CONTENTS: Factors that control species numbers in Silver Springs, by James L. Yount. Study of the biomass of parasites in the stumpknockers, by Wanda Hunter. Macrophytic communities in Florida inland waters, by Delle N. Swindale.  Comment in retrospect, by Howard T. Odum.  (15pp.

Odum, Howard T.

Swindale, Delle Natelson

Yount, James  L.

English

Aquatic Commons

- - ]{~ploi&cl&~n E?IO%~ QT ji? pwt, is pem9tt~d for B ~ J T  pWpQ80 the iii-if%@J 
Sta%as G o m m ~ L  
TABLE OF COXTfsPrS 
Factom That Control Species Numbem in Silver Spr3ngs (2) 
~ J a L o I t ~ u s ~ t * * o s m m e e e . * . r e o . o . a e ~ . o  6 
St* of t he  Uiomrms of P a r a s i t e s  in the Stumpknockers 
b y H ~ T ~ W ~ ~ o e . e o o a . e e o e a e ~ . o e m o e o e ~  1-1 
S v :  Factors That, Mluence Species Variety 3.n Si lver 
Springs, Florida, 2. Le Poulll.Gm , . . , . . . , . 12 
Comment in Retrospect, 1-1, T, Wum . ,. 
Prepared by: J, I;, Sount and H, To Odum, with a sectton by DeUe lJo 
Swindd.e 
Contract: l,IOITR 580(02) 
Contractor: Dspa~. t~ ;~ent  of BioXo~, University of Florida, Gai.nesvil3e 
(with Bioltogy Branch, Office of Naval. ~esearch) 
Principal hvcsLigatorr James Lo Yount 
Associates : ITat'cZd T . B d m  ( m e  University) 
Delle I(, Sv-Andale (university af Wisconsin) 
Objeotives: A s-t;ucIy of basic factors t h a t  control productivl.ty and 
of the effects of' productivity on community structum 
and dens.i.i;y by an  analysis of the unique conditions 
supplied by s o3.ackd c o ~ ~ t  temperature springs a 
I N D E X  
----I 
Technical. Reports 
A hypothesis regaxdb~ d~pelldmce of cammunity stmc"cure and density on 
productivftyo J o  L, Pomt. ~~~~~.~~~ .Znd Annual ~ e p o ~ - %  k?~-6 
Application of the &?alysb of variance t o  differential d i s t s i b ~ t i m  of' 
aquatic insects .Wac .SLoan ....... 2nd Semi-Annual Report 26-17 
Characteristics and Sta?~i?,ity of ?Jon-Ewfg Fnvimnment, H, T. OrZum. 
(1) . . . . . . . . . .  .lst Semi-hnml Reporb 
(21, ....... 2nd Sd-Annual  Ikport, 4-0 
Community lietabolism of Si lver  Sprjngs 11, To Odum 
lst AnnuaL lieport, 4-u (3rd S e m i - b u a l .  ~ e p r t )  , 
Campmison of an E n h e t o b  Coral Iieef Comnhity with S i lver  Sprhgso 
He To Odum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2nd Annual Ibport ,  17-18 
Distributior. of kcpatic Taaects in Rel;rtiom t o  l?nvisonrnentaL Gradients, 
J C 1 0  0 0 0 e 0 . 0 l s t A ~ ~ ~ u a l R e p o ~ . % ~  19-23 
Factors t h a t  Control S.;3~cies IJmbers in Silver Springs, 
J, L, Yomt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3rd Annual ~ e ~ o r ~  f i n a l  icCPmF 
Fisherg D i o l o ~ t  Studies In Silver Springs, D. K. Caldwell, P, Ha Berx-y, 
and II, To Odum . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2nd Annual Ikport, 35-110, 
13acrophytic Conmunities 5x1 I n h d  Iiaters. Delle I:, Swindale. . 
3rd Annual. Reparb . . . . .  
