gesundheitskompetenz und internales Kontrollerleben mediiert werden kann. Bildung bleibt allerdings fĂŒr die GaL ein stĂ€rkerer PrĂ€diktor als die anderen untersuchten Ressourcen. Im abschließenden Kapitel fĂŒnf folgen die ĂŒbergreifende Interpretation der drei Teilstudien, sowie deren Limitationen und Implikationen fĂŒr die Wissenschaft und Praxis

    Growth- and substrate-dependent transcription of formate dehydrogenase and hydrogenase coding genes in Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans and Methanospirillum hungatei

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    Transcription of genes coding for formate dehydrogenases (fdh genes) and hydrogenases (hyd genes) in Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans and Methanospirillum hungatei was studied following growth under different conditions. Under all conditions tested, all fdh and hyd genes were transcribed. However, transcription levels of the individual genes varied depending on the substrate and growth conditions. Our results strongly suggest that in syntrophically grown S. fumaroxidans cells, the [FeFe]-hydrogenase (encoded by Sfum_844-46), FDH1 (Sfum_2703-06) and Hox (Sfum_2713-16) may confurcate electrons from NADH and ferredoxin to protons and carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen and formate, respectively. Based on bioinformatic analysis, a membrane-integrated energy-converting [NiFe]-hydrogenase (Mhun_1741-46) of M. hungatei might be involved in the energy-dependent reduction of CO2 to formylmethanofuran. The best candidates for F420-dependent N5,N10-methyl-H4 MPT and N5,N10,-methylene-H4MPT reduction are the cytoplasmic [NiFe]-hydrogenase and FDH1. 16S rRNA ratios indicate that in one of the triplicate co-cultures of S. fumaroxidans and M. hungatei, less energy was available for S. fumaroxidans. This led to enhanced transcription of genes coding for the Rnf-complex (Sfum_2694-99) and of several fdh and hyd genes. The Rnf-complex probably reoxidized NADH with ferredoxin reduction, followed by ferredoxin oxidation by the induced formate dehydrogenases and hydrogenase

    Oxford graduates' perceptions of a global health master's degree: a case study

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Low and middle-income countries suffer an ongoing deficit of trained public health workers, yet optimizing postgraduate education to best address these training needs remains a challenge. Much international public health education literature has focused on global capacity building and/or the description of innovative programmes, but less on quality and appropriateness.</p> <p>Case description</p> <p>The MSc in Global Health Science at the University of Oxford is a relatively new, full-time one year master's degree in international public health. The programme is intended for individuals with significant evidence of commitment to health in low and middle income countries. The intake is small, with only about 25 students each year, but they are from diverse professional and geographical backgrounds. Given the diversity of their backgrounds, we wanted to determine the extent to which student background influenced their perceptions of the quality of their learning experience and their learning outcomes. We conducted virtual or face-to-face semi-structured individual interviews with students who had graduated from the course at least one year previously. Of the 2005 to 2007 intake years, 52 of 63 graduates (83%) were interviewed. We used thematic analysis to analyze the data, then linked results to student characteristics.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The findings from the evaluation suggested that all MSc GHS graduates who spoke with us, irrespective of background, appreciated the curriculum structure drawing on the strengths of a small, diverse student group, and the contribution the programme had made to their breadth of understanding and their careers. This evaluation also demonstrated the feasibility of an educational evaluation conducted several years after programme completion and when graduates were 'in the field'. This is important in ensuring international public health programmes are relevant to the day-to-day work of public health practitioners and researchers in low and middle-income countries.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Feedback from students, when they had either resumed their positions 'in the field' or pursued further training, was useful in identifying valuable and positive aspects of the programme and also in identifying areas for further action and development by the programme's management and by individual teaching staff.</p

    Fit Between IT Outsourcing Supplier Sourcing Capabilities and Organizational Structure: A Conceptual Model

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    Thus far, relatively few studies have focused on the IT supplier side of IS/IT outsourcing arrangements. Existing research identifies two recurring problems: (1) a lack of sustainability with regard to service performance, and (2) a poor fit between the heterogeneous context of clients and homogenous provider solutions. The objective of this theoretical paper is to relate sourcing capabilities and organizational structure of IT suppliers to sourcing performance, taking the dynamics that clients have to deal with into account. To that end, we develop a conceptual model that connects the interaction between developments in the client domain to the sourcing capabilities and organizational structure of suppliers. To be more exact, we hypothesize that realizing a fit between the necessary sourcing capabilities and organizational structure on the IT supplier side will result in a sustainable sourcing performance
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