SPATIAL MOBILITY AND LOCATION CHOICES OF HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS

The aim of the present paper is to shed light on the determinants of geographical mobility and location choices of skilled individuals across the European regions. The most talented workers, e.g. inventors, move for a number of reasons, contributing in this manner to the geographical diffusion of knowledge as well as to reshape the geography of talent. Thus, geographic areas constitute nodes through which talent circulate, bringing knowledge from one place to another. By means of a gravity model, we will test whether social proximity between inventors’ communities and the so-called National System of Innovation drive in- and out-flows of inventors between pairs of regions, above and beyond physical separation, as well as other pulling factors (amenities, economic conditions, and the like). As for the econometrics is concerned, in order to accommodate our estimations to the count nature of our dependent variable and the high number of zeros in it, zero inflated negative binomial models are used. Our first results point out to the importance of, still, geographical proximity in driving this phenomenon. However, social relationships, as well as institutional, or technological and cultural proximities, are also playing a preponderant role in mediating the mobility patterns of inventors across the European geography.

Research Networks and Inventors’ Mobility as Drivers of Innovation: Evidence from Europe

We investigate the importance of the labour mobility of inventors, as well as the scale, extent and density of their collaborative research networks, for regional innovation outcomes. To do so, we apply a knowledge production function framework at the regional level and include inventors’ networks and their labour mobility as regressors. Our empirical approach takes full account of spatial interactions by estimating a spatial lag model together, where necessary, with a spatial error model. In addition, standard errors are calculated using spatial heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent estimators to ensure their robustness in the presence of spatial error autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity of unknown form. Our results point to the existence of a robust positive correlation between intra-regional labour mobility and regional innovation, whilst the relationship with networks is less clear. However, networking across regions positively correlates with a region’s innovation intensity.Speed Limits; inventors’ mobility, networks of co-inventors, knowledge production function, spatial econometrics, European regions

Numerical and analytical modeling of orthogonal cutting : The link between local variables and global contact characteristics

The response of the tool–chip interface is characterized in the orthogonal cutting process by numerical and analytical means and compared to experimental results. We study the link between local parameters (chip temperature, sliding friction coefficient, tool geometry) and overall friction characteristics depicting the global response of the tool–chip interface. Sticking and sliding contact regimes are described. The overall friction characteristics of the tool are represented by two quantities: (i) the mean friction coefficient qualifies the global response of the tool rake face (tool edge excluded) and (ii) the apparent friction coefficient reflects the overall response of the entire tool face, the effect of the edge radius being included. When sticking contact is dominant the mean friction coefficient is shown to be essentially the ratio of the average shear flow stress along the sticking zone by the average normal stress along the contact zone. The dependence of overall friction characteristics is analyzed with respect to tool geometry and cutting conditions. The differences between mean friction and apparent friction are quantified. It is demonstrated that the evolutions of the apparent and of the mean friction coefficients are essentially controlled by thermal effects. Constitutive relationships are proposed which depict the overall friction characteristics as functions of the maximum chip temperature along the rake face. This approach offers a simple way for describing the effect of cutting conditions on the tool–chip interface response. Finally, the contact length and contact forces are analyzed. Throughout the paper, the consistency between numerical, analytical and experimental results is systematically checked

