Transpositional usage of forms of grammatical tenses.

Grammatical category tense is specific only for verbs. Grammatical tenses can be absolute and relative. Absolute tenses are determined on time axis in terms of the moment of speaking about the event, while for determining relative tenses, in addition to the moment of speaking about the event, some other moment or time segment of the time axis are relevant as well. In Macedonian, relative tenses are future perfect and past perfect tense. In a language, forms are associated with meanings. Elementary forms that have meanings are morphemes. Accordingly, the forms of the grammatical category of tense which are formed with appropriate morphemes, but with auxiliary verbs and particles or other forms of verbs (non-finite or tense related) as well, have their own meanings. Forms of grammatical tenses can be used in their essential meanings, but they can also be used in meanings that are not their essential meanings, which are primary for other grammatical forms. This usage of forms of grammatical tenses, in their non-essential meanings, a usage which is essential for other forms of grammatical tenses, is called transpositional usage of forms of grammatical tenses. It is a transposition of form, characteristic for a respective tense up to the meaning of another grammatical tense, which in turn has its basic form of expression. The paper will discuss transpositional usages of the forms of grammatical tenses of Macedonian verbs

Когнитивните процеси на помнење и заборавање од семантички и синтаксички аспект.

Во трудот ќе ги анализираме когнитивните глаголи од семантичкото поле: памти (памети), се сети, (ми) текна, заборави и нивните полски еквиваленти: pamiętać, przypominiać sobie, zapomnieć како и изразите: przyszło mi na myśl, przyszło mi do głowy. Според полската школа на семантичка синтакса глаголите се предикативни изрази на предикати од втор ред, кои го одразуваат внатрешниот свет на човекот, неговите интелектуални, емотивни и волитивни процеси. Како прв аргумент на овие предикати се јавува човекот, а вториот аргумент е сегмент од внатрешниот живот на човекот. Глаголите ќе бидат анализирани од аспект на нивното значење и од аспект на нивните синтаксички можности. Семантичката анализа ќе ја поткрепиме и со сознанијата од когнитивната лингвистика (Lakoff and Johnson 2003; Kövecses 2002), особено со анализата на когнитивните механизми метафора и метонимија, кои имаат влијание и при развојот на полисемијата на лексемите. Концептуалната метафора и концептуалната метонимија ги отсликуваат когнитивните механизми по кои умот и искуството го структурираат јазикот. Сликата за светот станува јазична реалност. При анализата на синтаксичките можности на глаголите од ова семантичко поле ќе се послужиме со принципите на полската школа на семантичка синтакса (Тополинска 1995; Тополињска 1997; Grochowski, Karolak i Topolińska 1984)

Invasive Species: A Look at their Disastrous Effects on Ecosystems, Health, and Stability of Native Species

Invasive predators, competitors, and disease-causing pathogens are the cause of immense and often irreversible harm to the environment, presenting a serious threat to biodiversity. The problem of invasive species dates back to ancient times, when people started using different methods of transport such as horses, canoes, and camels to travel quickly, bringing with them lice, rats, microbes, cows, cats, dogs, goats, pigs, and other creatures. The actions of other species, most notably humans, play an increasing role in species invasions, as Homo sapiens have colonized almost all of the ecosystems on Earth and tend to transform natural environments into agricultural or urban landscapes. Invasive organisms can have negative effects on ecosystems and disastrous effects on native flora and fauna, and the most effective way to thwart further invasions and protect biodiversity is to prevent these new species introductions. The instillation of protocols such as the closer inspection of pallets in international trade and travel, effective education programs, and aggressive monitoring and eradication programs is necessary to reduce the deleterious effects of invasive species

Интердисциплинарноста во науката и лингвистиката.

Модерната наука, почнувајќи од 20 век, како една од важните карактеристики ја истакнува интердисциплинарноста. Лингвистиката, особено лингвистиката од 20 век па наваму, се поврзува со различни хуманистички, општествени, па дури и математички, информатички и медицински дисциплини. Ова поврзување, секако ги отвора прашањата за темите на заеднички интерес, методите на анализа, но и комптенциите – како верификација на резултатите што се добиваат, но и на специјализациите што се добиваат.Во трудот ќе се обидеме да ја согледаме лингвистиката како наука за јазикот во контекст на интердисциплинарноста на науката

Сематичките компоненти на лексемата убав

Темата на статијата ќе биде семантиката на лексемата убав. Преку анализа на етимологијата на оваа лексема, анализа на дефинираните значења во толковните речници и анализа на примери на јазична употреба ќе се обидеме да дадеме објаснување на тоа што е убаво во нашиот јазик. Поаѓаме од хипотезата дека убавото е добро („Добротољубие“, Манастир Хиландар: 2002, стр. 5). Анализата треба да опфати што е добро и за што е добро во употребата на убав во македонскиот јазик. Во анализата се послуживме со корпусот на примери од литературата на Дигиталниот речник на македонскиот јазик. Анализирајќи примери и од употребата на современтиот македонски јазик на интернет (публицистика, формуми), ќе се обидеме да утврдиме дали постојат поместувања во значењето на убав во контексти од поблиското и подалечно минато (Р. Крле, С. Попов, К. П. Мисирков) и денес