Plant Co,mmiLy Stabilkby D w h g  3 Yea-s , H, T, Mum 
..... 2nd Annual Report, 19, 
Productivity, H, To @d~m(l )  ........ 1st Seri-&-knnual. Report 
2 ........ 2nd Semi-Annual. bpor'c, 16-23 
Productivity of S ib~e i*  Sprlings, 11, T, Odum. 2nd Annual ! tqort ,  5-16 
Producti-vity T h e c ~ j ~  H o  T, Odum (1) .... bs t  S d - h u t i l  Report 
(2) . . . 2nd S d - A n n d  Report;, 24-25 
(3)  . , Ist h u d l  lieport, 24-25 (4) . . . 2nd Annual Report, kI-h.4 
Qualitative Coriposition of Comunities, H, T o  Odum, We C. Sban, D, K, 
Caldwell ................ kt Semi-Annual Report. 
QuaPitaPtive Composltisn of Sj-lver Springs* Ho T o  Odum. 
2nd Suni-Mual Report, 9 . . . . .  
Quantitative Conpositim of C o m r t i e s  (standing crop) 
(1) 11, T. Odm, J, 11, Davis, G ,  3, Bmadhead 
lst Semi-Annma Report ....... 
(2)  H. T o  Odm, 0, Galhdo . . . . . . .  2nd Semi-Annual Report, 10-15 
Standing Crop and Cm~n~ilty S m e y  of Submerged Vegetation in Sovcn Sprbys,  
Delle Natelson ............. 2nd A n n u a l  lkport, 20-a 
Stud5es on Fish Populations, Do I(, CaJtdwell, Iio T, Odum, To Hellior and 
F o I 3 e ~ o o o o o * e * o e e o e o o o  3 r d f l n n u a l k o f i  
Studies on I'mduc%ivLty in SUves Springs: Colnparisons with 10 other 
Sprhgs ,  11. T. Ocl1m. .......... 3rd h u a l  k p o r t  
The Specfes of Algae and Thekr Dis%rlibw"Gion b Florida Springs, Lo C, 
Whitford . ~ . . . . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . ~  1st Annual Report, 12-18 
Times# Speed Regulato~; the Opthum Yfficiency for llaximum Parer Outpwb 
3.n Physicdl and Bolo@.cal. S p % ~ l l s .  11, T, Odum and R, C. E-'Lr.c:erteno 
a u a o o o o ~ s L  h ~ s l  Report9 25-26 
Publications 
I;amsls, A, 1% 99f;30 The use of root characteristics to sepwats various 
fibbon leaved species of Sagittw5.a f m  species of V U n e l . i a a  
T W x  N m  3(12):2 
Odm3 Id, To 19530 DbsoSved phosphom in Florida Waterso R w o  hvest, 
Fha, Gml* S . w o  911-400 
Mum, Ho To 1953* Factors contmlllng marine invasion in Flori& Fmsh- 
mbmo 13fio $kro Scio Gu73 Caribo 3:1%=S60 
Odum, H, To em1 Do PamjSho 5954, Boron in Florida Waters, Quwb, 50 
Fla, Aca4, Sc i ,  1?:1&1890 
jc~nen,~.r il1,~.5!7fin . CLL * R Z * ~ P  of fir~ply ~ y y b  e.ck~sk W C ~ L * .  E6o/oPY 3 M')-'~C). 
Odum, Ii, T, mil 13, K O  CaldweU, l95So Fish respSuration in the m t d  
oxygen grcillent of an ana~~mbic spring in  Fladda, Copslax 104~106~ 
Oclum, He T a  and .?, Jsh~son, 135s0 Silver Springs and the bdhneed 
aquarium cuztrr~versy~ Scimee ~ o m & o s ,  Decemberr J28-I.3O0 
R o  T. olld I?., C. Pinkerton. 1955. Times  speed ragul@, the optimum 
efficiency f:: n<axbntaro power output in physical. and b i o ~ o ~ ~  
system , k~,lrer~'.ean Scj.t:n%is to 43: 331-3b0 
Slam, bJo C, X956, , corpzative ecologicaL study of the insects of two 
P b r i d a  ~ppkirzg:), FmLogy., 37 : 81-97 
Mum3 H o  T, 3.956, P- L-i 'y pmductisn 5n flowing waters Limobey md 
oce~wgrap2.1.y l t  ($2 ppo manuscript, 2 tabXes, 8 figures). 