L’éducation au dialogue : éducation pour la paix. Une approche philosophique

Dans une théorie radicale du conflit comme phénomène indépassable de l'interaction humaine, l'impossibilité de conciliation d'intérêts, de sentiments, de préférences ou de finalités exclut le dialogue comme instrument de résolution pacifique des conflits et ne peut concevoir la paix que comme moment instable d'un équilibre de forces. L'idée pourtant a été avancée qu'il ne peut pas y avoir d'espace social, d'interaction humaine sans compréhension mutuelle, sans entente et ceci, non pas parce que le conflit n'existerait pas, mais parce qu'il n'y aurait pas impossibilité nécessaire de conciliation de tous les intérêts, les sentiments, les préférences ou les finalités qui s'opposent. Si tel était le cas, le dialogue deviendrait l'instrument pacifique par excellence de résolution de ces conflits et l'éducation au dialogue, le moyen par excellence d'éducation pour la paix. Cet article examine quelques enjeux philosophiques fondamentaux de cette problématique.Within the frame of a radical theory about conflict as an inescapable phenomenon of human interaction, the impossibility of conciliation of various interests, sentiments, preferences, and objectives results in excluding dialogue as a means to a peaceful resolution of conflict and views peace only as momentary and unstable equilibrium of forces. This idea holds that human interaction in a social sphere could not exist without mutual understanding and agreement. This situation is not the result of the absence of conflict but rather because of the acceptance that it is impossible to find conciliation of all the opposing interests, sentiments, preferences, and objectives that exist. In this case, dialogue can become an excellent means for peaceful conflict resolution and education to develop dialogue would become an excellent means for education for peace. This article examines several underlying theoretical bases to these issues.En una teoria radical del conflicto como fenomeno inevitable de la interaccion humana, la imposibilidad de conciliar intereses, sentimientos, preferencias y fînalidades excluye el dialogo como instrumento de solucion pacifica de conflictos; asi, la paz no se concibe mas que como momento inestable del equilibrio de fuerzas. Sin embargo, se ha propuesto la idea de que no puede haber espacio social ni interaccion humana sin una comprensiôn mutua, sin entendimiento, y ésto no porque no exista conflicto sino porque no habria imposibilidad necesaria de conciliacion de todos los intereses, sentimientos, prefe- rencias y fînalidades opuestos. En tal caso, el dialogo se volveria el instrumento pacifico por excelencia para resolver conflictos, y la educacion para el dialogo séria el medio por excelencia de la educacion para la paz. El articulo examina algunas cuestiones filosôficas fundamentales de este problema.In einer radikalen Théorie des Konfliktes als uniiberwindbares Phânomen der menschlichen Wechselbeziehung wird der Dialog als Mittel der friedlichen Konfliktslôsung durch die Unmôglichkleit einer Vermittlung der Interessen, Gefiihle, Prioritâten oder Zielsetzungen ausgeschlossen. Der Friede wird dabei nur als Période des labilen Gleichgewichts der Streitkràfte angesehen. Andererseits ist behauptet worden, dass es keinen sozialen Bereich, keine menschlichen Wechselbeziehungen geben kônne ohne gegenseitiges Verstândnis, ohne Absprache, und zwar nicht deswegen, weil es keinen Konflikt gâbe, sondern weil die Vermittlung der Interessen, Gefiihle, Prioritâten oder Zielsetzungen nicht unbedingt unmôglich sei. In diesem Falle wiirde der Dialog zu einem ausgesprochenen Mittel der Konfliktslôsung werden, und in der Erziehung wiirde der Dialog zu einem ausgesprochenen Mittel der Friedenslehre werden. Dieser Artikel erôrtert einige damit verbundenen philosophischen Grundfragen

Kant et la nature

Le but de cet article est de repérer dans la Doctrine du droit, première partie de la Métaphysique des moeurs de Kant, ce qui peut bien être considéré comme une conceptualisation de la nature, et du rapport des humains à la nature, que la critique écologique contemporaine place au coeur même de la modalité pratique de la science et de la technologie modernes. Nous faisons en particulier référence au rapport d'appropriation de la nature dont la propriété n'est, chez Kant, dans ce contexte, qu'un corollaire et à la constitution du monde comme altérité absolue de la chose privée de tout droit, par rapport à laquelle il n'y a donc point d'obligation.The aim of this article is to identify in the Doctrine of Right of Kant's The Metaphysics of Morals the elements of what may be considered a conceptualisation of nature, and of the human relation to nature arguing that such a conceptualisation is precisely the object of contemporary ecological critique insofar as it animates modern scientific and technological practices. Particular reference is made to the relation of appropriation of nature of which private property is, in the context, but a corollary and to the constitution of the world as absolute otherness in relation to which there can be no question of obligation