PRIDE AND HUMILITY (semantic analysis of virtues and their antipodes)

The aim of our research is the semantic field of the virtue dignity, with lexemes that are related and opposed to it (pride, ugly, beautiful, calm, humility, modest). Since this is a virtue, the analysis will be performed in a philosophical-theological context. We will also take into account the etymological analysis of the lexemes and the implications of their etymology in terms of semantics and vocabulary enrichment. The analysis will be performed based on the use of the lexemes from this semantic field in contexts of contemporary Macedonian language and literature

МИНИЈАТУРИТЕ НА АЦО ШОПОВ

The focus of our study are the “Miniatures” of Aco Šopov, published in thecollection “Merge with Silence” in 1955. Chronologically and content-wise, these are songsthat belong to modernism as a literary movement. They are intimate, real records writtenlike brief impressions. According to A. Prokopiev, these songs are from Šopov’s intimistphase, exciting and sublime short poetic forms in which the poet is like a painter, or rather aphotographer of moments from reality (“Leaf”, “Stork”, “Peg”) through which he expresseshis deep, intimate feelings that are not are momentary, but more like state of the soul. AcoŠopov is gentle, nostalgic in them and reveals himself as a caring parent (“Deception”). In“Miniatures” the poet Aco Šopov does not show brutality as in other collections of poetry.Actually, in every poem and collection, a new dimension of the personality of Šopov isexposed. Formally and content-wise, “the Miniatures” of Sopov is different from his otherpoems of his opus. According to Sonja Stojmenska – Elzeser, “the Miniatures of Šopov”are poetic crocs - drawings, momentary cuts from a landscape that carry deep reflectivecontent. It is precisely on these miniature poetic flashes, on their intimate depth andreflexivity that they carry within themselves our perception on the verses will be shown

THE IMPACT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON PRICE-TOEARNINGS RATIO – THE CASE OF WESTERN EUROPE

In a world full ofstudiesdealing withthe relationshipof price-to-earnings ratio and the dividend payout ratio, rarely noticeable are those examining the possibility that this relationship may be nonlinear.Although rare, studies that aim to fill this gap focus solely on the US capital market. The lack of those kinds of studies alongside with the absence of studies for Europewas main incentive for this paper. Therefore this paper aims to examine the conditional and nonlinear relationship between price-toearnings ratio and dividend payout ratio where by the inclusion of various factors the non/linearrelationship is conditioned on the comparative levelsof return on equity and the required rate of return. In order to explore this relationship, a fixed effects panel regression model is used. Main findings are based on an examination of an annual data of 69 companies from 11 European countries in the period from 2014 to 2018. The results show positive relationship and convexity between the price-to-earnings ratio and the dividend payout ratio, leading to the conclusion that European investors prefer dividends and “award” the increase in the dividend payout with increased priceto-earnings ratio. The findings imply that financial managers of Western European companies should pay more attention to the reduction of the payout ratio

SAFE TEACHING FOR SAFE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS – IS THERE THE HIDDEN CRISIS?

Education is the cornerstone of development of each country and is recognized by the UN as a human right. Access to safe learning environments is a vital requirement at every stage of child’s education – from the preschool, during which a child’s brain undergoes 90% of its development, through to adolescence, when young people are prepared for the contributions they will then make to their communities, the economy and the wider world. This paper instigate мany questions for safe teaching: What do the data tell us about violence and cyberbullying? How can educational institutions counterbalancing this “situation”? Also is pointed, that no country can achieve inclusive and equitable quality education for all, if students experience violence and cyberbullying in educatonal institutions and beyond. A quality education can improve the life chances of individuals themselves, especially to girls and the communities around them. The purpose of this paper is not to analyze the proposed solutions for online teaching in terms of cyber security and protection of student privacy, but must point out a number of potential risks that the process itself carries. Namely, the lack of unified access to online teaching in the period March-June 2020 has led to almost every school collecting, storing and transferring personal data of students to a variety of software and web services. At the beginning of the new school year, it was start a single platform is used for all schools, and therefore competent institutions must to pay attention to data security and to respect the principles of privacy of children. This paper also raises the question what is the effect on children in this digital migration? The paper states that competent institutions need to have a macro and micro approach in order to provide a safe learning environment

CURRENT CRISIS IN THE EU IN THE LIGHT OF THE CONTRADICTIONS OF THE CORE - PERIPHERY DEVELOPMENT MODEL

This paper deals with the essential problems of the current economic crisis in the European Union analyzed from the aspect of the core – periphery development model. In the first part of the paper theoretical concepts are presented for explanation the reasons for divergence in the economic development among regions. In the second part of the paper special attention is given to the real convergence among the selected EU member countries. Regarding this, the paper arises the dilemma thus the stabilization programs, will be successful recipe for solving the problems of the current crisis