Odluni, He To 1956,, !'7Ylciencles size of organisms, and comnuntty s%mc- 
ture ( 6  p e  - : r i p  figures). FeolOe~. 
Whitford, L, A, 17-5'5, The e m d t 2 e s  of algae in the spr3ngs and spring 
st=- d' F%.r.rM.ao ];:coZO~~ 
Completed Mmuscfi~: t.s tubmj.tted for publication: 
CaMwell, Do I:,, :!, T, Oclm, T, IIeUer, F, &my0 Sone characle-s;istics 
of cerata:3?(:i)'.d fish pulations in a constant temperature spsp3n.g 
(28 pp, .c~~:8;cript~ r f l g u r e s ) .  
~dm, H, T, ~ ? r ~ t i y  cf Silver Springs Floridao (3.20 ppg manuscript 
37 figtm:sl 3s tabbs), 
Odwn, H. To Zr5. t ~ s y  pmrhaction masuremerits in eleven Flopida Springs 
md a rnr$ta tu r t le  grass community (25 pp, nanuscript, 3.4 f i g * )  
Yount, 6, Lo I':~cbrs %ha% fmaE2ua~e species varLety in SQ'tfer Spz5ngs 
Flollid;!, 
em31er rcyort, 2% r:as k"31~1,C :'..i;Tu-k a nunbep or" facbzas xf.i'ea"l;pecfcz 
vmf e%y in SIPcer Snri  ~:g,.:, 5.o tab3.y psed~e%ivi-by and t h e a  Tnese PccLozu 
vese studied by C S = T P ~ K ~ Z  CSIO~LOIIE 0n s12des l e f t  Lr a highly ~ ~ c ~ u c Z ; ~ - V O  
place and a place cf :!.csf prcductlon in Silver S p r i n g s ,  In adi%390s_3.~ BF. 
intem,edkSs S'G~.%~OK YriIS s 5 1 ~ :  but ? S ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 . t ; ~ ~ y P ;  this $b%i~b~ VE3S
destroyed twice, SG %I7&% n/-i ~f..kcnp% *is r ~ 3 e  fae~s tr: report  thase i~.f,eoi~= 
+ m.'i?+#.P d w  , these %rere dy.1e.1.13.c~ 'i1h~s8 d9.ffe?*,zfiee~ rmso zanpmen-!&- cle2 v. . i t .D~.~ .  id o??, 
%!I@ d-i2iei*snees in P Z O ~ U C ?  at %he %?a s%a%ions sad t h e 3  so tI?~:i, 231 
app,went clirna:~ f o r ~ ~ i ; b  a-t ba-bil, s t x & i o ~ s  aft s~ dLffer.el?.t 9,~$9.g%!x3 OT -t45-m3 
in the spring, 11 t h i s  cc-i?::-zct%cn, it should. be ~;~mGiomd that ths poo:~ 
sCaP;ion ~raq co%%ssd b;r a nz3;":s 02 2l~aCVing @ve~bhie  t '19rai3 
visited m ~ t U  Decaxbes of' 22955 (age Us days)  sdisa it ws n o M  %hzt 110 
floating m i - s s  XEIS 69%-erb.:; .2:'te 83.5-d.0 b~ (%here tw still  ean;idsr:~b2e 
shade f FOR can o.crexall;3ngh~ . ~ " E o ~  ~ ~ T J ' ~ v B B * ) ,  ancI a m8 did n.od atw? %la9 sLi.cif 
box at any kL7xa it earns ~585.t&xi ~5'tcs Lhm, 
Them is apparen.t;3g some discrepancy in the trend at the rich station, 
h that the species vasEety hereased slightly at age 3.48 and 188 days 
(M@, 2-3 of present paper) over -that of age 61 and 93 days (Fig, 5-6 of 
Yount, 19%) The d S f  wencs, howem, is slight I thinkI to be 
accsunted for as incEi-si&i,aJ, variationo 
In s v ,  then, 2s revealed by Figs, 1-3, the rich station ( 5 )  
species variety mh& rzther low throughout; the newer slides exaaed,  
but the poor station @ S  (12) species variety gradually diminished, A t  "irhe 
same time, i~mbers of :individuals re~&& high at the rich statLon a% 
about 2080 individmh c o m t d  in 10 oiX Wemion fields, At the POP 
station, however9 d d n g  t;:1%3 name period,-,the numbem per 10 fields in- 
creased -i;o almost 2000 hdf-~iduals ,  wIli%e the species variety decmcse.d, 
These facts onpblasixe conclusions &am ezslier, that where psoduc%ion 5s 
highO spcies v w l e t y  is 101rO a d  vice versa, pmtrided other e n m m f & s i l  
