PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERDASARKAN MASALAH PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPS UNTUK MENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR PADA SEKOLAH DASAR

Absrak Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah adanya permasalahan yang ditemukan , yaitu pembelajaran IPS kelas IV pada materi mengenal permasalahan sosial yang sangat menjemukan. Hal ini disebabkan penyajian proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan guru bersifat monoton, menjadikan buku teks sebagai satu-satunya sumber belajar, dan model pembelajaran IPS yang diimplementasikan juga kurang sesuai untuk jenis materi dan belum menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu siswa. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembelajaran yang inovatif dan mampu memfasilitasi proses belajar siswa secara menyeluruh mencakup ranah kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotor yaitu dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah (PBM) khususnya pada pembelajaran IPS materi mangenal masalah sosial di daerahnya.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa di kelas IV dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 19 orang. Data dalam penelitian ini didapatkan dari instrumen lembar observasi guru, lembar observasi siswa, dan tes hasil belajar.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menerapan model pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah (PBM)  dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dengan rata-rata nilai yang diperoleh pada siklus I sebesar 69,47 (68,42%), siklus II sebesar 76,05  (78,94%%), dan siklus III sebesar 80,26 (89,47%). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa  ada peningkatan aktivitas guru, aktivitas siswa, serta hasil belajar siswa termasuk sikap afektif dan psikomotor siswa. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah dalam pembelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan aktivitas guru, aktivitas siswa dan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV   Kata Kunci: IPS, model pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah, hasil  belajar   Astract The background of this research is because the existance a learning problem that is social subject of fourth grade which is very drab. It is because of how the teacher teaches the students in monotonous way, to make text book as the only one source, and the implemented learning model is not slightly appropriate to the kind of the subjects and make students do not want to know more. Therefore, the innovative learning is needed and able to give the facility to the whole students’ learning process include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor by applying the model application of learning based on problem (PBM) especially in IPS subject on social issues in their region.This research classroom action research which the subjects are the teachers and the fourth grade students in with 19 number of students. The data taken from the teachers’ instrument observation sheet, the students’ instrument observation sheet, and the achievement test.The result of this research shows that the applying of this inquiry learning model learning based on problem (PBM) can increase the outcome students with the gained average on cycle I 69,47 (68,42%), cycle II 76,05  (78,94%%),  cycle III 80,26 (89,47%). The result also demonstrates that there is the increase of teachers’ activities, students’ activities, and the outcome of students’ learning included affective and psychomotor. In conlusion, the applying of learning model based on problem  in IPS subject can increase the teachers’ activities, students’ activities, and the outcome of fourth grade students’ learning in   Key word: Social studies, learning model based on proble

STRATEGIC EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE ALLIANCES

The present paper develops a simple model of a network structure to analyze the profitability and the strategic effects of airline alliances in which two complementary alliances, following different paths, may be formed to serve a certain city-pair market. We examine whether airlines that employ the same hub have an incentive to create an alliance, analyze the effects on carriers outside the alliance and study how fares are affected. We conclude that complementary alliances are profitable for a sufficient degree of product differentiation, which implies that competition intensity is low; that an alliance hurts the outsiders; and that fares will decrease. These findings remain valid to the introduction of more competition in the form of a direct non-stop flight. Our results provide a very simple testable implication that relies on demand parameters that measure the degree of product differentiation, and our findings are consistent with some of the observed facts in the industry.complementary airline alliances, substitute trips, product differentiation

Endogenous Integration and Welfare in Complementary Goods Markets

This paper analyzes the strategic decision to integrate by firms that produce complementary products. Integration entails bundling pricing. We find out that integration is privately profitable for a high enough degree of product differentiation, that profits of the non-integrated firms decrease, and that consumer surplus need not necessarily increase when firms integrate despite the fact that prices diminish. Thus, integration of a system is welfare-improving for a high enough degree of product differentiation combined with a minimum demand advantage relative to the competing system. Overall, and from a number of extensions undertaken, we conclude that bundling need not be anti-competitive and that integration should be permitted only under some circumstances.complementary products; integration; bundling

STRATEGIC EFFECTS OF AIRLINE ALLIANCES

This paper looks at the endogenous formation of airline alliances bymeans of a two-stage game where first airlines decide whether to form analliance and then fares are determined. We analyze the profitability and thestrategic effects of airline alliances when two complementary alliances,following different paths, may be formed to serve a certain city-pair market.The formation of a complementary alliance is shown to hurt outsiders and thatfares decrease in the interline market. Contrary to what might be expected, wefind that complementary alliances are not always profitable, even in thepresence of economies of traffic density. The interplay between market size, thedegree of product differentiation and the intensity of economies of trafficdensity determines whether the market equilibrium entails no alliances, a singlealliance or a double alliance.complementary airline alliances, economies of traffic density, product differentiation

Child Rights Ombudsman

Per poder parlar de defensors del nen calia passar per dues declaracions que només consignaven drets socials, era necessari el convenciment que els infants tenen competencies, que són capaços de participar; havia de canviar el concepte de protecció; calia passar de la compassió i l'amor al respecle. La dècada dels setanta va acabar amb la proclamació, per l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides, de 1979 com a Any Internacional del Nen. Va ser un vehicle excepcional per col·locar els drets humans de l'infant en l'ordre del dia internacional. L'article és una detallada crònica d'un assoliment de llarg i difícil recorregut.Para poder hablar de defensores del niño era necesario pasar por dos declaraciones que sólo consignaban derechos sociales, era necesario el convencimiento de que los niños tienen competencias, que son capaces de participar; debía cambiarse el concepto de protección; tenía que pasarse de la compasión y el amor al respeto. La década de los setenta terminó con la proclamación, por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, de 1979 como Año Internacional del Niño. Fue un vehículo excepcional para colocar los derechos humanos del niño en el orden del día internacional. El artículo es una detallada crónica de un logro de largo y difícil recorrido.For child rignts ombbusmen to become a reality, two declarations that assigned only social rignts to children had to be superseded. and it had to be accepted that children have competencies and are capable of participating in their own right. The very concept of protection had to change. moving on from compassion and love to respect. The 1970s culminated in the United Nations General Assembly proclamation of 1979 as International Year of the Child, and exceptional vehicle for getting children 's human rights on the international agenda. This article is a detailed chronology of a long and difficult journey

La premsa a Lloret de Mar (1885-2014)

Versió escrita de la intervenció de l'autor en la VII Trobada d'entitats de cultura i patrimoni de la Selva (Blanes, 28 de juny de 2014) amb motiu de la presentació de resultats de la Beca de Recerca La Selva 201