factors are similar ix .the comared Imbitats, 
Ref'emce: 
Yomt, J, Lo 1956, FI~,c%ox% That Con.I;roL Species i'Imbers 5-n Silver 
splpbgs, (21) Yount and Mum, Produc.2;i81ty of 
PZorida Sprin,ns; TkM Annual Rqo& to BioJlogy 
Bsaach of Office of Naval liesearch, 
S 
0 o ~ l f d e  2; eide pool. 
f 
?ig. 2 Di)iatorr: species-individw.7- m v e s  fvo% slides left i n  Silrer 3~rhrr~;s,  Ploridla. for 148 days, mar bo i l ,  a d  155 
d q s  , @ i d @  pool. Chlora@~ilP quan$%%y (average of 2 s l i d e s  from oach stat ion) i s  indicated by the his t o & ~ a n ~  
(eolid er sad8 peal; &em near boil) . 4 s s l ide  1, near bol l ;  @ B slide 2, mas boib; X .S elide 1, side n,oral; 
0 = stids 2, e ido p o o l .  
S 
\ 
I 
J 
I 
i 
i !S > 
1 g :  0 0 HA' 
'I 0 
a * 
! *O 4- R ts$%* 
!of z? x x  
I 
4 * +  
r x % +* 
1 Q 
*-I- P # +  4- 4 - 4 -  
0 
$= 
d 
side pool: clear r near boil) . # = 188 days, near boil: * = 238 38s. new boil:  X c s l ide  1, side pool; 
0 u sl ide 2, side aool. 
Study of the Biasnass of Parasites 
h the Stwrpknochrs 
A t  the request of If, To Odum, Dr, GJtu#ia Hunter assisted by Dro Winma 
Vernberg detearrlned the numbers and approximate dry biamass of all pasasitas 
in ten stwqpknockers t&m in winter and ten  taken i n  summer, The idea of 
a pyramid of biomass for the parasitic food chain is much discussed in 
ecolo&cal circles but rarely demonstrate$, The total weight wasr about 2,27 
d f i s h  in winter and 3062 &fish in summer, Using some rough estimates 
of parasite metabolism from representatim measurements made by Hunter and 
Vmbrg, it 5s possible %a s ta te  that the very rnnneroun but sUgh% weighted 
parasites are not t a k i n g  a large part of the total metabolism of these d d -  
nant fish, Apparently the energy ffm to the carnimres Is greater than to 
the parasites of these f i sh  under tho canditicaw of steady state in SiXver 
Springs 0 
Stmmary: Factora That Influence Species Variety in Silver Sp-s, Florida 
JEUIIW L o  Yomt 
Factora that influence species3 variety in Silver Springs ware discussed 
in d e w  .the Third Annual Report;, and some addiWonal data are presented 
above in  the present report, These factam were  c3assif5ed and sme were 
studied in detai l ,  
CJassfltcation of factors affecting specie~i variety redl.ted i n  a divi- 
sion 5nto two principal factors, t he  history of the area and pro-ty of 
the area to the general optjrmnn, The history 02 the. area includes isolations 
new species formation and tho t h e  factor or  age of the substrata or  medium, 
Proximity of the area t o  the general opthum includea two chid head= 
he, abiotic and biot ic  factors, Abiotic factors that affect species variety 
inczlude physical and chanica2 factors, as well as geologic factors, ek,, aogO, 
temperature, pH, currents and. the lilce, Biotic factors incLude competition, 
predation, cooperation and the Wce, ProductSv%ty, wh%ch combines both 
abtotic and biotfc factors, &xis f m d  to be of mjer ~ ~ c e  in influen= 
ciry: the species variety, 
It was concluded that there a ~ o  aI14ays a combination of various factam 
affec%lng the species varfety of an area, and that productivity and . t b  
were each very factors, pephaps more than the  others, These two 
latter were exambed and x-eported on in detail. jn the Third A n n a  Reporb, 
S-r I~lacrophytic Cmuni t i e s  in Florida bland ~aters" 
Du&-g the period from September 1954 t o  June 1955 an investigation 
was made of the c o m t i e s  of la rge submerged plants i n  many of Floridass 
inland mrtoroo Iiethds, which were quantitative and qualitative, were deo- 
cribed Sn predous r e p o h ,  
Diffozences in habi%at and associated communities in various part5 of 
the same body of water necessitated the study of communities by stands rather 
than by entire Lekes, ponds, springs, o r  rivers. Thus different depths in 
a parti c 3 b  area of a lalco often had diff  ei%nt oomunities, as did diff  ermt 
parts of rivers, especidly sone of those with salinity g;radients, 
Tie coastal. sprints and their mrns (~:eekiwa&-ee, IIomosassa snd Chassa- 
hovltalm) were sampled a t  various locations qumtitatively and qualitatively. 
The hidfvidual stands were rreigllted by the percentage aroa of the spring-river 
sys5em which they represented rnd estimates of average stan- crop were ob- 
taLned f o r  each syoten. The werage figures f o r  the three spring s y t a o s  
were 3941, lrW, and 4620 ibo./acre dFy ueight, compared to 4686, 3774, and 
3!& ibs ./acre dry  weight f o r  the  same three s p  terns, as calculated by Dr. 
Davis from his data of 195j0 The relatively smal l  discrepancy betrsezn the 
two sets of results support the re l i ab i l i ty  of the estinate and suggest o. 
relative stabiLity in t o t a l  p W  standing crop in these springs from ye- 
Lo year, 
Data on percentage dqj  weight contributed by each species in six spring- 
systems, and importance of each in each st& of four springs were presented 
in tabular form, Diagramilp,tic maps of the vegetation i n  six spring pools 
were also preseated, 
The percentage of join% occurrence of aach species and the frequency 
of each in the quackats sampled in each stand were used t o  fornulate a class%- 
fioation system f o r  the c m m i t i e s  in Floridans lakes9 ponds, and spring- 
systems. The eJ;3ssificai;ion tms based on the vegetakion itself but was s& 
sequently correlated with the a n m n ~ n i e n t ~  
The commnlties s tudiod fall .into two nain groups, mstly indqondent 
of each other i n  regard t o  dominant spcciw, There were few h t e ~ n b & t e  
stands and hence the  two poups were discussed separately. 
The first epup included the sprints, t h e i r  runs, and some of the large 
lakes studied. The reLatim frequency distributeions of the species among the 
stands arranged in order of %ha classif'icatfon system used showed t h a t  these 
stands c o m t i t u M  a vegetative continuum rri-bh specios attaining doninance i n  
the f o l l a ~ i n g  order: IIydrocot:j+le mibellata, Pontinalis SJO , Ilas turtim- off ici- 
_.I)__. 
nale Chaa ze e., Ludwig& na-, 15JaJas ,mUdJluoensis, Cera-bphyLZum denersun, d- Smi t t a r i a  lorata, Vallisnerxa %or and l'otrynopoton pectinatus. 
The species vary in the trmplltude of their distribution and the spcc5es 
at one extreme of the above list riasely occur together with species a t  tho 
other extme, 
This order of stands is correlated with water quality, the species at 
* This work was supported by the  University of Flor ida  through a post-doctoral 
feUowship, w i t h  additional support from this project. 
-the IIydrocotyl$ end o c c ~  in more oligotrophic waters than those at the 
Potamgeton pectinatus end, which are more eutrophic and which hclude the 
most saline waters sampled, O f t e n  substrate correlations were zlso obvious,, 
The rela%ionships of the various species to environmental factors and to 
each other t ~ s e  discussed in detail in the January 1956 reporto 
The other n a b  p u p  of stands included the ponds, small lakes and som 
of the larger lakes, The chemical analyses showed a lower ni.ne;l&Cl content; 
i n  thei r  water than in tliose of t he  previous groupo The stands f o ~ m o d  a
vegetative. continuum wtth a trend f r o m  oligotrophy tottard eutmphy, mani- 
f ested by increase in the richness of the substrate and increase in ? l a n k n  
content of t h e  tmter, Some bodies of water deviated from the generai. p a d i m  
ent of oligotmphy to eutrqphy because of an excess of organic matter, These 
brciwnetaFned, peaty-substrate wate"rktbninated by species deldom donimnt 
In harmonic ~?at€?rsO 
Graphs of the .t;wo coatinua and the dystrophic species' distributioL~, 
and tables of enviponmeyltal. correlations were present&, 
Notes on taxonomr iden t~ ica t i c sn  of sane of Florida's ~ U b m e ~ ~ e d  
plants were prosent&- tri-bli q h a s i s  on Vallisneria and some species f &+ 
quently found jn a s t e r i l e  form in submrged coanmuniaea, 
The %springsn project as orieinally conceived is now ccuqleted, The 
possibilities of the canatant en&nmenLs exceeded even the most optimistic 
proposals, New methods were developed f o r  meas- the netabolbm, cam mi^ 
weights, and to some extant the specie0 structure of the flowfng water en- 
viro-nta A very detailed study w a s  made OD - sp-g, S U V W  Sp~fnes~ 
Comparison was then made betmen Silver S p d @  and others, EXf iciencies 
of photosynthesis were high m.6 closely related to light intensity under 
tllerae conditiono of con ti nu^^ renewed mediumo The data obtained stimulate8 
t u  that led b two pxI~arz an scololr,ical theoryo Then methods aud 3.n- 
terpretatiom wore extended jA? one pe?er to flowing waters in generalo A 
study of coral red struck~~e:  and mebbo2isrn w i t h  a h i l a r  methods was an 
outcome of the springs worko Seven papers dealt wfth ~ p c c l a l  feattares in  
the rsprjngs environment th% were related to production but sommbnP; aside 
fram the general theme, Theso dealt with boron, marine b~vtsion, phosphsus 
geochemistrg, fish respirt lon ,  insect species scarcity, the i m m s e l y  rich 
algal cosmmznfties, and fish populafiions at const;u~t temperature, Tho em- 
stancy of the environment permitted data to be additive and made the studiea 
extremely economical, 1.leny persons participated as acknowledged in  the re- 
prta and final papers, 
According t o  present hopes a l l  of the manwcrtpts now Jn the pubUc8tion 
m u ,  will be printed before the close of 1957, The reprints w i l l  be assmibled 
tiogetber and submitted as the final rqmrt, 
The possibilit&es of the springs are still hardly touched,, It would be 
very advantageous if a biological. station for ccxnmunity resoarch were estab- 
l i shed on one of the springs ~ 5 t h  a budget, such as t h i s  present project has 
M a  


Productivity of Florida Springs: final report to Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research progress from December 31, 1955 to May 31, 1956

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Productivity of Florida Springs: final report to Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research progress from December 31, 1955 to May 31, 1956

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